Considering the infection and second trauma caused by dressing changes, development of antibacterial and low-adherent wound dressings is urgently needed. Silver ion is a widely used antimicrobial agent, but its cytotoxicity remains a problem. In this study, low-adherent PAM (polyacrylamide) hydrogel incorporated with less toxic AgNP (silver nanoparticle), was immobilized onto PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) substrates by an IPN (interpenetrating polymer network) method. The modified PET is effectively antibacterial and the surface is significantly less adherent than untreated PET. However, silver-resistant bacteria become a potential problem. Thus, ionic 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMH) analogues containing either a quaternary ammonium moiety or a phosphonate functional group were designed and synthesized. The DMH analogues were converted to antibacterial N-chloramine counterparts through chlorination to serve as potential alternatives to AgNP. The N-chloramine with a structural cation exhibited distinctly enhanced antibacterial functions both in solution and after immobilization on fabrics.

Considering the infection and second trauma caused by dressing changes, development of antibacterial and low-adherent wound dressings is urgently needed. Silver ion is a widely used antimicrobial agent, but its cytotoxicity remains a problem. In this study, low-adherent PAM (polyacrylamide) hydrogel incorporated with less toxic AgNP (silver nanoparticle), was immobilized onto PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) substrates by an IPN (interpenetrating polymer network) method. The modified PET is effectively antibacterial and the surface is significantly less adherent than untreated PET. However, silver-resistant bacteria become a potential problem. Thus, ionic 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMH) analogues containing either a quaternary ammonium moiety or a phosphonate functional group were designed and synthesized. The DMH analogues were converted to antibacterial N-chloramine counterparts through chlorination to serve as potential alternatives to AgNP. The N-chloramine with a structural cation exhibited distinctly enhanced antibacterial functions both in solution and after immobilization on fabrics.

MSc (Med), Bioethics and Health Law, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / South Africa, like many other developing nations, is faced with the challenge of mobilising resources to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic. There is a huge budget gap between the ideal and actual funding provided to achieve universal access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which leads to the inevitable rationing of HAART. Although healthcare spending has been increasing in South Africa, new demands are being placed on the HAART roll out programmes. This is particularly due to the emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR). Because non-adherence to HAART is strongly linked to drug resistance, this is a major threat to any successful HAART programme. In the face of restricted resources, this research report looks at some of the ethical and economic implications of non-adherence to HAART. I suggest that there is merit in considering that HAART be restricted only to adherent patients.

A burn is a type of injury to the skin caused by fire, heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation or friction. It occurs in all age groups. Burn wound infection remains the leading cause of skin graft failure and one of the leading causes of burn injury related mortality. Dressings impregnated with silver compounds are the mainstay of treatment for burn wounds to prevent or combat the infection. However, most commercially available silver based wound dressings cause trauma upon removal because of adhesion to the wound bed. A recent study has shown that burn dressing related pain is linked to more severe depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Furthermore, emerging resistance associated with silver based wound dressings is a growing concern. Organic N-chloramines have been in clinical use for over 180 years thanks to their effectiveness toward a broad spectrum of microorganisms, and no resistance has been yet reported. This study aimed to develop an “ideal” wound dressing with both antibacterial and atraumatic properties. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics are among the most representative base materials in burn wound dressings and thus were chosen as the substrate. Specifically, a very thin layer of polyacrylamide (PAm) hydrogel was deposited onto the surface of PET fabric via plasma activation and photopolymerization. The treated PET fabric (termed as “PET-PAm”) was characterized with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and water contact angle measurement. We adapted an in vitro wet-gelatin adherence model to evaluate the effect of hydrogel deposition on reducing the adherence of PET. The deposited hydrogel layer was found to lower the adherence of PET fabrics. The peeling energy of PET decreased drastically from 2231.5 J/m2 to nearly 250 J/m2 after the deposition of hydrogel. On the other hand, we have also synthesized a series of new “composite” biocides with both N-chloramine and quaternary ammonium (QA) moieties. Those “composite” biocides exert boosted killing efficiency against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The deposited hydrogel layer can also serve as the reservoir for the loading of the novel N-chloramine based “composite” biocides, to achieve a both non-adherent and antibacterial wound dressing.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract attributed to an aberrant immune response to environmental and microbial triggers. Individuals with CD exhibit an enrichment of pro-inflammatory strains of Adherent-Invasive E. coli (AIEC) and often report a relapse of symptoms following a period of acute psychological stress. Despite a known immunosuppressive role, the mechanism by which stress contributes toward the development and progression of intestinal inflammation remains unknown. Here, we use a well characterized model of restraint stress to investigate the influence of psychological stress on host protection against a CD-associated strain of AIEC. We found that stress results in profound intestinal dysbiosis, allowing for a complete dominance of Enterobacteriaceae. Interestingly, while stress alone drives a state of low-grade inflammation and loss of barrier integrity in the gut, in the presence of a pathobiont strain of AIEC, stress drives a substantially heightened inflammatory response which exacerbated the resultant loss of barrier integrity. Moreover, we have found stress induces an augmented nutritional immune response, providing AIEC a competitive niche against commensal bacteria lacking alternative methods of iron uptake. Further, we see that stress-induced glucocorticoids mediate broad apoptosis of the CD45+CD90+ lymphocytic population in the gut. The loss of this population prevents an appropriate IL-22 mediated response to dysbiosis. Accordingly, blocking glucocorticoid signalling or exogenous administration of IL-22 prevents the stress-induced expansion of AIEC. This work underscores the complex nature of psychological stress such that the combination of iron limitation and glucocorticoid mediated immune attrition are simultaneously required for the stress-induced expansion of AIEC. These findings present novel insight into the mechanistic consequences of glucocorticoid signalling on impaired immune function and the provision of an inflammatory environment, resulting in a distinct impact on CD susceptibility. As such, deeper insight regarding the complex underpinnings of CD will assist in efforts to design representative models and will strengthen the discovery of targeted therapeutics. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract resulting from an exaggerated immune response. CD patients often report a relapse of symptoms following a period of psychological stress and are at an increased likelihood of having pro-inflammatory strains of E. coli within their gut. Here, we use a model of restraint stress to investigate how psychological stress modulates the abundance of bacterial species associated with CD. We found stress results in the limitation of essential nutrients, allowing for an outgrowth of E. coli. Further, stress hormones lead to the loss of a protective immune response in which E. coli expansion can be prevented by blocking these hormones or restoring immune signalling. Together, we conclude that stress leads to immune cell death and creates an iron limited environment that favours E. coli expansion. Such work begins to uncover the functional consequence of stress and its’ role in disease progression.

La maladie de Crohn (MC) est caractérisée par une inflammation intestinale chronique affectant potentiellement n'importe quel segment du tube digestif. L’étiologie de la maladie reste encore inconnue, cependant, la théorie la plus largement acceptée repose sur une réponse inflammatoire anormale dirigée contre le microbiote intestinal chez un hôte génétiquement prédisposé. Plusieurs études ont démontré que la muqueuse iléale de patients atteints de MC est anormalement colonisée par des souches de Escherichia coli adhérentes et invasives (AIEC). Toutefois, à ce jour, au Brésil, aucune étude ne démontre la présence de telles souches d’E. coli chez les patients atteints de MC. Le but de cette étude était d'isoler et de caractériser les souches de E. coli chez les patients atteints de MC au Brésil. Les biopsies ont été réalisées sur 35 sujets, 24 atteints de MC et 11 contrôles. La colonisation par des entérobactéries associées à la muqueuse iléale de patients atteints de MC a été montré élevée par rapport au groupe contrôle. Parmi les 270 souches isolées, 241 ont été identifiées comme étant des E. coli : 183 à partir de patients atteints de MC et 58 des contrôles. La recherche de différents groupes phylogénétiques de E. coli a été réalisée par PCR. Il n'y a pas de différence significative entre la répartition des groupes phylogénétiques des souches de E. coli isolées dans le groupe témoin et les patients MC. Les capacités d'adhésion et d’invasion des souches aux cellules épithéliales intestinales humaines I-407 ont été analysées, aussi bien que sa capacité à survivre et se multiplier en macrophages humains THP-1. L'analyse moléculaire par PCR a également été réalisée pour la détection des facteurs de virulence et la présence de polymorphismes génétiques associées à des souches AIEC. Dans cette étude, seuls quelques- uns des isolats de E. coli présentaient des propriétés invasives et la capacité de survivre dans les macrophages. En outre, l’analyse de la séquence fimH des souches de E. coli isolées dans cette étude n'a pas révélé la sélection de polymorphismes dans l’adhésine FimH, comme décrit pour la collection de souches AIEC isolées chez des patients européens. Ces résultats ont donc permis de montrer que les souches isolées chez les patients atteints de MC brésiliens n’ont probablement pas encore co-évolué avec leur hôte pour développer un phénotype adhérent-invasif fort, mais il sera essentiel de suivre à l'avenir l'évolution des ces souches dans la population brésilienne pour comprendre la sélection et l'évolution du phénotype AIEC. / Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation potentially affecting any segment of the digestive tract. The etiology of the disease is still unknown, however, the most widely accepted theory relies on an abnormal inflammatory response directed against the gut microbiota in a genetically predisposed host. Several studies have shown that the ileal mucosa of patients with CD is abnormally colonized by adherent and invasive Escherichia coli strains (AIEC). However, to date, in Brazil, no study has demonstrated the presence of such E. coli strains. coli in patients with CD. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize E. coli strains in patients with CD in Brazil. Biopsies were performed on 35 subjects, 24 with MC and 11 controls. Colonization with enterobacteria associated with the ileal mucosa of MC patients was shown to be elevated relative to the control group. Of the 270 strains isolated, 241 were identified as E. coli: 183 from CD patients and 58 controls. The search for different phylogenetic groups of E. coli was performed by PCR. There is no significant difference between the distribution of phylogenetic groups of E. coli strains isolated in the control and MC patients. The adhesion and invasion abilities of strains to human intestinal epithelial cells I-407 were analyzed, as well as its ability to survive and multiply into human macrophages THP-1. PCR molecular analysis was also performed for the detection of virulence factors and the presence of genetic polymorphisms associated with AIEC strains. In this study, only a few of the E. coli isolates had invasive properties and the ability to survive in macrophages. In addition, analysis of the fimH sequence of E. coli strains isolated in this study did not reveal the selection of polymorphisms in the FimH adhesin, as described for the collection of AIEC strains isolated from European patients. These results have thus shown that strains isolated from patients with Brazilian CD probably have not yet co-evolved with their host to develop a strong adherent-invasive phenotype, but it will be essential to monitor the future evolution of these strains in the Brazilian population to understand the selection and evolution of the AIEC phenotype.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A junção aderente (JA) é um dos principais componentes do complexo juncional apical. Esta juncão é um complexo multiprotéico em que a E-caderina, uma glicoproteína transmembrana, atua como principal mediadora da adesão célula-célula. Sua ancoragem ao citoesqueleto de actina ocorre via proteínas da família das cateninas. Modificações pós-traducionais da E-caderina, como fosforilação e glicosilação, podem modular a estabilidade e organização das JAs. Muitos estudos têm sugerido que no câncer a invasão e a metástase podem estar associadas a arranjos de glicanos na superfície celular. Em câncer colo-retal, o papel de alterações na expressão de glicanos sobre a estabilidade da adesão mediada por Ecaderina ainda não está claro. Neste estudo, investigamos a relação entre estas alterações e a estabilidade das JAs em células de câncer colo-retal. Nós utilizamos duas linhagens celulares com diferentes potenciais metastáticos, Caco-2 and HCT- 116, que constituem dois modelos de JAs: estáveis e instáveis, respectivamente. Ensaios de precipitação de lectinas e immunoblotting demonstraram que em HCT- 116, a linhagem mais invasiva, a E-caderina apresenta uma diminuição de glicanos reconhecidos pelas lectinas HPA e WGA, que reconhecem resíduos de Nacetilgalactosamina e, _-N-acetilhexosaminas e ácido siálico, respectivamente. Concomitantemente, em HCT-116 também foi observado um aumento de glicanos reconhecidos pelas lectinas L-PHA e E-PHA, que reconhecem respectivamente: acetilglicosamina_1,6-ligada formando N-glicanos tri- e tetraantenados e, Nacetilglicosamina bisectante _1,4-ligada formando N-glicanos biantenados. Ensaios de imunofluorescência mostraram que a presença desses glicanos reconhecidos por L-PHA, em HCT-116, é intensa na região de contato célula-célula quando comparada com células Caco-2, em que a marcação foi observada, predominantemente, na região apical. Além disso, a inibição completa da Nglicosilação por tunicamicina ou a inibição da síntese de N-glicanos complexos por swainsonina, aumentou a associação da E-caderina com o citoesquleto de actina em células HCT-116, mas não em Caco-2. Em células HCT-116, a inibição de Nglicosilação por tunicamicina produziu uma diminuição da atividade de ERK1/2 e a formação de adesão célula-célula foi mais evidente. Estes dados sugerem que alterações na expressão e localização subcelular de diferentes glicanos podem ser importantes eventos associados à perda da estabilidade das JAs em câncer coloretal. / The adherent junction (AJ) is one of the main components of the apical junctional complex. It is a multiprotein complex where E-cadherin, a transmembrane glycoprotein, acts as the main mediator of cell-cell adhesion in epithelium. This protein is anchored to the actin cytoskeleton via proteins of the catenin family. Posttranslational modifications of E-cadherin, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, can modulate the assembly of AJs. Various studies have suggested that invasion and metastasis is associated to glycan patterns on the cell surface of tumor cells. In colorectal cancer the role of altered glycans expression and stability of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion is not clear. In this study we investigated the relation between changes of the glycans expression and AJs stability in colorectal cancer cells. We used two colon adenocarcinoma cell lines with different metastatic potential, Caco-2 and HCT-116, both models of stable and unstable AJs, respectively. Lectin binding assays demonstrated that in HCT-116, the more invasive cell line, E-cadherin presents a decrease of the glycans recognized by HPA and WGA lectins, which recognize N-acetylgalactosamine and, _-N-acetylhexosamines and sialic acid, respectively. Conversely, in HCT-116, there was an increase of glycans recognized by E-PHA and L-PHA lectins, which recognize bisecting _1,4- branched and _1,6-branched N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. Immunofluorescence assays showed a stronger L-PHA binding on cell-cell contact regions of HCT-116 cells when compared with Caco-2. Furthermore, in HCT-116 cells a complete inhibition of N-glycosylation by tunicamycin or inhibition of complex N-glycans synthesis by swainsonine increased the association of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton. Finally, it was possible to observe that the inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by tunicamycin, leaded to a decreasing of ERK1/2 phosphorylation concomitantly with the formation of more intimate cell-cell contacts. These findings suggest that altered expression and subcellular localization of different glycans can be important events associated to loss of AJs stability in colorectal cancer.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A junção aderente (JA) é um dos principais componentes do complexo juncional apical. Esta juncão é um complexo multiprotéico em que a E-caderina, uma glicoproteína transmembrana, atua como principal mediadora da adesão célula-célula. Sua ancoragem ao citoesqueleto de actina ocorre via proteínas da família das cateninas. Modificações pós-traducionais da E-caderina, como fosforilação e glicosilação, podem modular a estabilidade e organização das JAs. Muitos estudos têm sugerido que no câncer a invasão e a metástase podem estar associadas a arranjos de glicanos na superfície celular. Em câncer colo-retal, o papel de alterações na expressão de glicanos sobre a estabilidade da adesão mediada por Ecaderina ainda não está claro. Neste estudo, investigamos a relação entre estas alterações e a estabilidade das JAs em células de câncer colo-retal. Nós utilizamos duas linhagens celulares com diferentes potenciais metastáticos, Caco-2 and HCT- 116, que constituem dois modelos de JAs: estáveis e instáveis, respectivamente. Ensaios de precipitação de lectinas e immunoblotting demonstraram que em HCT- 116, a linhagem mais invasiva, a E-caderina apresenta uma diminuição de glicanos reconhecidos pelas lectinas HPA e WGA, que reconhecem resíduos de Nacetilgalactosamina e, _-N-acetilhexosaminas e ácido siálico, respectivamente. Concomitantemente, em HCT-116 também foi observado um aumento de glicanos reconhecidos pelas lectinas L-PHA e E-PHA, que reconhecem respectivamente: acetilglicosamina_1,6-ligada formando N-glicanos tri- e tetraantenados e, Nacetilglicosamina bisectante _1,4-ligada formando N-glicanos biantenados. Ensaios de imunofluorescência mostraram que a presença desses glicanos reconhecidos por L-PHA, em HCT-116, é intensa na região de contato célula-célula quando comparada com células Caco-2, em que a marcação foi observada, predominantemente, na região apical. Além disso, a inibição completa da Nglicosilação por tunicamicina ou a inibição da síntese de N-glicanos complexos por swainsonina, aumentou a associação da E-caderina com o citoesquleto de actina em células HCT-116, mas não em Caco-2. Em células HCT-116, a inibição de Nglicosilação por tunicamicina produziu uma diminuição da atividade de ERK1/2 e a formação de adesão célula-célula foi mais evidente. Estes dados sugerem que alterações na expressão e localização subcelular de diferentes glicanos podem ser importantes eventos associados à perda da estabilidade das JAs em câncer coloretal. / The adherent junction (AJ) is one of the main components of the apical junctional complex. It is a multiprotein complex where E-cadherin, a transmembrane glycoprotein, acts as the main mediator of cell-cell adhesion in epithelium. This protein is anchored to the actin cytoskeleton via proteins of the catenin family. Posttranslational modifications of E-cadherin, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, can modulate the assembly of AJs. Various studies have suggested that invasion and metastasis is associated to glycan patterns on the cell surface of tumor cells. In colorectal cancer the role of altered glycans expression and stability of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion is not clear. In this study we investigated the relation between changes of the glycans expression and AJs stability in colorectal cancer cells. We used two colon adenocarcinoma cell lines with different metastatic potential, Caco-2 and HCT-116, both models of stable and unstable AJs, respectively. Lectin binding assays demonstrated that in HCT-116, the more invasive cell line, E-cadherin presents a decrease of the glycans recognized by HPA and WGA lectins, which recognize N-acetylgalactosamine and, _-N-acetylhexosamines and sialic acid, respectively. Conversely, in HCT-116, there was an increase of glycans recognized by E-PHA and L-PHA lectins, which recognize bisecting _1,4- branched and _1,6-branched N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. Immunofluorescence assays showed a stronger L-PHA binding on cell-cell contact regions of HCT-116 cells when compared with Caco-2. Furthermore, in HCT-116 cells a complete inhibition of N-glycosylation by tunicamycin or inhibition of complex N-glycans synthesis by swainsonine increased the association of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton. Finally, it was possible to observe that the inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by tunicamycin, leaded to a decreasing of ERK1/2 phosphorylation concomitantly with the formation of more intimate cell-cell contacts. These findings suggest that altered expression and subcellular localization of different glycans can be important events associated to loss of AJs stability in colorectal cancer.

yes / Background The roles of diffusely-adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC) and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) in disease are not well understood, in part because of the limitations of diagnostic tests for each of these categories of diarrhoea-causing E. coli. A HEp-2 adherence assay is the Gold Standard for detecting both EAEC and DAEC but DNA probes with limited sensitivity are also employed. Results We demonstrate that the daaC probe, conventionally used to detect DAEC, cross-reacts with a subset of strains belonging to the EAEC category. The cross hybridization is due to 84% identity, at the nucleotide level, between the daaC locus and the aggregative adherence fimbriae II cluster gene, aafC, present in some EAEC strains. Because aaf-positive EAEC show a better association with diarrhoea than other EAEC, this specific cross-hybridization may have contributed to an over-estimation of the association of daaC with disease in some studies. We have developed a discriminatory PCR-RFLP protocol to delineate EAEC strains detected by the daaC probe in molecular epidemiological studies. Conclusions A PCR-RFLP protocol described herein can be used to identify aaf-positive EAEC and daaC-positive DAEC and to delineate these two types of diarrhoeagenic E. coli, which both react with the daaC probe. This should help to improve current understanding and future investigations of DAEC and EAEC epidemiology. / Food Standards Agency

Cryopreservation of adherent cells may be advantageous for cell types that are difficult to preserve in suspension or when it is necessary to preserve characteristics of the adherent cultured cells. Vitrification is a promising procedure for the preservation of adherent cells that prevents ice crystal formation and the resulting dissociation and morphological damage. To successfully vitrify adherent cells, high concentrations of CPA are required which increases the likelihood of osmotic and toxic damage. In this dissertation, we describe a rational design strategy that predicts mathematically optimized CPA addition and removal procedures based on the minimization of a toxicity cost function. These rationally designed procedures rely on the accurate knowledge of cell biophysical parameters. We validate an in situ calcein fluorescence quenching method for the determination of membrane permeability parameters for adherent cells. We also describe the determination of osmotic tolerance limits for adherent cells. We use rational design strategies to determine CPA addition and removal procedures for adherent endothelial cells, neuronal cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells as well as oocytes. Also, we provide experimental support for the feasibility of these methods using adherent endothelial cells. The mathematical methods and experimental procedures outlined in this dissertation are important tools for the design of addition and removal procedures for concentrated CPA solutions. This dissertation is an important step toward successful design and implementation of vitrification strategies for adherent cells and tissues. / Graduation date: 2013 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from Feb. 14, 2013 - Feb. 14, 2015