La prédiction du devenir du greffon et de sa survie permettrait d’optimiser la prise en charge des patients transplantés. Le suivi des patients transplantés rénaux inclue des mesures répétées de marqueurs longitudinaux tels que la créatinine sérique et l’exposition aux médicaments immunosuppresseurs. L’approche statistique récemment proposée des modèles conjoints permet d’analyser la relation entre un processus longitudinal et la survenue d’un événement clinique. Dans la première partie de ce travail de thèse, nous avons utilisé les modèles conjoints à classes latentes pour étudier l’impact du profil de créatinine sérique au cours des 18 premiers mois post-greffe sur la survie du greffon à long terme. Dans la cohorte étudiée, trois groupes homogènes caractérisés par une trajectoire spécifique de l’évolution de la créatinine sérique en fonction du temps et un risque d’échec de greffe spécifique ont été identifiés. Les probabilités individuelles de l’échec de greffe pendant les 10 premières années post-transplantation ont été calculées sur la base du modèle conjoint développé. Chez les patients qui n’avaient pas développé d’anticorps anti-HLA spécifiques du donneur, le risque d’échec de greffe en fonction du temps était prédit avec un niveau de performance satisfaisant en termes de spécificité, sensibilité et précision.L’utilité clinique de cet outil devra être évaluée avec une approche dynamique. Dans une seconde partie, les modèles non linéaires à effets mixtes combinés avec l’approche des modèles de mélange a été utilisée pour analyser (i) l’association entre la variabilité de l’exposition au tacrolimus au cours du temps et l’adhésion au traitement rapportée par le patient et (ii) l’impact de cette variabilité d’exposition sur le risque de rejet aigu. Ce modèle a montré un effet significatif de la variabilité de l’exposition au cours du temps du tacrolimus sur la survenu de rejet aigu au-delà de 3 mois post-transplantation. Au contraire, aucune association entre l’adhésion et la variabilité de l’exposition au tacrolimus d’une part, et le risque de rejet aigu d’autre part n’a été observée dans cette étude qui n’incluait que des patients modérément non-adhérents. Ce résultat pose la question de l’impact d’une non adhésion modérée sur le devenir du greffon. / Prediction of graft outcome would be useful to optimize patient care. Follow-up of kidneytransplant patients include repeated measurements of longitudinal markers, such as serum creatinine and immunosuppressive drug exposure. Recently proposed joint models areappropriate to analyze relationship between longitudinal processes and time-to-event data. In the first part of present work, we used the approach of joint latent class mixed models tostudy the impact of time-profiles of serum creatinine collected within the first 18 months after kidney transplantation on long-term graft survival. The studied cohort was parted into three homogenous classes with a specific time-evolution of serum creatinine and a specific risk of graft failure. The individual predicted probabilities of graft failure up to 10 years posttransplantation, calculated from this joint model were satisfying in terms of sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy, for patients who had not developed de novo donor specificanti-HLA antibodies. The clinical usefulness of developed predictive tooI needs to beevaluated with a dynamic approach. In the second part, non-linear mixed effects models witha mixture of distribution for random effects were used to investigate (i) the associationbetween variability over time of tacrolimus exposure and self-reported drug adherence and(ii) the impact of this variability on the acute rejection risk. This model found a significantimpact of tacrolimus time-exposure variability on acute rejection onset beyond 3 months posttransplantation. On the contrary, no association between adherence and (i) variability oftacrolimus time-exposure and (ii) acute rejection was observed in our study which included moderate non-adherent patients only. This result questions the impact of moderate nonadherence on graft outcome.

Introdução: O fragmento C4d e os anticorpos anti-HLA doador específicos (DSA) são marcadores de resposta humoral em enxertos renais com rejeição, mas o papel das células B nesse processo ainda não é claro. Neste estudo foi avaliada a correlação entre C4d, DSA e células B de enxertos com disfunção e sua associação com aspectos morfológicos, função e sobrevida do rim transplantado. Material e Métodos: A marcação para C4d, células B CD20+ e plasmócitos CD138+ foi realizada por imunoperoxidase em biópsias por indicação de 110 receptores de transplante renal. Positividade para CD20 e CD138 foi definida por curva ROC (≥5 céls./mm2). O soro coletado concomitante a biópsia foi testado para DSA classe I e classe II. Estes marcadores foram correlacionados com dados clínicos e do transplante, a histopatologia de Banff e a evolução do rim transplantado. Resultados: Depósitos de C4d e DSA circulantes foram detectados em 100% e 70% dos pacientes com rejeição mediada por anticorpos (RMA) respectivamente, e nos casos de rejeição aguda celular (RAC) em 42% (p<0,001, vs. RMA) e 28% (p=0,003, vs. RMA). Estes dois marcadores correlacionaram-se positivamente (r=0,31, p=0,016). Houve correlação significativa entre DSA e plasmócitos CD138+ (r=0.32 p=0,006), mas as células CD20 e CD138 não se correlacionaram entre si. As células CD138+ predominaram na RMA, associadas com maior painel pré-transplante e DSA, mas não a C4d, e as células CD20+ predominaram na RAC e nas biópsias com fibrose intersticial/atrofia tubular, associadas a maior incompatibilidade HLA e a retransplantes. Pacientes com C4d+ tiveram pior função e sobrevida do enxerto em três anos de transplante, e aqueles com DSA+ uma pior 7 sobrevida do enxerto. Positividade para CD20 ou CD138 não foi preditiva da função ou sobrevida do enxerto. Na análise multivariada, somente o C4d foi fator de risco para perda do enxerto. Conclusões: Esses resultados confirmam o valor prognóstico do C4d e dos DSA para uma pior evolução do enxerto renal, e sugerem uma associação das células B CD20+ com parâmetros de rejeição celular e dos plasmócitos CD138+ com marcadores de resposta humoral. Entretanto, nesse estudo o infiltrado de células B na biópsia do enxerto não foi preditivo de uma pior evolução do rim transplantado. / Introduction: The fragment C4d and the donor specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) are markers of the humoral response in rejecting kidney grafts, but the role of B cells in this process is still unclear. In this study we evaluated the correlation between C4d, DSA and B cells in dysfunctional grafts, and their association with morphological features, and graft function and survival. Material and Methods: The staining for C4d, CD20+ B cells and CD138+ plasmocytes were done by immunoperoxidase in 110 kidney graft biopsies for cause. Positivity for CD20 and CD138 were established by ROC curve (≥5 cells/mm2). Serum collected at biopsy were tested for anti-HLA class I and II antibodies. These markers were correlated with clinical and transplant characteristics, Banff histopathology and graft outcomes. Results: C4d deposits and circulating DSA were detected in 100% and 70% of the patients with antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) respectively, and in cases with acute cellular rejection (ACR) in 42% (p<0.001, vs. AMR) and 28% (p=0.003, vs. AMR), respectively. Both markers were positively correlated (r=0.31, p=0.016), and there was also a significant correlation between DSA and plasmocytes CD138+ (r=0.32 p=0.006). CD20 and C138 cells were not siginificantly correlated. Plasmocytes CD138+ predominated in AMR, and were associated with higher pre transplant PRA and DSA positivity, but not with C4d. CD20+ B cells were highly expressed in ACR and in biopsies with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, in association with more HLA mismatches and re-transplants. Patients with C4d had poorer graft function and survival, and those 9 with DSA + also had a worse graft survival in three years of transplant. CD20 or CD138 cells were not predictive of graft outcomes. In multivariated analysis, only C4d remained a risk factor for graft loss. Conclusion: These results confirm the prognostic value of C4d and circulating DSA for a worse kidney graft outcome, and suggest an association of CD20+ B cells with parameters of cellular rejection whereas CD138+ plasmocytes correlated with markers of the humoral response. However, in this study the B cell infiltrate in graft biopsy was not predictive of adverse outcomes to the transplanted kidney.

Introdução: O fragmento C4d e os anticorpos anti-HLA doador específicos (DSA) são marcadores de resposta humoral em enxertos renais com rejeição, mas o papel das células B nesse processo ainda não é claro. Neste estudo foi avaliada a correlação entre C4d, DSA e células B de enxertos com disfunção e sua associação com aspectos morfológicos, função e sobrevida do rim transplantado. Material e Métodos: A marcação para C4d, células B CD20+ e plasmócitos CD138+ foi realizada por imunoperoxidase em biópsias por indicação de 110 receptores de transplante renal. Positividade para CD20 e CD138 foi definida por curva ROC (≥5 céls./mm2). O soro coletado concomitante a biópsia foi testado para DSA classe I e classe II. Estes marcadores foram correlacionados com dados clínicos e do transplante, a histopatologia de Banff e a evolução do rim transplantado. Resultados: Depósitos de C4d e DSA circulantes foram detectados em 100% e 70% dos pacientes com rejeição mediada por anticorpos (RMA) respectivamente, e nos casos de rejeição aguda celular (RAC) em 42% (p<0,001, vs. RMA) e 28% (p=0,003, vs. RMA). Estes dois marcadores correlacionaram-se positivamente (r=0,31, p=0,016). Houve correlação significativa entre DSA e plasmócitos CD138+ (r=0.32 p=0,006), mas as células CD20 e CD138 não se correlacionaram entre si. As células CD138+ predominaram na RMA, associadas com maior painel pré-transplante e DSA, mas não a C4d, e as células CD20+ predominaram na RAC e nas biópsias com fibrose intersticial/atrofia tubular, associadas a maior incompatibilidade HLA e a retransplantes. Pacientes com C4d+ tiveram pior função e sobrevida do enxerto em três anos de transplante, e aqueles com DSA+ uma pior 7 sobrevida do enxerto. Positividade para CD20 ou CD138 não foi preditiva da função ou sobrevida do enxerto. Na análise multivariada, somente o C4d foi fator de risco para perda do enxerto. Conclusões: Esses resultados confirmam o valor prognóstico do C4d e dos DSA para uma pior evolução do enxerto renal, e sugerem uma associação das células B CD20+ com parâmetros de rejeição celular e dos plasmócitos CD138+ com marcadores de resposta humoral. Entretanto, nesse estudo o infiltrado de células B na biópsia do enxerto não foi preditivo de uma pior evolução do rim transplantado. / Introduction: The fragment C4d and the donor specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) are markers of the humoral response in rejecting kidney grafts, but the role of B cells in this process is still unclear. In this study we evaluated the correlation between C4d, DSA and B cells in dysfunctional grafts, and their association with morphological features, and graft function and survival. Material and Methods: The staining for C4d, CD20+ B cells and CD138+ plasmocytes were done by immunoperoxidase in 110 kidney graft biopsies for cause. Positivity for CD20 and CD138 were established by ROC curve (≥5 cells/mm2). Serum collected at biopsy were tested for anti-HLA class I and II antibodies. These markers were correlated with clinical and transplant characteristics, Banff histopathology and graft outcomes. Results: C4d deposits and circulating DSA were detected in 100% and 70% of the patients with antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) respectively, and in cases with acute cellular rejection (ACR) in 42% (p<0.001, vs. AMR) and 28% (p=0.003, vs. AMR), respectively. Both markers were positively correlated (r=0.31, p=0.016), and there was also a significant correlation between DSA and plasmocytes CD138+ (r=0.32 p=0.006). CD20 and C138 cells were not siginificantly correlated. Plasmocytes CD138+ predominated in AMR, and were associated with higher pre transplant PRA and DSA positivity, but not with C4d. CD20+ B cells were highly expressed in ACR and in biopsies with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, in association with more HLA mismatches and re-transplants. Patients with C4d had poorer graft function and survival, and those 9 with DSA + also had a worse graft survival in three years of transplant. CD20 or CD138 cells were not predictive of graft outcomes. In multivariated analysis, only C4d remained a risk factor for graft loss. Conclusion: These results confirm the prognostic value of C4d and circulating DSA for a worse kidney graft outcome, and suggest an association of CD20+ B cells with parameters of cellular rejection whereas CD138+ plasmocytes correlated with markers of the humoral response. However, in this study the B cell infiltrate in graft biopsy was not predictive of adverse outcomes to the transplanted kidney.

The aim of the presented experimental work was to study an acute cell and antibody- mediated immune response in recipients of abdominal aortic grafts treated by a new standardized clinical cryopreservation/slow thawing protocol used in the "Vascular graft transplant program in the Czech Republic" in a rat model. Another aim of our study was to compare the influence of two basic types of conservation protocols used in this program (cryopreservation/slow thawing protocol and cold-stored protocol) on the acute immune response after transplantation of such treated abdominal aortic grafts in rats. Cryopreserved abdominal aortic grafts were transplanted syngeneously between Lewis rats (CRYO-ISO group, cryopreservation period 172.6 days) and allogeneically between Brown-Norway and Lewis rats (CRYO-ALO group, cryopreservation period 179.3 days). The grafts were explanted on day 30 after transplantation and subsequently examined by histological and immunohistochemical methods, focusing on typical signs of acute rejection in the three basic layers of the aortic wall. We monitored the presence of endothelial cells, signs of intimal hyperplasia, tunica media thickness, the presence of necrosis and deposition of imunoglobulin class G in this layer, the number of CD4+, CD8+ and LEW MHC II+ immunocompetent cells...

Since its beginning, graft rejection remains the key problem of solid organ transplantation. This reaction of the recipient's immune system against mismatched antigens of the transplanted organ causes graft damage and consequently loss of its function. Rejection involves cellular (lymphocyte mediated) and humoral (antibody mediated) mechanisms. Among the genetic factors which may have a prognostic value in rejection risk evaluation are the Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) genotype, the Killer Immunoglobuline-like Receptor (KIR) gene repertoir, cytokine and other gene polymorphisms. These factors could be screened for before transplantation to find the best possible combination of genetic characteristics of the donor and recipient and to reveal patients with "risky" genotypes, who may need more intensive immunosuppression and more careful post-transplant follow-up. Molecular factors, such as HLA and non-HLA antibodies, soluble CD30 molecule (sCD30), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and other cytokines, measured before and/or after transplantation in the recipient's blood may be helpful for rejection risk estimation and may also be used as post-transplant rejection onset markers. In our study, we focused on some of the above mentioned factors. We found that ethnicity plays a significant role in the...

Aims: The thesis deals with the biomarkers of early renal injury, namely albuminuria and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). The aims in the case of albuminuria were the implementation of HPLC method, comparing HPLC with immunoturbidimetric (IT) method and monitoring the relationship to the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The aim of urinary NGAL (and eventually other markers) examination was to verify its reliability in the prediction of acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods: We investigated albuminuria in fresh urine samples in the groups of 636 diabetics and 456 nondiabetics using the HPLC method (Agilent 1200, Agilent Technologies, USA) and immunoturbidimetrically (Cobas Integra 400, Roche Diagnostics); we studied the correlations and relationships between albuminuria and glycated hemoglobin HbA1c. We investigated urinary NGAL by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (Architect i4000, Abbott) in children's groups: 1) after renal transplantation (N = 15), 2) with acute or chronic kidney disease (N = 28); and in adult patient's groups: 1) after cardiac surgery (N = 10) and 2) post angiography (N = 41). Results: Albuminuria determined by HPLC was statistically significantly higher than albuminuria determined by IT. We excluded nonspecificity of the HPLC method. Results indicate...