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The purpose of this study was to examine how extracurricular activities and parental monitoring relate to rural youth violence. Gender differences were examined across all of the study variables. Self-report data were collected from 235 teenagers from a rural, ethnically diverse, Virginia community. Correlations revealed a significant inverse relationship between church activity as well as parental monitoring and weapon carrying. Significant mean level differences existed between males and females on the following variables: time spent in aerobic exercise activities, time spent in toning exercise activities, weapon carrying frequency, and level of parental monitoring. In addition, time in non-school clubs was the best predictor of sample youth classification in either the "violent" category or "nonviolent" category. Findings emphasize the importance of parental monitoring for youth as well as the need for more programs and after-school activities to meet the needs of all youth. / Master of Science

No / We co-designed and piloted ‘Festival in a Box’, an outreach programme to enable socially isolated people with dementia to engage with and enjoy cultural activities in their homes. It comprised 3–4 weekly home visits, each led by a professional artist to create art works using materials brought in ‘the box’. Activities included music, poetry, pottery, crafts and photography. We qualitatively interviewed 13 participants (6 people with dementia, 4 artists, 3 befrienders). Six participants with dementia completed, enjoyed and engaged with the planned visits. Main themes were: engagement, reflection on value of previous cultural activities, precariousness and isolation in current neighbourhood and the importance of a voice and being heard. Befrienders reported their preconceptions of what participants could do were challenged. Artists reported shifts in their preconceptions about dementia and the influence of the project on their professional practice. We propose that the ‘Festival in a Box’ pilot study suggests a means through which community arts festivals could work with socially isolated people with dementia to contribute to the creation of ‘Dementia Friendly Communities’. A larger-scale pilot study is now needed to develop this hypothesis.

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The purpose of this essay called is to examine how preschool teachers understand planned and spontaneous physical activities in preschool. We also search to elucidate if there is some difference between a preschool with a pedagogical orientation based on outdoor physical activities and a traditional preschool in which outdoor physical activities are not a part of their pedagogical orientation. We want even to examine how teachers understand their own role in children's physical development. The study draws on a phenomenographic approach and we apply a qualitative method to collect our data. The data is mainly based on interviews with preschool teachers from preschools with the two forms of pedagogical orientation that we mentioned earlier. We interviewed a total of six preschool teachers, three from each preschool. The results of the study showed that the informants from both preschools understand planned physical activities as an activity that is initiated and organised by the teachers. On the contrary they understand spontaneous physical activities as an activity initiated by the children, often in the form of games. Another important result is that the informants in our study agree in that spontaneous physical activities are given quite more time in the preschool’s everyday than planned activities. Finally, the study shows that the informants in the study feel confident as leaders in physical activities, regardless of the preschools pedagogical orientation. It is rather a question of education and personal interests than pedagogical focus.