Two different feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with the dairy/yeast prebiotic GroBiotic-A (GBA) to Nile tilapia diets. A nutritionally complete basal diet was supplemented with GBA at either 1 or 2% of dry weight, and all three diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile fish in two consecutive trials. Trial 1 continued for 8 weeks, while Trial 2 was conducted for 5 weeks to more specifically assess immunological responses, intestinal characteristics and disease resistance of tilapia. At the conclusion of Trial 1, there were no differences in weight gain (WG) or feed efficiency (FE) among fish fed the three diets. However, fish fed the diet with GBA at 2% had significantly increased survival and noticeably elevated levels of plasma lysozyme compared to fish fed the basal diet or the diet with GBA at 1%. Similarly, at the conclusion of Trial 2, WG and FE were unaffected by GBA supplementation; however, fish fed the diet with GBA at 2% also exhibited elevated plasma lysozyme as well as significantly (P < 0.05) increased levels of extracellular superoxide anion production (EX-SOAP) by macrophages. Dendrogram analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) images detected a significantly different microbial community within the intestine of fish fed the diet with GBA at 2% compared to fish fed the basal diet and diet with GBA at 1%. None of the experimental diets resulted in significant improvements to survival after exposure to Streptococcus iniae due to within treatment variability. However, fish fed the diet with GBA at 2% did tend to experience reduced mortality (12.5%) as compared to fish fed the basal diet (35%). Thus, supplementation of GBA at 2% of diet did alter the gut microbiota of tilapia and enhanced immunological responses and disease resistance to S. iniae.

Vaccination against intracellular pathogens requires generation of pool of memory T cells, which can respond upon infection and mediate immune responses by either killing of infected host cells or induce killing mechanisms in infected cells. T cell-inducing vaccines aim to deliver the antigen to antigen presenting cells (APCs) by presenting on MHC molecules thus bridging innate and adaptive immunity. The intracellular pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), which is a devastating disease in catfish industry. E. ictaluri can survive in professional phagocytes and use them as an infection source. Two new live attenuated vaccine (LAV) strains, EiDELTAevpB and ESC-NDKL, were developed by our group. However, the role of LAVs in phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and antigen presentation is unexplored. Therefore, further research is necessary to determine immune responses in channel catfish against LAVs. The long-term goal of this project is to identify immunological APC-dependent mechanisms that underscore E. ictaluri pathogenesis to enable development of effective control strategies for ESC. The overall goal of this project is to assess the role of three professional APCs, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and B cells in the LAV-induced innate and adaptive immune responses in catfish. The central hypothesis is that efficacious LAV strains will enhance phagocytosis and microbial killing, and promote the generation of T cells that regulate and control protective B cell-mediated immunity. The rationale for this research is that more detailed knowledge about phenotype and function of catfish APCs will not only help gain insight into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immune system but will provide valuable information for development and optimization of immunotherapies and vaccination protocols for aquaculture use. In this study, we first identified DC-like cells in immune-related organs of catfish and assessed their expression patterns in lymphoid organs of catfish in E. ictaluri infection. Although WT strain induces the functional inability of DC-like cells in migration and maturation, LAVs strains promote the migration and maturation of DC-like cells for antigen presentation. Two LAVs enhanced the phagocytosis and killing activity in catfish macrophages and B cells. Also, LAVs induce high expression of T cell-related genes without causing inflammation.

No description available.

Les cellules dendritiques classiques (cDC) jouent un rôle crucial dans l’efficacité des réponses immunitaires précoces conduisant au contrôle ou à la persistance virale. A cet égard, il a été montré que l’infection par le VIH induit des dysfonctions des cDC caractérisées par une inhibition de leur capacité à stimuler les cellules T et associées à la progression de la maladie. Parmi les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans ces dysfonctions, des études in vitro ont mis en évidence le rôle du récepteur inhibiteur LILRB2. Néanmoins, la dynamique d’expression de LILRB2 ainsi que son rôle dès les premiers stades de l'infection restent à démontrer. Chez des patients en primo-infection VIH-1, nous observons une augmentation de l’expression de LILRB2 et de ses ligands HLA-I à la surface des cDC. Par ailleurs, la cinétique d’expression de LILRB2 et CMH-I au cours de l’infection de macaques cynomolgus par le SIVmac251 montre une augmentation transitoire de l'expression de LILRB2 et du CMH-I sur les cDC du sang et des ganglions lymphatiques dès les premiers jours de l’infection. Parmi les mécanismes qui pourraient être impliqués dans la régulation de l’expression de LILRB2, nos résultats indiquent que la réplication du VIH-1, l'activation de voies TLR7/8 ainsi que la présence d’IL-10 et d’IFN-I induisent une forte expression de LILRB2. Enfin, cette expression exacerbée de LILRB2 sur les cDC semble être spécifique à l'infection par le VIH/SIV. En effet, l’infection de macaques cynomolgus par le virus chikungunya, qui est caractérisée par une réponse immunitaire antivirale robuste aboutissant à un contrôle de la virémie, est associée à une expression diminuée de LILRB2 sur les cDC dès les premiers jours de l’infection. L’ensemble de nos données suggèrent un rôle majeur de l’axe inhibiteur LILRB2/MHC-I dans les mécanismes de dérégulations des cDC qui pourrait participerait à l’inefficacité des réponses immunitaires adaptatives et à la persistance du VIH/SIV. / Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) play a crucial role in setting up early immune responses leading to viral control or persistence. In this regard, it has been shown that HIV-1 infection induces cDC dysfunctions characterized by inhibitions in their ability to stimulate T-cells and associated with disease progression. In vitro studies have shown the implication of LILRB2 inhibitory receptor in cDC dysfunctions. However, the dynamic of LILRB2 expression and its role in the early stages of infection are yet to be characterized. In primary HIV-1 infected patients, we observe an increased expression of LILRB2 and its ligands, HLA-I, on the surface of cDCs. Kinetics of LILRB2 and MHC-I expressions during SIV infection of Cynomolgus macaques shows a transient increase in LILRB2 and MHC-I expressions on blood and lymph node cDCs during the first days of infection. We also show that HIV replication, activation of TLR7/8 pathways, and presence of IL-10 and IFN-I drive upregulated expression of LILRB2. Finally, this strong induced LILIRB2 expression seems specific to HIV/SIV infections. Indeed, chikungunya virus infection of cynomolgus macaques, which characterized by a robust antiviral immune response leading to viral control, is associated with decreased expression of LILRB2 on cDCs in the first days of infection. Taken together, our data suggest a major role of the LILRB2/HLA-I inhibitory axis, mediating cDC dysfunctions and thus contributing to inefficient adaptive immune responses and viral persistence.

No description available.