Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-08-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000755428.pdf: 1772727 bytes, checksum: 25340537986dda5d7885dbce168e3429 (MD5) / Atualmente, as questões conservacionistas têm sido discutidas com grande ênfase pela sociedade em geral, principalmente sobre a paisagem amazônica. Dentro desse contexto está a bacia hidrográfica do rio Mojuí, localizada nos municípios de Santarém e Belterra, no estado do Pará. Esta vem sofrendo constantes explorações dos seus recursos naturais, principalmente devido à conversão de áreas com florestas em áreas agrícolas, principalmente para cultivo da soja. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar, mapear e quantificar, em escala de semi detalhe, as áreas das classes de cobertura vegetal e uso da terr0a no período de 11 anos, com o uso de imagens LANDSAT, órbita/ pontos 227/62, bandas TM 3, 4 e 5, referentes aos anos de 1999, 2005 e 2010, a dinâmica da paisagem na região. A seleção das imagens foi determinada considerando-se o período climático semelhante, com as mesmas circunstâncias de iluminação e cobertura de nuvens. Os limites da bacia foram estabelecidos pelos divisores topográficos que formam a área que drena para um ponto específico. Baseando-se nos dados obtidos no levantamento de campo e com o suporte da fotointerpretação das cenas dos sensores nos anos estabelecidos pela pesquisa, foi definida uma legenda temática para classificação da vegetação e uso do solo na bacia, sendo identificadas sete formas de coberturas vegetais e uso do solo na área de abrangência da bacia. Foram estabelecidas as seguintes classes de cobertura do solo... / Currently, conservation issues have been discussed with great emphasis by society in general, especially on the Amazon landscape. Within this context is Mojuí River watershed, located in the cities of Santarém and Belterra, in the state of Pará This comes under constant exploration of natural resources, mainly due to conversion of forest areas into agricultural areas, mainly for soybeans cultivation. The aim of this study was to characterize and quantify mapping , semi -scale detail , the areas of vegetation cover classes and land use in the period of 11 years as use of LANDSAT , orbit / points 227/62 , TM bands 3 , 4:05 , for the years 1999 , 2005 and 4 2010 , the landscape dynamics in the region . The selection of images was determined considering the similar climatic period, with the same lighting conditions and cloud cover. The boundaries of the basin were established by dividers that form the topographic area that drains to a specific point. Based on the data obtained in the field survey and with the support of photointerpretation the scenes of the sensors in the years established by research, has defined a thematic caption for vegetation classification and land use in the basin, identified seven forms of vegetation and land use in the catchment area of the basin. We defined the following classes of land cover: Rain Forest , Secondary Succession , Alluvial Rain Forest , Grassland , Degraded Grassland , Agriculture and Water Bodies . During the research it was observed that the Moju river watershed has lost 221.73 km² of natural vegetation cover (dense ombrophilous forest, alluvial dense ombrophilous forest). Until 1999 the dense ombrophilous forest class was the largest present at the watershed, however from 2005 on the agricultural class became the largest at that location, with an increase of approximately 518.11% of the initial research area. When the results were analyzed more ...

Orientador: Sérgio Campos / Banca: Ellen Fitipaldi Brasilio Carrega / Banca: Maria Nazaré Martins Maciel / Resumo: Atualmente, as questões conservacionistas têm sido discutidas com grande ênfase pela sociedade em geral, principalmente sobre a paisagem amazônica. Dentro desse contexto está a bacia hidrográfica do rio Mojuí, localizada nos municípios de Santarém e Belterra, no estado do Pará. Esta vem sofrendo constantes explorações dos seus recursos naturais, principalmente devido à conversão de áreas com florestas em áreas agrícolas, principalmente para cultivo da soja. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar, mapear e quantificar, em escala de semi detalhe, as áreas das classes de cobertura vegetal e uso da terr0a no período de 11 anos, com o uso de imagens LANDSAT, órbita/ pontos 227/62, bandas TM 3, 4 e 5, referentes aos anos de 1999, 2005 e 2010, a dinâmica da paisagem na região. A seleção das imagens foi determinada considerando-se o período climático semelhante, com as mesmas circunstâncias de iluminação e cobertura de nuvens. Os limites da bacia foram estabelecidos pelos divisores topográficos que formam a área que drena para um ponto específico. Baseando-se nos dados obtidos no levantamento de campo e com o suporte da fotointerpretação das cenas dos sensores nos anos estabelecidos pela pesquisa, foi definida uma legenda temática para classificação da vegetação e uso do solo na bacia, sendo identificadas sete formas de coberturas vegetais e uso do solo na área de abrangência da bacia. Foram estabelecidas as seguintes classes de cobertura do solo ... / Abstract: Currently, conservation issues have been discussed with great emphasis by society in general, especially on the Amazon landscape. Within this context is Mojuí River watershed, located in the cities of Santarém and Belterra, in the state of Pará This comes under constant exploration of natural resources, mainly due to conversion of forest areas into agricultural areas, mainly for soybeans cultivation. The aim of this study was to characterize and quantify mapping , semi -scale detail , the areas of vegetation cover classes and land use in the period of 11 years as use of LANDSAT , orbit / points 227/62 , TM bands 3 , 4:05 , for the years 1999 , 2005 and 4 2010 , the landscape dynamics in the region . The selection of images was determined considering the similar climatic period, with the same lighting conditions and cloud cover. The boundaries of the basin were established by dividers that form the topographic area that drains to a specific point. Based on the data obtained in the field survey and with the support of photointerpretation the scenes of the sensors in the years established by research, has defined a thematic caption for vegetation classification and land use in the basin, identified seven forms of vegetation and land use in the catchment area of the basin. We defined the following classes of land cover: Rain Forest , Secondary Succession , Alluvial Rain Forest , Grassland , Degraded Grassland , Agriculture and Water Bodies . During the research it was observed that the Moju river watershed has lost 221.73 km² of natural vegetation cover (dense ombrophilous forest, alluvial dense ombrophilous forest). Until 1999 the dense ombrophilous forest class was the largest present at the watershed, however from 2005 on the agricultural class became the largest at that location, with an increase of approximately 518.11% of the initial research area. When the results were analyzed more ... / Mestre

CAPES / Esta dissertação apresenta o método RAIA – Realidade Aumentada em Imagens Aéreas – que foi desenvolvido para inserir informações disponíveis sobre uma imagem aérea, com o objetivo de facilitar as atividades que envolvem a análise das imagens capturadas por meio de câmeras fixadas em aeronaves. Além disso, atualmente são comercializados produtos que oferecem a funcionalidade de complementar imagens aéreas com informações, porém existem poucos registros acadêmicos sobre este tipo de aplicação e não foram encontrados registros que detalhem metodologias que complementem com Realidade Aumentada imagens adquiridas de câmeras fixadas em aeronaves. Nas imagens processadas pelo método é empregado o conceito de Realidade Aumentada, pois é exibida uma junção de objetos virtuais, que representam informações sobre o local que está sendo capturado, e a própria imagem. Isto é feito por meio do cálculo do georreferenciamento da imagem, ou seja, são determinadas as coordenadas geográficas de cada pixel. O método foi avaliado com uma ferramenta protótipo em que foram executados testes, que foram subdivididos em três casos de estudo. Estes casos foram empregados para avaliar a precisão com que o método sobrepõe informações às imagens capturadas a distâncias próximas do solo, por satélite e em uma situação real de supervisão aérea. Os resultados da avaliação do método RAIA apontaram erro de posicionamento de informações de aproximadamente 5 metros para imagens capturadas com pouca inclinação em uma operação real de supervisão e aproximadamente 40 metros para imagens capturadas com inclinação superior a 40°. / This dissertation presents the method RAIA - Augmented Reality in Aerial Images - which was developed to insert available information on an aerial image. The goal is to facilitate the activities involving the analysis of the images captured by cameras fixed on aircraft. Also, there are currently selling products that offer the functionality to complement aerial images with information, although there are few academic records on this type of application and no records were found that detail methodologies that complement with Augmented Reality images acquired from cameras fixed on aircraft. In the images processed by the method is employed the concept of Augmented Reality, because it is displayed a junction of virtual objects, that represent information about the site being captured, and the image itself. This is done by calculating the image georeferencing, which means that the geographic coordinates are determined for each pixel. The method was evaluated in tests on a prototype tool. These tests were divided into three case studies that were used to measure the accuracy that the method overrides information for images captured at distances close to the ground, captured from satellite cameras and in a real aerial surveillance situation. The positioning error results presented by RAIA, in a real aerial surveillance situation, were about approximately 5 meters for images captured with little inclination. Images captured with inclination greater than 40° showed positioning errors of approximately 40 meters.

CAPES / Esta dissertação apresenta o método RAIA – Realidade Aumentada em Imagens Aéreas – que foi desenvolvido para inserir informações disponíveis sobre uma imagem aérea, com o objetivo de facilitar as atividades que envolvem a análise das imagens capturadas por meio de câmeras fixadas em aeronaves. Além disso, atualmente são comercializados produtos que oferecem a funcionalidade de complementar imagens aéreas com informações, porém existem poucos registros acadêmicos sobre este tipo de aplicação e não foram encontrados registros que detalhem metodologias que complementem com Realidade Aumentada imagens adquiridas de câmeras fixadas em aeronaves. Nas imagens processadas pelo método é empregado o conceito de Realidade Aumentada, pois é exibida uma junção de objetos virtuais, que representam informações sobre o local que está sendo capturado, e a própria imagem. Isto é feito por meio do cálculo do georreferenciamento da imagem, ou seja, são determinadas as coordenadas geográficas de cada pixel. O método foi avaliado com uma ferramenta protótipo em que foram executados testes, que foram subdivididos em três casos de estudo. Estes casos foram empregados para avaliar a precisão com que o método sobrepõe informações às imagens capturadas a distâncias próximas do solo, por satélite e em uma situação real de supervisão aérea. Os resultados da avaliação do método RAIA apontaram erro de posicionamento de informações de aproximadamente 5 metros para imagens capturadas com pouca inclinação em uma operação real de supervisão e aproximadamente 40 metros para imagens capturadas com inclinação superior a 40°. / This dissertation presents the method RAIA - Augmented Reality in Aerial Images - which was developed to insert available information on an aerial image. The goal is to facilitate the activities involving the analysis of the images captured by cameras fixed on aircraft. Also, there are currently selling products that offer the functionality to complement aerial images with information, although there are few academic records on this type of application and no records were found that detail methodologies that complement with Augmented Reality images acquired from cameras fixed on aircraft. In the images processed by the method is employed the concept of Augmented Reality, because it is displayed a junction of virtual objects, that represent information about the site being captured, and the image itself. This is done by calculating the image georeferencing, which means that the geographic coordinates are determined for each pixel. The method was evaluated in tests on a prototype tool. These tests were divided into three case studies that were used to measure the accuracy that the method overrides information for images captured at distances close to the ground, captured from satellite cameras and in a real aerial surveillance situation. The positioning error results presented by RAIA, in a real aerial surveillance situation, were about approximately 5 meters for images captured with little inclination. Images captured with inclination greater than 40° showed positioning errors of approximately 40 meters.

The thesis investigates the concepts of archaeological spatial association within the context of both site and regional data sets. The techniques of geophysical surveying, surface distribution collection and aerial photography are described and discussed. Several new developments of technique are presented as well as a detailed discussion of the problems of data presentation and analysis. The quantitative relationships between these data sets are explored by modelling them as operands and describing association in terms of operators. Both local and global measures of association are considered with a discussion as to their relative merits. Methods for the spatial association of regional lattice and point processes are developed. A detailed discussion of distance based spatial analysis techniques is presented.

Le Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (MRNF) a mandaté la compagnie de géomatique SYNETIX inc. de Montréal et le laboratoire de télédétection de l’Université de Montréal dans le but de développer une application dédiée à la détection automatique et la mise à jour du réseau routier des cartes topographiques à l’échelle 1 : 20 000 à partir de l’imagerie optique à haute résolution spatiale. À cette fin, les mandataires ont entrepris l’adaptation du progiciel SIGMA0 qu’ils avaient conjointement développé pour la mise à jour cartographique à partir d’images satellitales de résolution d’environ 5 mètres. Le produit dérivé de SIGMA0 fut un module nommé SIGMA-ROUTES dont le principe de détection des routes repose sur le balayage d’un filtre le long des vecteurs routiers de la cartographie existante. Les réponses du filtre sur des images couleurs à très haute résolution d’une grande complexité radiométrique (photographies aériennes) conduisent à l’assignation d’étiquettes selon l’état intact, suspect, disparu ou nouveau aux segments routiers repérés. L’objectif général de ce projet est d’évaluer la justesse de l’assignation des statuts ou états en quantifiant le rendement sur la base des distances totales détectées en conformité avec la référence ainsi qu’en procédant à une analyse spatiale des incohérences. La séquence des essais cible d’abord l’effet de la résolution sur le taux de conformité et dans un second temps, les gains escomptés par une succession de traitements de rehaussement destinée à rendre ces images plus propices à l’extraction du réseau routier. La démarche globale implique d’abord la caractérisation d’un site d’essai dans la région de Sherbrooke comportant 40 km de routes de diverses catégories allant du sentier boisé au large collecteur sur une superficie de 2,8 km2. Une carte de vérité terrain des voies de communication nous a permis d’établir des données de référence issues d’une détection visuelle à laquelle sont confrontés les résultats de détection de SIGMA-ROUTES. Nos résultats confirment que la complexité radiométrique des images à haute résolution en milieu urbain bénéficie des prétraitements telles que la segmentation et la compensation d’histogramme uniformisant les surfaces routières. On constate aussi que les performances présentent une hypersensibilité aux variations de résolution alors que le passage entre nos trois résolutions (84, 168 et 210 cm) altère le taux de détection de pratiquement 15% sur les distances totales en concordance avec la référence et segmente spatialement de longs vecteurs intacts en plusieurs portions alternant entre les statuts intact, suspect et disparu. La détection des routes existantes en conformité avec la référence a atteint 78% avec notre plus efficace combinaison de résolution et de prétraitements d’images. Des problèmes chroniques de détection ont été repérés dont la présence de plusieurs segments sans assignation et ignorés du processus. Il y a aussi une surestimation de fausses détections assignées suspectes alors qu’elles devraient être identifiées intactes. Nous estimons, sur la base des mesures linéaires et des analyses spatiales des détections que l’assignation du statut intact devrait atteindre 90% de conformité avec la référence après divers ajustements à l’algorithme. La détection des nouvelles routes fut un échec sans égard à la résolution ou au rehaussement d’image. La recherche des nouveaux segments qui s’appuie sur le repérage de points potentiels de début de nouvelles routes en connexion avec les routes existantes génère un emballement de fausses détections navigant entre les entités non-routières. En lien avec ces incohérences, nous avons isolé de nombreuses fausses détections de nouvelles routes générées parallèlement aux routes préalablement assignées intactes. Finalement, nous suggérons une procédure mettant à profit certaines images rehaussées tout en intégrant l’intervention humaine à quelques phases charnières du processus. / In order to optimize and reduce the cost of road map updating, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife is considering exploiting high definition color aerial photography within a global automatic detection process. In that regard, Montreal based SYNETIX Inc, teamed with the University of Montreal Remote Sensing Laboratory (UMRSL) in the development of an application indented for the automatic detection of road networks on complex radiometric high definition imagery. This application named SIGMA-ROUTES is a derived module of a software called SIGMA0 earlier developed by the UMRSL for optic and radar imagery of 5 to 10 meter resolution. SIGMA-ROUTES road detections relies on a map guided filtering process that enables the filter to be driven along previously known road vectors and tagged them as intact, suspect or lost depending on the filtering responses. As for the new segments updating, the process first implies a detection of potential starting points for new roads within the filtering corridor of previously known road to which they should be connected. In that respect, it is a very challenging task to emulate the human visual filtering process and further distinguish potential starting points of new roads on complex radiometric high definition imagery. In this research, we intend to evaluate the application’s efficiency in terms of total linear distances of detected roads as well as the spatial location of inconsistencies on a 2.8 km2 test site containing 40 km of various road categories in a semi-urban environment. As specific objectives, we first intend to establish the impact of different resolutions of the input imagery and secondly establish the potential gains of enhanced images (segmented and others) in a preemptive approach of better matching the image property with the detection parameters. These results have been compared to a ground truth reference obtained by a conventional visual detection process on the bases of total linear distances and spatial location of detection. The best results with the most efficient combination of resolution and pre-processing have shown a 78% intact detection in accordance to the ground truth reference when applied to a segmented resample image. The impact of image resolution is clearly noted as a change from 84 cm to 210 cm resolution altered the total detected distances of intact roads of around 15%. We also found many roads segments ignored by the process and without detection status although they were directly liked to intact neighbours. By revising the algorithm and optimizing the image pre-processing, we estimate a 90% intact detection performance can be reached. The new segment detection is non conclusive as it generates an uncontrolled networks of false detections throughout other entities in the images. Related to these false detections of new roads, we were able to identify numerous cases of new road detections parallel to previously assigned intact road segments. We conclude with a proposed procedure that involves enhanced images as input combined with human interventions at critical level in order to optimize the final product.

La caractérisation de la réalité matérielle du paysage impose d’une part de reconnaitre avec précision le cadre physique et d’autre part de saisir les interrelations entre les hommes et l’environnement, conditions indispensables à l’appréciation des origines du modelé du paysage. La compréhension des paysages passés se fonde en partie sur l’analyse de différentes sources documentaires qui permettent ensemble de caractériser bon nombre des évolutions paysagères intervenues notamment depuis l’époque moderne. Toutefois, les aménagements plus anciens ne sont ni localisés ni représentés sur des cartes. Leurs traces sont alors décelées dans le paysage actuel de manière efficace grâce notamment à la mise en oeuvre conjointe de diverses méthodes de détection : la photographie aérienne, enregistrant des variations topographiques ou colorimétriques à la surface du sol et le système LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), mesurant les variations microtopographiques à l’aide d’un laser. L’étude d’autres paramètres, imperceptibles à nos sens, permettent également d’appréhender les traces des paysages passés. Les méthodes géophysiques détectent la présence de vestiges ou de structures enfouies qu’aucun indice ne signale en surface grâce à la mesure des propriétés physiques du sol. Il est largement admis que les méthodes de prospection sont susceptibles de fournir des données archéologiques quant à l’occupation du sol et/ou l’exploitation du territoire. A ce titre, elles ont été appliquées depuis plusieurs années sur le site de l’agglomération antique d’Epomanduodurum (Mandeure-Mathay, Doubs) dans le nord Franche-Comté. Cette ville est considérée, par sa taille, son équipement urbain et sa parure monumentale comme la seconde de Séquanie derrière la capitale de cité Vesontio (Besançon, Doubs). Ce travail de recherche se propose donc de comparer, à différentes échelles spatiales, l’apport respectif de plusieurs méthodes de prospection à l’étude de dynamiques naturelles et anthropiques dans un espace géographique de 80 km², centré sur la ville antique, associant un tronçon de plaine alluviale du Doubs aux plateaux calcaires environnants. Durant cette étude, il a été possible, entre autre, de développer des outils aidant à la détection des structures archéologiques et géologiques. Les résultats ont aussi permis de redéfinir en partie la topographie de l’agglomération antique. / The characterization of the material reality of the landscape requires to accurately identify the physical geography and to capture the interrelationships between humans and their environment. These conditions are essential to the estimation of the origins of the landscape shaping. The analysis of documentary sources offers the opportunity to determine the organization of former landscapes and to characterize a large part of their evolutions since the Modern period. However, older land settlements are not localised or symbolised on maps. Their signs are efficiently detected in present landscape through the joint implementation of various detection methods: aerial photography, recording topographic or colorimetric variations on the soil surface, and the LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) system, measuring micro-topographic variations using a laser beam. Other methods can be used to identify the elements conserved in present landscape and reflect their past uses. The measure of physical properties of soils by the geophysical methods can detected the presence of archaeological remains or structures buried while nothing is perceptible to the soil surface. It is widely supported that survey methods can provide archaeological data of the land use and / or the exploitation of the territory. Thus, they have been applied since several at the site of the ancient city of Epomanduodurum (Mandeure-Mathay, Doubs) in the north of the Franche-Comte. This city is considered by its size, urban equipment and monuments as the second behind de civitas capital of Sequani, Vesontio (Besancon). This research intends to compare, at different spatial scales, the contribution of several prospecting methods for the study of natural and anthropogenic dynamics in an area of 80 km². The study area is centred on the ancient city and combines a section of the alluvial plain of the Doubs river and the surrounding calcareous plateaus. In this study, it was possible, among other things, to develop tools for the detection of archaeological

From the Proceedings of the 1975 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 11-12, 1975, Tempe, Arizona / Arizona's continued growth and development depends upon sound management of water resources, especially melted snow which is the primary source of water for the 1.1. Million residents of Maricopa county. The method for snowpack information gathering practiced by watershed specialists of the Salt River project in Arizona is described. The method is outlined, describing aircraft reconnaissance, direct enroute mapping of extent and depth of snowpack, and techniques for identifying ice and/or melt conditions. Under optimal conditions, this technique is considered more than acceptable for determining snowpack levels. Limitations of the technique result from the observer's tolerance of vertigo which can arise under flying conditions; cloud cover, which can reduce contrast and shadows thereby reducing accuracy of observation; and vegetation zones where density of plant matter screens much of the snow.

Le Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (MRNF) a mandaté la compagnie de géomatique SYNETIX inc. de Montréal et le laboratoire de télédétection de l’Université de Montréal dans le but de développer une application dédiée à la détection automatique et la mise à jour du réseau routier des cartes topographiques à l’échelle 1 : 20 000 à partir de l’imagerie optique à haute résolution spatiale. À cette fin, les mandataires ont entrepris l’adaptation du progiciel SIGMA0 qu’ils avaient conjointement développé pour la mise à jour cartographique à partir d’images satellitales de résolution d’environ 5 mètres. Le produit dérivé de SIGMA0 fut un module nommé SIGMA-ROUTES dont le principe de détection des routes repose sur le balayage d’un filtre le long des vecteurs routiers de la cartographie existante. Les réponses du filtre sur des images couleurs à très haute résolution d’une grande complexité radiométrique (photographies aériennes) conduisent à l’assignation d’étiquettes selon l’état intact, suspect, disparu ou nouveau aux segments routiers repérés. L’objectif général de ce projet est d’évaluer la justesse de l’assignation des statuts ou états en quantifiant le rendement sur la base des distances totales détectées en conformité avec la référence ainsi qu’en procédant à une analyse spatiale des incohérences. La séquence des essais cible d’abord l’effet de la résolution sur le taux de conformité et dans un second temps, les gains escomptés par une succession de traitements de rehaussement destinée à rendre ces images plus propices à l’extraction du réseau routier. La démarche globale implique d’abord la caractérisation d’un site d’essai dans la région de Sherbrooke comportant 40 km de routes de diverses catégories allant du sentier boisé au large collecteur sur une superficie de 2,8 km2. Une carte de vérité terrain des voies de communication nous a permis d’établir des données de référence issues d’une détection visuelle à laquelle sont confrontés les résultats de détection de SIGMA-ROUTES. Nos résultats confirment que la complexité radiométrique des images à haute résolution en milieu urbain bénéficie des prétraitements telles que la segmentation et la compensation d’histogramme uniformisant les surfaces routières. On constate aussi que les performances présentent une hypersensibilité aux variations de résolution alors que le passage entre nos trois résolutions (84, 168 et 210 cm) altère le taux de détection de pratiquement 15% sur les distances totales en concordance avec la référence et segmente spatialement de longs vecteurs intacts en plusieurs portions alternant entre les statuts intact, suspect et disparu. La détection des routes existantes en conformité avec la référence a atteint 78% avec notre plus efficace combinaison de résolution et de prétraitements d’images. Des problèmes chroniques de détection ont été repérés dont la présence de plusieurs segments sans assignation et ignorés du processus. Il y a aussi une surestimation de fausses détections assignées suspectes alors qu’elles devraient être identifiées intactes. Nous estimons, sur la base des mesures linéaires et des analyses spatiales des détections que l’assignation du statut intact devrait atteindre 90% de conformité avec la référence après divers ajustements à l’algorithme. La détection des nouvelles routes fut un échec sans égard à la résolution ou au rehaussement d’image. La recherche des nouveaux segments qui s’appuie sur le repérage de points potentiels de début de nouvelles routes en connexion avec les routes existantes génère un emballement de fausses détections navigant entre les entités non-routières. En lien avec ces incohérences, nous avons isolé de nombreuses fausses détections de nouvelles routes générées parallèlement aux routes préalablement assignées intactes. Finalement, nous suggérons une procédure mettant à profit certaines images rehaussées tout en intégrant l’intervention humaine à quelques phases charnières du processus. / In order to optimize and reduce the cost of road map updating, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife is considering exploiting high definition color aerial photography within a global automatic detection process. In that regard, Montreal based SYNETIX Inc, teamed with the University of Montreal Remote Sensing Laboratory (UMRSL) in the development of an application indented for the automatic detection of road networks on complex radiometric high definition imagery. This application named SIGMA-ROUTES is a derived module of a software called SIGMA0 earlier developed by the UMRSL for optic and radar imagery of 5 to 10 meter resolution. SIGMA-ROUTES road detections relies on a map guided filtering process that enables the filter to be driven along previously known road vectors and tagged them as intact, suspect or lost depending on the filtering responses. As for the new segments updating, the process first implies a detection of potential starting points for new roads within the filtering corridor of previously known road to which they should be connected. In that respect, it is a very challenging task to emulate the human visual filtering process and further distinguish potential starting points of new roads on complex radiometric high definition imagery. In this research, we intend to evaluate the application’s efficiency in terms of total linear distances of detected roads as well as the spatial location of inconsistencies on a 2.8 km2 test site containing 40 km of various road categories in a semi-urban environment. As specific objectives, we first intend to establish the impact of different resolutions of the input imagery and secondly establish the potential gains of enhanced images (segmented and others) in a preemptive approach of better matching the image property with the detection parameters. These results have been compared to a ground truth reference obtained by a conventional visual detection process on the bases of total linear distances and spatial location of detection. The best results with the most efficient combination of resolution and pre-processing have shown a 78% intact detection in accordance to the ground truth reference when applied to a segmented resample image. The impact of image resolution is clearly noted as a change from 84 cm to 210 cm resolution altered the total detected distances of intact roads of around 15%. We also found many roads segments ignored by the process and without detection status although they were directly liked to intact neighbours. By revising the algorithm and optimizing the image pre-processing, we estimate a 90% intact detection performance can be reached. The new segment detection is non conclusive as it generates an uncontrolled networks of false detections throughout other entities in the images. Related to these false detections of new roads, we were able to identify numerous cases of new road detections parallel to previously assigned intact road segments. We conclude with a proposed procedure that involves enhanced images as input combined with human interventions at critical level in order to optimize the final product.

L’intérêt croissant pour l’étude de la morphogénèse des côtes à falaises a permis de mieux appréhender les environnements méso/macrotidaux, mais en délaissant les environnements microtidaux. Pour cette raison, nous proposons d’étudier, à partir d’une approche exploratoire multi-échelle, la dynamique érosive des côtes à falaises en Méditerranée à travers l’exemple de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur. Le choix de ce territoire s’est justifié en réponse à une problématique relative à la gestion des risques côtiers identifiée par le Conseil-Régional-PACA qui a financé ce travail doctoral. Les principaux objectifs visent à caractériser d’une part l’ampleur relative des occurrences érosives en fonction de la variabilité temporelle des forçages météo-climatiques, et d’autre part le degré du contrôle géologique sur la morphologie côtière. Toute la difficulté de l’étude réside donc dans l’optimisation des fenêtres d’observation afin de distinguer les comportements érosifs. Nous proposons donc de tester l’apport de quatre méthodes permettant de définir si l’érosion se produit de manière (1) continue à l’échelle annuelle (levés LiDAR embarqués depuis un bateau), (2) chronique à l’échelle séculaire (orthophotographies aériennes) et (3) exceptionnelle voir (4) catastrophique sur les temps propres à l’Holocène et au Quaternaire (datations aux cosmogéniques in situ 36Cl et analyses morphométriques). Au regard des résultats mesurés et interprétés, il apparaît que l’activité gravitaire produite au cours du XXe siècle (érosion moyenne de l’ordre du cm.an-1) est très faible par rapport aux environnements méso/macrotidaux / Increasing interest in studying rocky cliff coastline morphogenesis allowed a better understanding of meso/macrotidal environments, but let microtidal environments apart. Thus we propose studying the dynamic of cliff coastlines erosion in Mediterranean in the South-East of France, through a multi-scale explorative approach. This doctoral work was supported by the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, which identified a problematic in relation with coastal hazard management. The main objectives aim at characterizing on one hand how the temporal variability of meteorologic and climatic forcings affects the magnitude of erosion, and on other hand to which extent the geological setting controls the coastline morphology. The great challenge of this work therefore consists in optimizing the observation range in order discriminate erosive behaviours. Thus we propose assessing the contribution of four methods in determining whether erosion takes place (1) continuously at annual scale (boat-borne laser scanning surveys), (2) chronic at secular scale (aerial orthophographies)and (3) exceptional even (4) catastrophic over the characteristic timescales of Holocene and Quaternary (cosmic ray exposure dating from in-situ 36Cl and morphometric analysis). The interpretation of the results shows that erosion rate observed through the XXth century (order of magnitude of cm.y-1) is very low compared to meso/macrotidal environments. However at timescales ranging from pluri-secular (0.29 ka BP) to pluri-millenar (6.8 ka BP), exceptional storms surges of +3 NGF could initiate an erosion process resulting in the formation of horizontal shore platforms.