京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18796号 / 理博第4054号 / 新制||理||1583(附属図書館) / 31747 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 上田 佳宏, 教授 太田 耕司, 教授 長田 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20179号 / 理博第4264号 / 新制||理||1613(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 上田 佳宏, 教授 嶺重 慎, 教授 長田 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Although the contribution to the Isotropic Gamma-Ray Background (IGRB) from unresolved extragalactic objects has been studied for many years, its exact composition and origin are as of yet unknown. It is suspected that diffuse processes such as dark matter annihilation contribute to the total IGRB, as well as unresolved gamma-ray emission from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), including radio galaxies. Radio galaxies are a source class that emit strongly at radio wavelengths, some of which have also been detected at gamma-ray wavelengths by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT), and by very high energy gamma-ray Cherenkov telescopes. It is thought that due to the orientation of their jets, radio galaxies are detected less numerously at gamma-ray energies than blazars. Furthermore, only a small number of radio galaxies have been detected at gamma-ray energies though it is considered that others do as well. It is for these reasons that gamma-ray emitting radio galaxies, an interesting and elusive class of objects, are selected for investigation in this work. In order to reach the goal of better understanding diffuse processes, it is necessary to model the radio galaxy spectral energy distributions (SEDs). As AGN emission is variable with respect to time, it is critical to use simultaneously collected observations. Calculation of the SED based on simultaneous, multiwavelength data across the electromagnetic spectrum produces a reasonably accurate representation of the state of an object in a given time range. The gamma-ray emitting radio galaxies M 87, NGC 1275, Pictor A, and Centaurus A are selected here based on having been detected in very high energy gamma-rays by Cherenkov telescopes, as well as in other wavelengths. A uniquely consistent analysis approach is applied, in which each radio galaxy is analyzed the same way using simultaneously collected data. This approach sets it apart from other studies. Fermi-LAT raw data for each source in the sample is analyzed in time ranges which directly overlap the very high energy gamma-ray Cherenkov observations, as well as several other wavelength ranges. A synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model is applied, which provides accurate treatment of synchrotron and inverse-Compton processes occurring in the jets of AGN, while estimating physical characteristics of the source. It is found that the spectra of M 87, NGC 1275, Pictor A, and Centaurus A can be well described by the same SSC model, producing values for the physical characteristics such as the doppler factor and magnetic field, which are relatively consistent with each other. In order to characterize the diffuse emission from dark matter self-annihilation, the radio galaxy SEDs are also fit with a dark matter model, resulting in an estimated dark matter particle mass of around 4.7 TeV which lies within predicted ranges. The highly dense regions near the black holes of AGN provide the optimal conditions for detecting these signatures. It is also found here that discrepancies between the expected emission and the observed emission in the spectra of some radio galaxies can be explained using the combined SSC and dark matter model. As emission from dark matter annihilation is expected to remain steady with respect to time, a key feature of this work is the novelty of the combined SSC and dark matter model, and the finding that dark matter characteristics may be revealed through similar multiwavelength analyses during future low emission states of the AGN. The radio galaxy sample is then extended to include all gamma-ray emitting radio galaxies detected by the Fermi-LAT, and a calculation of the core radio, total radio, and gamma-ray luminosities is followed through. A future step in extending this work would be to estimate the gamma-ray luminosity function of radio galaxies and their percent contribution to the total IGRB, based on the widely agreed upon assumption that a reasonable estimate of the gamma-ray luminosity function of a population can be attained by appropriately scaling its radio luminosity function, as gamma-ray luminosities and radio luminosities are strongly linearly correlated. This work has also provided the basis for such a calculation by outlining the theory and initial steps. It is the hope that the vast scope of the gathered data, its simultaneity, and the use of consistent analysis methods across the sample, will provide an improved foundation for a future calculation of the contribution of this population to the IGRB, as well as encourage stricter requirements for multiwavelength studies. / Der Ursprung, sowie die exakte Zusammensetzung des isotropischen Gammastrahlen-Hintergrunds (IGRB), sind trotz jahrelanger Studien über den Einfluss unaufgelöster extragalaktischer Objekte, nicht abschließend geklärt. Es wird für möglich gehalten, dass diffuse Prozesse, wie z.B. die Annihilation dunkler Materie, sowie bisher nicht detektierte Gammastrahlen-Emission aus aktiven Galaxiekernen (AGN), wie zum Beispiel Radiogalaxien, dazu beitragen. Radiogalaxien gehören zu der Gattung der Quellen, die stark im Radiowellenbereich emittieren. Einige dieser Galaxien wurden auch im Wellenlängenbereich von Gammastrahlung mittels des Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) und für sehr energiereiche Gammastrahlung mittels Cherenkov-Detektoren nachgewiesen. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass die kleinere Anzahl an nachgewiesenen Radiogalaxien im Gammastrahlenbereich, verglichen mit der Anzahl an nachgewiesenen Blazaren, auf die Orientierung ihrer Jets zurückzuführen ist. Des Weiteren wurde bisher nur eine kleine Anzahl an Radiogalaxien im Energiebereich der Gammastrahlung nachgewiesen, obwohl davon auszugehen ist, dass der Nachweis auch für weitere Galaxien möglich ist. Aus diesen Gründen werden Gammastrahlung emittierende Radiogalaxien, eine interessante und schwer auffindbare Klasse an Objekten, zur Untersuchung im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ausgewählt. Zur Verbesserung des Verständnisses diffuser Prozesse ist eine Modellierung der spektralen Energiedichteverteilung (SED) notwendig. Da die Emission von AGN zeitlich variiert, ist es wichtig simultan aufgezeichnete Daten für die Analyse zu verwenden. Die Berechnung der spektralen Energiedichteverteilung, basierend auf zeitgleich aufgezeichneten Daten für eine Vielzahl an Wellenlängen des elektromagnetischen Spektrums, liefert eine hinreichend genaue Beschreibung des Zustandes eines Objektes innerhalb eines gegebenen Zeitraumes. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Gammastrahlung emittierenden Radiogalaxien M 87, NGC 1275, Pictor A und Centaurus A, da diese mittels Cherenkov-Teleskopen im Bereich hochenergetischer Gammastrahlung, sowie auch in anderen Wellenlängenbereichen, nachgewiesen wurden. Es wird eine, in dieser Form erstmals angewandte, konsistente Untersuchung durchgeführt, bei der jede Radiogalaxie auf identische Weise, mittels zeitgleich aufgezeichneter Daten, analysiert wird. Dieser Ansatz unterscheidet diese Arbeit von vergleichbaren Studien. Die Fermi-LAT Rohdaten für jede Quelle werden für die Zeiträume analysiert, in denen diese direkt mit der Beobachtung hochenergetischer Gammastrahlung durch Cherenkov-Teleskope, sowie darüber hinaus mit weiteren Wellenlängenbereichen, überlappen. Das Synchrotron Self-Compton (SSC) Modell wird der Analyse zu Grunde gelegt und ermöglicht eine akkurate Beschreibung, der im AGN Jet auftretenden, Synchrotron Prozesse und inversen Compton-Streuung, sowie die Abschätzung physikalischer Charakteristiken der Quelle. Es stellt sich heraus, dass die Spektren von M87, NGC 1275, Pictor A und Centaurus A mit demselben SCC Modell gut beschrieben werden können und relativ konsistente Werte für physikalische Größen, wie zum Beispiel den Doppler-Faktor oder die Magnetfeldstärke liefern. Zur genaueren Charakterisierung der aus der Annihilation dunkler Materie resultierenden diffusen Emission, werden die SED der Radiogalaxien zusätzlich mit einem Modell für dunkle Materie gefittet. Die daraus resultierende, geschätzte Teilchenmasse für dunkle Materie liegt mit 4.7 TeV innerhalb des vorhergesagten Bereiches. Die hochdichten Regionen in der Nähe der schwarzen Löcher des AGN liefern ideale Voraussetzungen zur Detektion dieser Signaturen. Des Weiteren wurde herausgefunden, dass etwaige Unterschiede zwischen der erwarteten und der beobachteten Emission in den Spektren einiger Radiogalaxien mittels einer Kombination aus SSC Modell und dunkler Materie Modell erklärt werden können. Unter der Annahme, dass die der Annihilation dunkler Materie zu Grunde liegende Emission zeitlich konstant bleibt, stellen zum einen die Kombination des SSC- und dunkler Materie Modells, sowie die Erkenntnis, dass Charakteristiken dunkler Materie durch ähnliche Multi-Wellenlängen-Experimente während zukünftiger, emissionsarmer Zustände gefunden werden können, die wesentlichen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit dar. Das Sample der Radiogalaxien wird anschließend erweitert, so dass es alle vom Fermi-LAT detektierte und Gammastrahlung emittierende Radiogalaxien umfasst. Im Anschluss daran wird eine Berechnung der aus dem Kernbereich stammenden, und der totalen Radioluminosität, sowie der Gammastrahlungs-Luminosität durchgeführt. Ein künftiger Schritt zur Erweiterung dieser Arbeit wäre die Abschätzung der Gammastrahlungs-Luminositätsfunktion von Radiogalaxien und deren prozentualer Beitrag zum totalen IGRB, basierend auf der weitläufig akzeptierten Annahme, dass eine vernünftige Abschätzung der Gammastrahlungs-Luminositätsfunktion einer Population mittels einer angemessenen Skalierung ihrer Radio-Luminositätsfunktion erreicht werden kann, da die Gammastrahlungs-Luminosität und die Radioluminosität stark miteinander korrelieren. Diese Arbeit hat die hierfür benötigten Grundlagen für diese Art von Berechnung gelegt, indem sie die Theorie und die ersten Schritte darlegt. Es ist die Hoffnung, dass der große Umfang der zusammengetragenen Daten, deren Simultanität, und die Anwendung einer konsistenten Analysemethode für das gesamte Sample eine verbesserte Grundlage für zukünftige Berechnungen des Beitrages dieser Population zum IGRB leistet, sowie strengere Anforderung für Multi-Wellenlängen-Experimente.

No description available.

For the past several decades, mass estimates for supermassive black holes hosted by active galactic nuclei (AGN) have been made with the reverberation mapping (RM) technique. This methodology has produced consistent results and has been used to establish several relations that link the characteristics of the host galaxy to the mass of the central black hole. Despite this success, there are less than 50 AGN with black hole masses derived from RM. This low number is generally attributed to the difficulties in coordinating large blocks of telescope time for making simultaneous photometric and spectroscopic observations. Spectroscopic observations also generally require several months of nightly observations with moderate to large size telescopes as the signal-to-noise ratio is too low for smaller telescopes. We have made photometric observations of NGC 5548 in four filters (a custom-made Hα10 filter, the Strömgren y filter, the Johnson/Cousins V filter and the Johnson/Cousins R filter) in order to evaluate a photometric methodology for determining the lag time between the variations observed in the continuum and the Hα emission from the broad-line region (BLR) gas. This time delay represents the mean light travel time to the BLR and is therefore a measurement of the mean BLR radius. Multiple JAVELIN analyses of the three continuum light curves (y, V, and R), relative to the light curve from the Hα10 filter yields a value for τ = 3.3 ± 0.1 days. Adopting a value of f = 5.5, along with a single-epoch spectroscopic measurement from Park et of Δv = 4354±25 km/s, enables us to estimate a black hole mass of M_BH = 67.2±2.2x10^6 M_sun.

No description available.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23702号 / 理博第4792号 / 新制||理||1686(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 窪 秀利, 教授 鶴 剛, 教授 中家 剛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

"Quasar-mode feedback" occurs when momentum and energy from the environment of accreting supermassive black hole couple to the host galaxy. One mechanism for such a coupling is by high-velocity (up to ~0.2c) quasar-driven ionized outflows, appearing as blue-shifted absorption and emission lines in quasar spectra. Given enough energy and momentum, these outflows are capable of affecting the evolution of their host galaxies. This dissertation presents the studies of emission and absorption quasar outflows from different perspectives. (1). By conducting large broad absorption line (BAL) quasar surveys in both Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Very Large Telescopes (VLT), we determined various physics properties of quasar absorption outflows, e.g., the electron number density ((n_e), the distance of outflows to the central quasar (𝑅), and the kinetic energy carried by the outflow (𝐸̇_k). We demonstrated that half of the typical BAL outflows are situated at 𝑅 > 100 pc, i.e., having the potential to affect the host galaxies. (2). Our group carried out a Hubble Space Telescope program (PI: Arav) for studying the outflows in the Extreme-UV, collaborating with Dr. Gerard Kriss from Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). We developed a novel method to fit the multitude of quasar absorption troughs efficiently and accurately. We have identified the most energetic quasar-driven outflows on record and discovered the largest acceleration and velocity-shift for a quasar absorption outflow. (3). By using the VLT data, Xu led the project to study the relationships between BAL outflows and emission line outflows. We found possible connections between these two types of quasar outflows, e.g., the luminosity of the [𝑂_III λ5007 emission profile decreases with increasing n_e derived from the BAL outflow in the same quasar. These findings are consistent with BAL and emission outflows being different manifestations of the same wind, and the observed relationships are likely a reflection of the outflow density distribution. / Doctor of Philosophy / Super massive black holes (SMBHs) are believed to exist in the center of almost all massive galaxies, where the brightest accreting ones are named "quasars". "Quasar-mode feedback" occurs when momentum and energy from the environment of accreting SMBHs couple to the host galaxy. One mechanism for such a coupling is by high-velocity (up to ~0.2c) quasar-driven ionized outflows, appearing as blue-shifted absorption and emission lines in quasar spectra. Given enough energy and momentum, these outflows are capable of affecting the evolution of their host galaxies. Such quasar outflows are invoked to explain a variety of observations, e.g., the chemical enrichment of the intergalactic medium (IGM), the shape of the observed quasar luminosity function, and the self-regulation of the growth of the SMBHs. In this dissertation, I focus on studying the emission and absorption outflows observed in quasars spectra, collected with the largest telescopes and most powerful instruments in the world. (1). By conducting large broad absorption line (BAL) quasar surveys in both Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Very Large Telescopes (VLT), we determined various physics properties of quasar absorption outflows, e.g., the electron number density (n_e), the distance of outflows to the central quasar (𝑅), and the kinetic energy carried by the outflow (𝐸̇_k). We demonstrated that half of the typical BAL outflows are situated at 𝑅 > 100 pc, i.e., having the potential to affect the host galaxies. (2). Our group carried out a Hubble Space Telescope program (PI: Arav) for studying the outflows in the Extreme-UV, collaborating with Dr. Gerard Kriss from Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). We developed a novel method to fit the multitude of quasar absorption troughs efficiently and accurately. We have identified the most energetic quasar-driven outflows on record and discovered the largest acceleration and velocity-shift for a quasar absorption outflow. (3). By using the VLT data, Xu led the project to study the relationships between BAL outflows and emission line outflows. We found possible connections between these two types of quasar outflows, e.g., the luminosity of the [𝑂_III] λ5007 emission profile decreases with increasing n_e derived from the BAL outflow in the same quasar. These findings are consistent with BAL and emission outflows being different manifestations of the same wind, and the observed relationships are likely a reflection of the outflow density distribution.

Quasars can affect their surrounding environment through a process known as active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, through which the quasar can curtail the formation of stars, regulate the evolution of its host galaxy, and affect its surrounding environment in other ways. One possible mechanism for this process is a quasar's outflow, which can be observed as blueshifted absorption troughs in the quasar's spectrum. With enough kinetic power, an outflow can contribute to AGN feedback, regulating star formation and host galaxy evolution. By analyzing spectra from the Very Large Telescope (VLT) Ultraviolet Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), we determined the physical parameters of the absorption outflows of five different quasars: including electron number density, Hydrogen column density, ionization parameter, distance from the source, and kinetic luminosity. We have found that an outflow's chemical abundance can be a determining factor of its ability to contribute to feedback effects. Particularly notable outflows include a mini broad absorption line (BAL) outflow system of SDSS J0242+0049, which we estimated to be ∼ 67 kpc away from the quasar, which is the farthest distance a mini-BAL has been found from its source. We also found a high velocity C IV BAL from the same quasar which showed noticeable signs of time variability, which suggests that the ionization of the outflow has changed over time. Another was SDSS J1321-0041 which displayed BAL troughs of C II and Si II, an unusual feature for an outflow of its type. In our analysis of the EUV500 BAL of QSO B0254-3327B, we compared it with other EUV500 outflows that have been previously studied, with a total sample of 24 outflows. In that comparison, we have found that the outflow of QSO B0254-3327B was one of the most ionized outflows in the sample. We have also found a weak negative correlation between logR and log |v|, where R is the distance of the outflow from its source, and v is the velocity of the outflow, with a Spearman rank of -0.43 and p value of 0.05, suggesting that the farther the outflow is from its source, the slower its velocity. / Doctor of Philosophy / From the prediction of their existence by general relativity, to the first direct image from the Event Horizon Telescope, black holes have been a fascinating subject for both physicists and the public alike. Most massive galaxies, including our own, are said to have a supermassive black hole (SMBH) at their center. In some galaxies, an accretion disk of orbiting matter forms around the black hole, in which gravitational energy is converted into light. This can sometimes cause the galactic nucleus to shine as bright as a star in the night sky, despite it being tens of thousands of times farther away from us than any star in our own galaxy. Such galactic nuclei are called "quasars", or "quasi-stellar objects". Some quasars show signs of outflowing gases which can absorb some of their emitted light. These are observed as blueshifted absorption troughs in quasar spectra from telescopes such as the Very Large Telescope (VLT) or the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). It is predicted that, with enough power, these outflows can contribute to a process called active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, through which the quasar can curtail the formation of stars, regulate the evolution of its host galaxy, and affect its surrounding environment in other ways. This dissertation discusses the study of five different quasars and their outflows observed with VLT and HST. We determined the physical parameters of the outflows such as electron number density, Hydrogen column density, ionization parameter, and distance of the outflow from its source, to ultimately find each outflow's kinetic luminosity, or kinetic power. While we found that some outflows are likely to be able to contribute to AGN feedback, there are a number of unknowns that still remain. Some interesting outflows we have found include the mini-BAL outflow of SDSS J0242+0049, which we found to be at a distance of ∼ 67 kpc (or ∼ 220, 000 lightyears) away from its source, the farthest distance observed to date. We also analyzed the extreme UV outflow of QSO B0254-3327B, which we compared to other outflows observed in a similar wavelength range. In that comparison, we found a weak negative correlation between velocity and outflow distance from the central source, suggesting that the farther away an outflow is from the quasar, the slower it becomes.