Thesis (Ph.D. in Neuroscience) -- University of Colorado, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-111). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Thesis (Ph.D) -- Virginia Commonwealth University, 2005. / Title from title-page of electronic thesis. Prepared for: Dept. of Physiology. Bibliography: p. 160-169.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Neuroscience) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-128). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 10, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Το γλουταμινικό οξύ αποτελεί τον κύριο διεγερτικό νευροδιαβιβαστή στο Κεντρικό Νευρικό Σύστημα των θηλαστικών, παίζοντας σημαντικό ρόλο σε διαδικασίες μάθησης και μνήμης, αλλά και σε διεργασίες διεγερσιμοτοξικότητας. Το γλουταμινικό οξύ ασκεί τις δράσεις του μέσω δύο ομάδων υποδοχέων, των ιοντοτρόπων και των μεταβοτροπικών υποδοχέων. Οι ιοντοτρόποι υποδοχείς είναι δίαυλοι ιόντων, των οποίων η ενεργοποίηση προκαλεί ταχεία διεγερτική νευροδιαβίβαση και διακρίνονται σε δύο μεγάλες υποομάδες ,τους NMDA και τους μη- NMDA υποδοχείς. Οι μεταβοτροπικοί υποδοχείς, συνδέονται με G-πρωτεΐνες και προκαλούν αργή συναπτική νευροδιαβίβαση μέσω ενεργοποίησης δεύτερων αγγελιοφόρων. Διακρίνονται σε τρεις μεγάλες ομάδες: το Group I που περιλαμβάνει τους mGluR1 και mGluR5, οι οποίοι ενεργοποιούν την Φωσφολιπάση C (PLC), το Group II που περιλαμβάνει τους mGluR 2 και 3 και το Group III που περιλαμβάνει τους mGluRs 4, 6, 7και 8, οι οποίοι ρυθμίζουν αρνητικά την αδενυλική κυκλάση. Οι μεταβοτροπικοί υποδοχείς διαδραματίζουν σημαντικό νευροτροποποιητικό ρόλο σε ολόκληρο τον εγκέφαλο και αποτελούν στόχο για θεραπευτική αγωγή διαφόρων ψυχιατρικών και νευρολογικών διαταραχών όπως το άγχος, η κατάθλιψη, το σύνδρομο του εύθραυστου Χ και η σχιζοφρένεια. Στον ιππόκαμπο, μια δομή όπου διενεργούνται διεργασίες μάθησης και μνήμης, οι mGluR5 υποδοχείς είναι οι πλέον άφθονοι από την οικογένεια των Group I Μεταβοτροπικών υποδοχέων και παίζουν ρόλο στη ρύθμιση της συναπτικής πλαστικότητας και χωρικής μάθησης. Όπως έχει δειχθεί από ηλεκτροφυσιολογικές μελέτες, μια από τις πιο αξιοσημείωτες επιδράσεις των mGluR5 υποδοχέων είναι η ενίσχυση των NMDA-εξαρτώμενων ρευμάτων. Η δράση τους αυτή φαίνεται να παίζει ρόλο στη δημιουργία του LTP ( μακροχρόνια συναπτική ενίσχυση), καθώς η χορήγηση του ειδικού ανταγωνιστή των mGluR5 υποδοχέων (ΜΡΕΡ) σε ιππόκαμπειους νευρώνες επίμυος, αναστέλλει την επαγωγή του LTP. Στο ραβδωτό σώμα, οι mGluR5 υποδοχείς βρίσκονται υπό τον έλεγχο των Α2Α υποδοχέων αδενοσίνης, με τους οποίους σχηματίζουν ετεροδιμερή συμπλέγματα Α2Α-mGluR5 υποδοχέων. Στον ιππόκαμπο, οι Α2Α υποδοχείς αδενοσίνης εκφράζονται σε πολύ χαμηλά επίπεδα, ενώ είναι ελάχιστα τα βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα για την πιθανή αλληλεπίδρασή τους με τους mGluR5 υποδοχείς. Προκειμένου να διερευνήσουμε το μοριακό μηχανισμό μέσω του οποίου οι mGluR5 υποδοχείς του γλουταμινικού οξέος ενισχύουν τα ρεύματα των NMDA υποδοχέων στον ιππόκαμπο επίμυος, εξετάσαμε την in vitro επίδραση της ενεργοποίησης των mGluR5, στο επίπεδο φωσφορυλίωσης της NR2B υπομονάδας του NMDA υποδοχέα, στα κατάλοιπα τυροσίνη-1472 και σερίνη-1303. Εν συνεχεία, διερευνήσαμε in vitro, την ενδεχόμενη αλληλεπίδραση των mGluR5 και Α2Α υποδοχέων στον ιππόκαμπο, μελετώντας την επίδραση της διέγερσης ή της αναστολής τους στην mGluR5-επαγόμενη φωσφορυλίωση των NMDA υποδοχέων. Τέλος, προκειμένου να ανιχνεύσουμε το ενδοκυττάριο μονοπάτι μεταγωγής σήματος των mGluR5 υποδοχέων στον ιππόκαμπο, εξετάσαμε την επίδραση της ενεργοποίησης των mGluR5 υποδοχέων στο επίπεδο φωσφορυλίωσης της ERK ½ κινάσης καθώς και την επίδραση της διέγερσης των Α2Α υποδοχέων αδενοσίνης στην ενεργοποίηση αυτή. Τα αποτελέσματά μας δείχνουν ότι η διέγερση των mGluR5 υποδοχέων του γλουταμινικού οξέος με τον ειδικό αγωνιστή τους, CHPG, επάγει μια ισχυρή φωσφορυλίωση του καταλοίπου τυροσίνη- 1472 της NR2B υπομονάδας, η οποία είναι εξειδικευμένη στη θέση αυτή δεδομένου ότι δεν εμφανίζονται στο κατάλοιπο σερίνη-1303. Σύμφωνα με τα υπάρχοντα βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα, η φωσφορυλίωση του καταλοίπου τυροσίνη -1472 της NR2B υπομονάδας, παίζει ρόλο στη μετακίνηση του υποδοχέα στη μεμβράνη και στην ορθή τοποθέτηση του στη σύναψη (trafficking). Συγκεκριμένα, η φωσφορυλίωση στη θέση αυτή καταστέλλει την κλαθρίνη-εξαρτώμενη ενδοκυττάρωση των NMDA υποδοχέων, με αποτέλεσμα τη συσσώρευσή τους στη συναπτική μεμβράνη. Η συσσώρευση των NR2B-NMDA υποδοχέων και η σωστή τοποθέτηση τους στη συναπτική μεμβράνη προάγει τις NMDA εξαρτώμενες αποκρίσεις. Το γεγονός αυτό, συμφωνεί με τα ηλεκτροφυσιολογικά δεδομένα που δείχνουν ότι η διέγερση των mGluR5, ενισχύει τα ρεύματα των NMDA υποδοχέων και προάγει την επαγωγή του LTP στον ιππόκαμπο. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματά μας, θεωρούμε ότι η φωσφορυλίωση στη τυροσίνη-1472, αποτελεί το μοριακό μηχανισμό ( ή μέρος αυτού), μέσω του οποίου η ενεργοποίηση των mGluR5 υποδοχέων προάγει τα ρεύματα των NMDA διαύλων. Είναι ενδιαφέρον ότι, οι mGluR5 υποδοχείς του γλουταμινικού οξέος φαίνεται να βρίσκονται υπό τον έλεγχο των Α2Α υποδοχέων αδενοσίνης και στον ιππόκαμπο, όπως και στο ραβδωτό σώμα, καθώς τα αποτελέσματά μας δείχνουν ότι φαρμακευτική αναστολή των Α2Α υποδοχέων εξασθενεί σημαντικά την 10 ικανότητα των ιπποκάμπειων mGluR5 να ελέγχουν τις NMDA-επαγόμενες απαντήσεις. Άρα στον ιππόκαμπο φαίνεται ότι οι Α2Α υποδοχείς δρουν αδειοδοτικά για τη λειτουργία των mGluR5 υποδοχέων ως προς τη ρύθμιση των NMDA-επαγόμενων απαντήσεων. Τέλος, τα αποτελέσματά μας καταδεικνύουν ότι η ενεργοποίηση των mGluR5 υποδοχέων, με το ειδικό αγωνιστή τους CHPG, στον ιππόκαμπο, επάγει τη φωσφορυλίωση της ERK 1/2 κινάσης με τρόπο δοσοεξαρτώμενο. Η επαγωγή αυτή δεν υπόκειται στον έλεγχο των Α2Α υποδοχέων αδενοσίνης, καθώς η φαρμακευτική αναστολή τους δεν είχε επίδραση στα επίπεδα φωσφορυλίωσης της ERK 1/2 κινάσης. Η λειτουργική σημασία της ενεργοποίησης αυτής δεν είναι ακόμα γνωστή και αποτελεί στόχο μελλοντικών πειραμάτων μας. / --

Sepsis is a worldwide health problem with an enormous economic burden and devastatingly high mortality rate. The pathophysiology and immune dysfunctions that occur during sepsis remain largely unknown, severely limiting current treatment options for sepsis. Both the innate and adaptive parts of the immune system are known to be involved in the dysfunctions that occur during sepsis. Over the last few years adenosine has been recognized as an endogenous mediator that alters both innate and adaptive immune responses. Adenosine receptors are largely expressed on many different immune cells and may serve to limit excess collateral damage in the setting of inflammation. In this study, the pharmacological effects of an A2A receptor antagonist on septic mice were examined using the CLP model of sepsis that results in a polymicrobial infection. Pharmacological inactivation of the A2A receptor significantly increased mortality in septic mice predicted to live in comparison to those given only vehicle. Treatment with the A2A receptor antagonist also increased expression of CD40, part of a pathway well known for its roles in inflammation. Our data also showed increased monocyte MHCII expression after treatment with an adenosine antagonist. Our data support the role that A2A receptors are involved in the immune response to sepsis, and that these receptors may serve to damage excess collateral damage ensuing from the host immune response, and that additional studies on adenosine and its related purine nucleosides would be of use for better understanding of the immune dysfunctions that occur during sepsis and other diseases.

This thesis describes several aspects of the role for extracellular adenosine in Drosophila. Reverse genetic, molecular and microscopic methods together with the most forefront Drosophila research techniques have been applied to elucidate the role of adenosine signaling in the regulation of development, physiology and metabolism of Drosophila larvae. The thesis helps to establish the model for extracellular adenosine as a stress-signal for the release of energy stores. It also describes the elucidation of Drosophila extracellular adenosine production pathway by functional characterization of extracellular ATP/adenosine converting enzymes. Further, this thesis describes the attempt to study adenosine signaling by creation of tissue specific knock-down mutation of Drosophila adenosine receptor. Finally, it provides results of the utilization of in vivo fluorescent reporters for studying of the localization, function and interaction of enzymes implicated in adenosine signaling pathway.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A doenÃa de Parkinson (DP) à uma desordem neurodegenerativa, caracterizada pela destruiÃÃo dos neurÃnios nigroestriatais dopaminÃrgicos. O tratamento atual para esta doenÃa està restrito ao alÃvio sintomÃtico, porque atà o presente momento nÃo existem agentes capazes de inibir a degeneraÃÃo neuronal. Existem evidÃncias experimentais de que antagonistas de receptores A2A da adenosina poderiam ser Ãteis no tratamento de DP. Com a finalidade de investigar essa possibilidade, o presente trabalho demonstrou os efeitos da cafeÃna e do CSC (8-(3-chlorostyryl caffeine) no comportamento rotacional e nas alteraÃÃes neuroquÃmicas em ratos lesionados com 6-OHDA, como modelo da doenÃa de Parkinson. Os animais (ratos Wistar machos, 250-280g) foram tratados com cafeÃna (10 e 20 mg/kg, i.p.) diariamente durante 14 dias, iniciando 1h apÃs a lesÃo ou 7 dias, iniciando seis dias apÃs a lesÃo com 6-OHDA ou com CSC (1 e 5 mg/kg, i.p.) diariamente durante 7 dias, iniciando 6 dias apÃs a lesÃo com 6-OHDA, sozinho ou associado com L-DOPA (CSC 1 mg/kg, i.p. + L-DOPA 50mg/kg + Benzerazida 12,5 mg/kg, i.p.). Os resultados mostraram que houve um aumento significativo do nÃmero de rotaÃÃes induzidas por apomorfina nos animais lesionados com 6-OHDA (50 vezes) quando comparados aos animais falso operados. O tratamento com cafeÃna, principalmente durante 14 dias e o tratamento com CSC produziram uma recuperaÃÃo motora parcial com reduÃÃo do nÃmero de rotaÃÃes. A 6-OHDA provocou morte neuronal evidenciada pela reduÃÃo dos nÃveis de monoaminas (75-85%) quando comparadas ao lado contralateral. Nos grupos tratados com cafeÃna ou CSC sozinho ou associado com L-DOPA a reduÃÃo dos nÃveis de DA, 5HT e seus metabÃlitos foi menor. As concentraÃÃes dos aminoÃcidos glutamato e GABA foram significativamente aumentadas (3,8 e 3 vezes, respectivamente) no estriado de ratos lesionados. O CSC reverteu essas alteraÃÃes significativamente e foi observada uma potencializaÃÃo desses efeitos na associaÃÃo com L-DOPA. Os experimentos in vitro demonstraram que a cafeÃna e o CSC apresentaram um forte efeito neuroprotetor nas cÃlulas mesencefÃlicas de rato expostas a 6-OHDA. O tratamento com CSC ou cafeÃna aumentou significativamente o nÃmero de cÃlulas viÃveis apÃs a exposiÃÃo das cÃlulas a 6-OHDA, como foi demonstrado pelo teste do MTT. A exposiÃÃo das cÃlulas mesencefÃlicas a 6-OHDA aumentou os conteÃdos de nitrito e a peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica, que retornaram a concentraÃÃes normais apÃs tratamento com CSC ou cafeÃna. AlÃm disso, a 6-OHDA reduziu o nÃmero de cÃlulas normais e aumentou o nÃmero de cÃlulas apoptÃticas e o tratamento com CSC ou cafeÃna reverteu esses efeitos da 6-OHDA, promovendo aumento do nÃmero de cÃlulas viÃveis e reduÃÃo do nÃmero de cÃlulas apoptÃticas. Houve uma reduÃÃo do nÃmero de microglias ativadas apÃs a exposiÃÃo das cÃlulas a cafeÃna e a 6-OHDA, o mesmo nÃo ocorreu apÃs a exposiÃÃo das cÃlulas ao CSC e a 6-OHDA. O tratamento com cafeÃna reduziu o aumento do nÃmero de astrÃcitos reativos induzidos pela 6-OHDA, enquanto o CSC nÃo apresentou esse efeito. Esses resultados mostraram que ambos, a cafeÃna e o CSC apresentaram aÃÃes neuroprotetoras em cÃlulas mesencefÃlicas de rato expostas a 6-OHDA. O presente trabalho mostrou que a cafeÃna e o CSC reverteram Ãs alteraÃÃes comportamentais e neuroquÃmicas da 6-OHDA, apresentando efeitos possivelmente benÃficos no tratamento da DP. / Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Antagonists of the A2A subtype of adenosine receptor have emerged as a target for nondopaminergic antiparkinsonian agents. The present work showed the effects of caffeine and 8-(-3-chlorostyryl)-caffeine (CSC), A2A receptors antagonists, on behavior and biochemical alterations in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, as a model of PD. Animals (male Wistar rats, 260-280 g) were injected daily with caffeine (10 and 20 mg/kg,i.p., 1h after 6-OHDA lesion for 14 days or six days after 6-OHDA lesion for 7 days), or CSC (1 and 5 mg/kg, i.p., 1h after 6-OHDA lesion for 7 days) alone or associated with L-DOPA (CSC 1 mg/kg, i.p. + L-DOPA 50mg/kg + Benzerazida 12,5 mg/kg, i.p., six days after 6-OHDA lesion for 7 days). Fourteen days after 6-OHDA, the animalsâ behavior was assessed by monitoring body rotations induced by apomorphine (3 mg/kg, i.p.). The results showed that the drastic increase in body rotation, induced by the 6-OHDA lesion, after the apomorphine challenge, was significantly (50 times) and dose-dependently reversed by CSC or caffeine. The decreased striatal levels of DA and metabolites, in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats (75-85%), were blocked after caffeine or CSC alone or in association with L-DOPA treatment as well as the concentrations of NE, 5-HT and 5-HIAA. These effects were potentiated in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals treated with the association of CSC and L-DOPA. Concentrations of the amino acids glutamate and GABA were significantly increased (3.8 and 3 times, respectively) in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat striatum. Similarly, CSC also reversed these alterations significantly. We also demonstrated protective effects against 6-OHDA-induced cytotoxicity in rat mesencephalic cells. Caffeine or CSC significantly increased the number of viable cells after their exposure to 6-OHDA, as measured by the MTT assay. While nitrite levels and lipid peroxidation in the cells were drastically increased by 6-OHDA, its concentration was brought toward normality after caffeine or CSC. 6-OHDA decreased the number of normal cells while increasing the number of apoptotic cells. Caffeine or CSC, significantly recovered the number of viable cells, and decreased the number of apoptotic cells, as compared to the group treated with 6-OHDA alone. Interestingly, while a significant lower number of activated microglia was seen after cells exposure to caffeine plus 6-OHDA, this was not the case after cells exposure to CSC plus 6-OHDA. While caffeine lowered the percentage of reactive astrocytes increased by 6-OHDA, CSC showed not effect. These results showed a strong neuroptrotection afforded by caffeine or CSC on rat mesencephalic cells exposed to 6-OHDA. In conclusion, we showed that CSC or caffeine reversed behavior and biochemical alterations, observed in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, pointing out to the potential benefit of A2A receptors antagonists as non-dopaminergic therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD.

A hipertensão arterial é um problema de saúde pública no Brasil, pois aproximadamente 20 % da população adulta desenvolve hipertensão essencial, cujas causas ainda não são conhecidas. No entanto, sua gênese pode estar relacionada com disfunção nas áreas do sistema nervoso central (SNC) que regulam o sistema cardiovascular. O núcleo do trato solitário (NTS) e o bulbo ventrolateral são áreas importantes no controle neural da pressão arterial. Os receptores de adenosina A2a (rA2a) são encontrados em todo o SNC e estão relacionados com estudos terapêuticos de diversas doenças. No NTS a estimulação dos rA2a provoca ajustes pontuais em outros sistemas de neurotransmissão, além de diminuir a pressão arterial. A nicotina é uma molécula com uma vasta faixa de efeitos modulatórios em nosso organismo. Entre esses efeitos se destacam a capacidade de interagir com diversos sistemas de neurotransmissão nas áreas do bulbo relacionadas com a regulação da pressão arterial e de antecipar e/ou intensificar o desenvolvimento da hipertensão em sujeitos com pré-disposição genética. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar o efeito modulatório da nicotina sobre o rA2a em cultura mista de neurônios e células gliais da porção dorso-medial do bulbo de ratos geneticamente hipertenso (SHR) e normotensos (WKY). Para isso, utilizaram-se técnicas como a de PCR em tempo real, Western Blotting e análise de ligação do receptor. Nossos resultados demonstraram que: 1) em condição basal células de ratos normotensos apresentam maior ligação do rA2a do que células de ratos hipertensos; 2) tratamento com nicotina resultou na diminuição da ligação do receptor em ambas as cepas, com um efeito de maior magnitude em células de ratos WKY; 3) nas duas linhagens o tratamento com nicotina alterou os níveis protéicos do rA2a, assim como o RNAm do receptor; 4) a linhagem e o tratamento separadamente, como a interação entre ambos influenciaram na expressão do RNAm , níveis protéicos e ligação do rA2a nas células dos ratos WKY e SHR. Por fim, os resultados apresentados aqui indicam que o rA2a em células de ratos hipertensos tem sua função deprimida em comparação com as células de ratos normotensos; e que a nicotina foi capaz de modular o funcionamento do rA2a, o qual pode influenciar no controle da pressão arterial. Esses dados são bastante interessantes, pois abrem novas perspectivas de análise dos mecanismos intracelulares envolvidos na modulação dos rA2a pela nicotina, assim como a importância desse sistema no desenvolvimento da hipertensão / Hypertension is one of the most common worldwide diseases afflicting humans. Because of the associated with morbidity and mortality and the cost to the society, it became an important public health challenge in Brazil. The mechanisms involved in development of hypertension still remain unclear However, hypertension can result from neuronal network imbalance in areas of the central nervous system that control blood pressure. The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) plays an important role in cardiovascular control. Within the NTS there are several neurotransmitters and neuromodulatory substances, such as adenosine, which acts on purinoreceptors A2a (A2ar). The A2ar modulates neurotransmission in the NTS and its activation may induce decrease in blood pressure by different mechanisms. Nicotine is a molecule that cross the blood-brain barrier and acts in several areas of central nervous system including the NTS. In this nucleus, nicotine is able to interact with some neurotransmitter systems and contributes for the development of hypertension in subjects with genetic predisposition to this disease. The goal of this study was to analyze the modulatory effects of nicotine on A2ar in cultured neurons and glial cells from medulla oblongata of normotensive (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). By means of real time PCR, Western Blotting and binding receptor assay. We have demonstrated that in basal condition cells of WKY presents increased binding of A2ar than the cells of SHR. Nicotine treatment induced a decrease in the binding of A2ar in both strains, however, this response was more pronounced in cells of WKY than SHR. Changes in mRNA and protein levels of A2ar was also observed in response to nicotine treatment. The strains and treatment separately, as well as the interaction between them influenced mRNA expression, protein level and binding of A2ar in NTS cells of WKY and SHR rats. Finally, these results show for the first time changes in A2ar mRNA expression, protein level and binding in cells from the medulla oblongata of WKY and SHR rats, as well as, the nicotine modulation upon this system, which might influence cardiovascular control. These data open up new approaches for the study of intracellular mechanisms involved in the modulation of adenosine A2a receptor by nicotine, as well as the importance of this interaction in the development of hypertension.