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Vaccination against intracellular pathogens requires generation of pool of memory T cells, which can respond upon infection and mediate immune responses by either killing of infected host cells or induce killing mechanisms in infected cells. T cell-inducing vaccines aim to deliver the antigen to antigen presenting cells (APCs) by presenting on MHC molecules thus bridging innate and adaptive immunity. The intracellular pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), which is a devastating disease in catfish industry. E. ictaluri can survive in professional phagocytes and use them as an infection source. Two new live attenuated vaccine (LAV) strains, EiDELTAevpB and ESC-NDKL, were developed by our group. However, the role of LAVs in phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and antigen presentation is unexplored. Therefore, further research is necessary to determine immune responses in channel catfish against LAVs. The long-term goal of this project is to identify immunological APC-dependent mechanisms that underscore E. ictaluri pathogenesis to enable development of effective control strategies for ESC. The overall goal of this project is to assess the role of three professional APCs, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and B cells in the LAV-induced innate and adaptive immune responses in catfish. The central hypothesis is that efficacious LAV strains will enhance phagocytosis and microbial killing, and promote the generation of T cells that regulate and control protective B cell-mediated immunity. The rationale for this research is that more detailed knowledge about phenotype and function of catfish APCs will not only help gain insight into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immune system but will provide valuable information for development and optimization of immunotherapies and vaccination protocols for aquaculture use. In this study, we first identified DC-like cells in immune-related organs of catfish and assessed their expression patterns in lymphoid organs of catfish in E. ictaluri infection. Although WT strain induces the functional inability of DC-like cells in migration and maturation, LAVs strains promote the migration and maturation of DC-like cells for antigen presentation. Two LAVs enhanced the phagocytosis and killing activity in catfish macrophages and B cells. Also, LAVs induce high expression of T cell-related genes without causing inflammation.

Les différents agents pathogènes ont développé de multiples stratégies pour contourner ou modifier les mécanismes de défense de l'hôte. La bactérie intracellulaire Brucella n'est pas une exception à la règle, car elle a développé des mécanismes qui lui permettent d'échapper à la surveillance immunitaire, persister pendant de longues périodes dans l'hôte et établir une infection chronique. En effet, Brucella responsable de la brucellose ou fièvre de Malte. La brucellose est une zoonose en réémergence ; dans cette maladie l'homme infecté représente une impasse épidémiologique. Il est indispensable de mieux connaître l'immunité développée contre Brucella qui est un excellent modèle d'étude d'autres maladies chroniques bactériennes. Le projet de thèse a été centré sur le développement et la modulation des réponses immunes par Brucella et les molécules bactériennes. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous avons analysé les réponses immunitaires innées et adaptatives lors de l'infection avec Brucella. D'une part, nous avons étudié l'influence des neutrophiles dans la réponse immunitaire lors de l'infection, en étudiant le cours de brucellose dans les modèles de souris neutropéniques. D'autre part, nous avons identifié et caractérisé in vivo une population des cellules CD4+ cytotoxiques au cours des infections avec Brucella. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés dans les modèles murins et humains aux propriétés immunomodulatrices des différentes molécules bactériennes telles que les glucans cycliques et des lipopolysaccharides (LPS). / Various successful pathogens have evolved multiple mechanisms to overcome or alter many normally very effective host defense mechanisms, including both innate and acquired immunity. The intracellular pathogen Brucella is not an exception to the rule as it displays mechanisms that allow it to evade immune surveillance and that are required to establish persistent infections in mammals. In this work, we studied the induction and modulation of immune responses by the intracellular bacteria Brucella and bacterial components. In the first part of this thesis, we have performed a systemic analysis of the innate and adaptive immune responses upon Brucella infection. On the one hand, we investigated the influence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the immune response during Brucella infection by exploring the course of brucellosis in antibody neutropenic mouse models. On the other hand, we identified and characterized in vivo a cytotoxic CD4+ T cell population upon Brucella abortus and Salmonella thyphimurium infections. In the second part, we focused on the immunomodulatory properties of various bacterial components such as cyclic glucans and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) both in mouse and human models.

Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), a devastating disease in the channel catfish industry. Our research group has developed several E. ictaluri live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidates (EiΔevpB, EiΔevpBΔfur, EiΔevpBΔhfq, EiΔevpBΔfurΔhfq), which were able to stimulate an immune response in vaccinated channel catfish and reduce ESC. However, innate, and adaptive immune responses in the lymphoid tissues of channel catfish to these LAVs are not known well. The overall goal of the project is to determine the role of adaptive and innate immune responses in catfish after vaccination with LAVs. Analysis of innate and adaptive immune-related gene expressions showed that the LAVs induced expression of adaptive immune-related genes in lymphoid tissues with less inflammation compared to wild type control. Also, the LAVs induced the expression of IgM in the sera of catfish.