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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Etude de l'adsorption du COS sur des oxydes métalliques : influence des propriétés acido-basiques de surface et des compétitions d'adsorption COS-CO2-H2S / COS adsorption over metal oxides, influence of surface acid-base properties and COS-CO2-H2S adsorption competition

Hlayhel, Taha 10 October 2014 (has links)
Le COS est une impureté soufrée acide particulièrement problématique dans les industries du raffinage et de production d’énergie. Son élimination nécessite la mise en œuvre de méthodes spécifiques, nommément des procédés d’adsorption et d’hydrolyse catalytique.Ce travail de thèse a été entrepris dans le but d’identifier les leviers d’amélioration de ces procédés via l’étude des interactions du COS avec la surface d’oxydes métalliques utilisés comme adsorbant ou catalyseur, des phénomènes de compétition d’adsorption avec le CO2 et l’H2S, et du vieillissement des adsorbants.La combinaison de plusieurs techniques expérimentales (ATG, spectroscopie IR, chromatographie inverse) a été mise en œuvre. Il a été montré que la proportion des groupements hydroxyles de la surface avec lequel le COS interagit est très faible, bien qu’elle augmente avec la basicité des solides (nature de l’oxyde et dopage). Simultanément à cette adsorption, le COS est partiellement hydrolysé au contact des groupements hydroxyles de surface, non régénérés par la suite, et responsable en partie d’une baisse de la capacité d’adsorption au cours du cyclage. L’étude de la co-adsorption des trois espèces COS, CO2 et H2S a permis de mettre en évidence des compétitions d’adsorption entre COS et CO2 interagissant avec des groupements hydroxyles similaires, alors que l’H2S interagit de préférence avec les sites acides de Lewis. La formation de soufre élémentaire a également été observée lors des expériences d’adsorption. Celle-ci est directement corrélée à l’acidité de surface, dont les sites acides de Lewis semblent agir comme des oxydants – accepteurs d’électrons – vis-à-vis de l’H2S. / COS is a sulfuric impurity particularly problematic in refining and energy production industries. Its elimination requires specific methods such as adsorption or catalytic hydrolysis processes. The work has as objective the amelioration of COS elimination process by studying COS interaction with oxide surfaces used as adsorbents or catalysts, adsorption competition with CO2 and H2S and adsorbent aging. Three experimental technics were used (IR spectroscopy, TGA, reverse chromatography). It has been shown that not all hydroxyl groups interacts with COS even if their basicity was enhanced by doping. In parallel to its adsorption, COS is partially hydrolyzed by some unregenerated hydroxyl groups. This causes performance lose during cycling. COS co-adsorption with CO2 or H2S shows adsorption competition between COS and CO2 for the same hydroxyl groups. H2S mainly interacts with Lewis acid sites. Elemental sulfur was observed and was correlated to surface acidity where lewis acid sites could act as electron acceptors for H2S.
2

Adsorção competitiva de cádmio, cobre, níquel e zinco em solos. / Competitive adsorption of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc in soils.

Moreira, Cindy Silva 09 September 2004 (has links)
Dentre os processos envolvidos no comportamento e biodisponiblidade dos metais pesados nos solos, aqueles relacionados com a adsorção são de grande importância. Tendo em vista a natureza multielementar do sistema solo-solução e a complexidade das reações envolvidas, o conhecimento dos mecanismos de adsorção em sistemas competitivos permite uma avaliação mais realista do comportamento dos metais no solo. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram (i) avaliar a adsorção competitiva de cádmio, cobre, níquel e zinco, tomadas da camada mais superficial (horizonte A) de 14 solos representativos dos do Estado de São Paulo; (ii) obter isotermas de adsorção em sistemas competitivo e não-competitivo, utilizando a equação matemática de Langmuir para simular a adsorção; (iii) estabelecer seqüências de afinidade metálica para cada solo e (iv) estabelecer a relação entre o comportamento adsortivo dos metais e alguns atributos dos solos, mediante estudos de correlações simples e regressões múltiplas. Ao correspondente a 2,0 g de terra foram adicionados 20 mL de solução 0,01 mol L-1 de NaNO3 (relação 1:10) contendo concentrações equimolares (0,017; 0,034; 0,085; 0,17; 0,255; 0,51; 0,85 e 1,275 mmol L-1) de Cu, Ni, Cd e Zn, na forma isolada (sistema não competitivo) e em conjunto (sistema competitivo). O conjunto foi agitado por 1 h e, em seguida, as amostras foram centrifugadas a 1.100 rpm durante 10 minutos e filtradas. As concentrações dos metais em solução foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. A quantidade de metal adsorvida foi estimada pela diferença entre a concentração inicial e a concentração de equilíbrio. O Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, o Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, o Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (textura argilosa e muito argilosa) e o Chernossolo Argilúvico foram os solos que apresentaram maior capacidade de adsorção dos metais, enquanto que os menores valores de metais adsorvidos foram do Neossolo Quartzarênico e do Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (textura arenosa). A competição entre os metais diminuiu, de maneira, a adsorção máxima dos mesmos. A seqüência de afinidade mais comum encontrada no sistema não-competitivo foi Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd. No sistema competitivo, a seqüência mais comum foi Cu > Cd > Zn > Ni. Em geral, o modelo de Langmuir simulou de maneira satisfatória a adsorção dos metais. Os atributos que apresentaram correlação positiva com a adsorção máxima dos metais foram pH, MnO, CTC efetiva e silte. A correlação foi negativa com os teores de areia dos solos. Na regressão múltipla, as adsorções máximas de Zn, Cd e Ni estiveram relacionadas a CTC efetiva e com MnO. Para o Cu, somente o conteúdo de MnO relacionou-se com a adsorção máxima. Tais resultados reforçam a importância desse óxido no comportamento de metais pesados em solos de regiões tropicais úmidas. / Among the processes involved in the behavior and the bioavailabilty of heavy metals in soil, those related with the adsorption are of great importance. Despite of the multielementary nature of the soil-solution system and the complexity of the involved reactions, the knowledge of the adsorption mechanisms in competitive systems allows a more realistic evaluation of the metals behavior in the soil. The objectives of this work was (i) to evaluate the competitive adsorption of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc in surface samples (A horizons) of 14 representative soils of the State of São Paulo, Brazil; (ii) to obtain adsorption isotherms in competitive and non-competitive systems, using the Langmuir model in order to simulate the adsorption; (iii) to establish metal affinity sequences for each soil and (iv) to establish relationships between the adsorptive behavior of metals and some soils attributes using simple correlations and multiple regressions analysis. Two grams soil subsamples were set into 50 mL centrifuge tubes, adding 20 mL of 0.01 mol L-1 NaNO3 solution (relation 1:10) at equimolar concentrations (0.017; 0.034; 0.085; 0.17; 0.255; 0.51; 0.85 and 1.275 mmol L-1) of Cu, Ni, Cd and Zn, in the isolated form (non-competitive system) and in set (competitive system). The obtained suspensions were shaked during one hour, centrifuged afterwards (1,100 rpm) through 10 min and filtered. The metals concentrations in solution were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The adsorbed metal amounts were assumed to be equal to the difference between the initial amount and the metal remaining content at the ending of the reaction period. The Rhodic Eutrudox, Kandiudalf Eutrudalf, Typic Hapludult-2 (clayey-textured), Typic Hapludult (clayeytextured) and Typic Haplaquoll presented the highest metals adsorption capacity, whereas the lowest was observed for Typic Quartzipsamment and for Arenic Hapludult. In general, the competition between metals diminished their maximum adsorption. In the non-competitive system, the most common affinity sequence was Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd, whereas in the competitive system, the most common sequence was Cu > Cd > Zn > Ni. In general, the Langmuir model simulate satisfactorily the adsorption of metals of the studied soils. The soils attributes presenting positive correlation with the maximum adsorption of metals were pH, MnO, CTC and silt. The correlation was negative with the soil sand content. Employing the multiple regression, the maximum adsorption of Zn, Cd and Ni was found to be related with CTC and MnO, while for Cu only the MnO content was related with it maximum adsorption. Such results pointed out the importance of the manganese interactions as a controlling factor related to the behavior of heavy metals in soils from tropical humid areas.
3

Adsorção competitiva de cádmio, cobre, níquel e zinco em solos. / Competitive adsorption of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc in soils.

Cindy Silva Moreira 09 September 2004 (has links)
Dentre os processos envolvidos no comportamento e biodisponiblidade dos metais pesados nos solos, aqueles relacionados com a adsorção são de grande importância. Tendo em vista a natureza multielementar do sistema solo-solução e a complexidade das reações envolvidas, o conhecimento dos mecanismos de adsorção em sistemas competitivos permite uma avaliação mais realista do comportamento dos metais no solo. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram (i) avaliar a adsorção competitiva de cádmio, cobre, níquel e zinco, tomadas da camada mais superficial (horizonte A) de 14 solos representativos dos do Estado de São Paulo; (ii) obter isotermas de adsorção em sistemas competitivo e não-competitivo, utilizando a equação matemática de Langmuir para simular a adsorção; (iii) estabelecer seqüências de afinidade metálica para cada solo e (iv) estabelecer a relação entre o comportamento adsortivo dos metais e alguns atributos dos solos, mediante estudos de correlações simples e regressões múltiplas. Ao correspondente a 2,0 g de terra foram adicionados 20 mL de solução 0,01 mol L-1 de NaNO3 (relação 1:10) contendo concentrações equimolares (0,017; 0,034; 0,085; 0,17; 0,255; 0,51; 0,85 e 1,275 mmol L-1) de Cu, Ni, Cd e Zn, na forma isolada (sistema não competitivo) e em conjunto (sistema competitivo). O conjunto foi agitado por 1 h e, em seguida, as amostras foram centrifugadas a 1.100 rpm durante 10 minutos e filtradas. As concentrações dos metais em solução foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. A quantidade de metal adsorvida foi estimada pela diferença entre a concentração inicial e a concentração de equilíbrio. O Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, o Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, o Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (textura argilosa e muito argilosa) e o Chernossolo Argilúvico foram os solos que apresentaram maior capacidade de adsorção dos metais, enquanto que os menores valores de metais adsorvidos foram do Neossolo Quartzarênico e do Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (textura arenosa). A competição entre os metais diminuiu, de maneira, a adsorção máxima dos mesmos. A seqüência de afinidade mais comum encontrada no sistema não-competitivo foi Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd. No sistema competitivo, a seqüência mais comum foi Cu > Cd > Zn > Ni. Em geral, o modelo de Langmuir simulou de maneira satisfatória a adsorção dos metais. Os atributos que apresentaram correlação positiva com a adsorção máxima dos metais foram pH, MnO, CTC efetiva e silte. A correlação foi negativa com os teores de areia dos solos. Na regressão múltipla, as adsorções máximas de Zn, Cd e Ni estiveram relacionadas a CTC efetiva e com MnO. Para o Cu, somente o conteúdo de MnO relacionou-se com a adsorção máxima. Tais resultados reforçam a importância desse óxido no comportamento de metais pesados em solos de regiões tropicais úmidas. / Among the processes involved in the behavior and the bioavailabilty of heavy metals in soil, those related with the adsorption are of great importance. Despite of the multielementary nature of the soil-solution system and the complexity of the involved reactions, the knowledge of the adsorption mechanisms in competitive systems allows a more realistic evaluation of the metals behavior in the soil. The objectives of this work was (i) to evaluate the competitive adsorption of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc in surface samples (A horizons) of 14 representative soils of the State of São Paulo, Brazil; (ii) to obtain adsorption isotherms in competitive and non-competitive systems, using the Langmuir model in order to simulate the adsorption; (iii) to establish metal affinity sequences for each soil and (iv) to establish relationships between the adsorptive behavior of metals and some soils attributes using simple correlations and multiple regressions analysis. Two grams soil subsamples were set into 50 mL centrifuge tubes, adding 20 mL of 0.01 mol L-1 NaNO3 solution (relation 1:10) at equimolar concentrations (0.017; 0.034; 0.085; 0.17; 0.255; 0.51; 0.85 and 1.275 mmol L-1) of Cu, Ni, Cd and Zn, in the isolated form (non-competitive system) and in set (competitive system). The obtained suspensions were shaked during one hour, centrifuged afterwards (1,100 rpm) through 10 min and filtered. The metals concentrations in solution were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The adsorbed metal amounts were assumed to be equal to the difference between the initial amount and the metal remaining content at the ending of the reaction period. The Rhodic Eutrudox, Kandiudalf Eutrudalf, Typic Hapludult-2 (clayey-textured), Typic Hapludult (clayeytextured) and Typic Haplaquoll presented the highest metals adsorption capacity, whereas the lowest was observed for Typic Quartzipsamment and for Arenic Hapludult. In general, the competition between metals diminished their maximum adsorption. In the non-competitive system, the most common affinity sequence was Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd, whereas in the competitive system, the most common sequence was Cu > Cd > Zn > Ni. In general, the Langmuir model simulate satisfactorily the adsorption of metals of the studied soils. The soils attributes presenting positive correlation with the maximum adsorption of metals were pH, MnO, CTC and silt. The correlation was negative with the soil sand content. Employing the multiple regression, the maximum adsorption of Zn, Cd and Ni was found to be related with CTC and MnO, while for Cu only the MnO content was related with it maximum adsorption. Such results pointed out the importance of the manganese interactions as a controlling factor related to the behavior of heavy metals in soils from tropical humid areas.

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