Orientador: Lindon Fonseca Matias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T15:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bargos_DanubiaCaporusso_M.pdf: 10788949 bytes, checksum: eee5f3b14a76fab722ec7d4713090754 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A presente dissertação teve como objetivo contribuir para os estudos geográficos relacionados ao planejamento urbano com o mapeamento e análise das áreas verdes urbanas como um indicador da qualidade ambiental urbana, por meio da utilização de técnicas de geoprocessamento, a fim de subsidiar políticas públicas para a cidade de Paulínia-SP. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho mostrou-se eficiente para o mapeamento e análise da configuração espacial das áreas verdes urbanas do município. O mapeamento de tais áreas permitiu constatar que sua distribuição se dá de forma heterogênea no município, e que em sua grande maioria se apresentam na forma de pequenos fragmentos de vegetação arbórea remanescente. Os resultados indicam que o município tem apresentado uma acentuada redução da vegetação natural desde a sua emancipação, e como consequência possui um reduzido número de áreas verdes na área urbana. A diminuição da vegetação natural, assim como das áreas verdes urbanas, é entendida como apenas um dos diversos problemas resultantes do processo de apropriação desigual do espaço no município de Paulínia. O cálculo dos índices de áreas verdes por habitante em cada setor censitário possibilitou uma análise diferenciada da disponibilidade de áreas verdes por habitante no município. A espacialização das áreas de influência das áreas verdes urbanas em Paulínia revelou a carência destas áreas em algumas localidades da cidade e a necessidade de proteção das áreas verdes urbanas, visto à extensão das áreas que estas podem beneficiar por meio das suas funções ecológicas, estética e de lazer. A análise detalhada de três áreas verdes em Paulínia revelou a importância das análises de caráter qualitativo no estudo das áreas verdes do município. A pesquisa ajudou a constatar a importância das funções das áreas verdes para a qualidade ambiental urbana / Abstract: This work had as objective contribute to studies related to spatial planning thorough the mapping and analysis of urban green areas as urban environmental quality indicator using geospatial technologies to support public policies to the Paulinia city, state of São Paulo. The methodology used in this study was effective for mapping and analysis of the spatial configuration of urban green areas of the city. The mapping of these areas revealed that its distribution is heterogeneous, and that the majority is in the form of small fragments of woody vegetation remaining. The results indicate that the city has shown a high reduction of natural vegetation since their emancipation, and consequently presents a low quantity of green areas in urban areas. The decreasing of natural vegetation rate, as well as urban green areas, is only seen as one among many problems which have been arisen as resulted of the space unequal appropriation process in Paulínia. The calculation of green areas rates per inhabitant in each census tract allowed a differentiated analysis of availability of green areas per inhabitant in the city. The spatial distribution of influence areas of urban green areas in Paulinia revealed the lack of these areas in some localities and the need for protection of green areas, since the extent of these areas that may benefit through their ecological functions, aesthetic and of leisure. A detailed analysis of three green areas in Paulínia revealed the importance of qualitative analysis in the study of green areas of the city. The research helped establish the importance of the functions of green areas for urban environmental quality / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

A presença de áreas verdes nas cidades traz inúmeras melhorias a esta e melhora a qualidade de vida do cidadão. Os elementos vegetativos urbanos contribuem para a diminuição dos fenômenos conhecidos como ilhas de calor, amenização de inundações e de problemas respiratórios na população, além de exercerem funções estéticas, de lazer e educacional. Entretanto, o crescimento das cidades brasileiras não foi acompanhado por um planejamento urbano que conduzisse essa expansão e reservasse espaços para o verde, como é o caso da cidade de São Paulo. Uma metrópole que possui problemas sociais e ambientais que a cada dia ajudam a deteriorar a qualidade de vida de seus moradores, sendo vista como a capital do stress, poluição e violência. As ferramentas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto vem sendo utilizadas com sucesso para avaliar o tecido urbano e, em especial, a arborização presente na cidade. Assim, fez-se uso de imagens de alta resolução para indicar áreas prioritárias a serem arborizadas em três regiões da cidade de São Paulo, utilizando o conceito de corredores verdes: subprefeitura da Mooca, subprefeitura da Sé e subprefeitura de Pinheiros. Para isto foram avaliados diferentes métodos de obtenção de dados físicos do tecido urbano, por meio de técnicas classificação de imagens de alta resolução. O método de classificação que demonstrou ser o mais adequado para este trabalho foi o Stepwise Linear. Também foram estudadas e relacionadas variáveis que influenciam na presença do verde na cidade: índice de vegetação e declividade; e pontos de alagamento e quantidade de cobertura arbórea. Estas duas últimas variáveis não apresentaram correlação entre si. Por meio destas variáveis foi possível indicar áreas prioritárias para o desenvolvimento de corredores verdes. Foram comparadas imagens de satélite de diferentes anos para acompanhar e estudar a evolução das áreas verdes na cidade. Deste modo, oferecer diretrizes para guiar a cidade de São Paulo em direção à sustentabilidade urbana. / The presence of green areas in the cities brings uncountable improvements to them and also makes better citizens life. Urban vegetative elements contribute to reduce a phenomenon known as urban heat island; it softens inundations and peoples respiratory problems, besides its esthetical, leisure and educational functions. Although Brazilian cities growth was not supported by an urban planning that would have leaded expansion and also could have reserved green areas, as it is in São Paulo city. A metropolis which has social and environment problems that each day help to damage quality of people life with the image of the stress, pollution and violence center. Geoprocessing and remote sensing have been used successfully to evaluate urban area and, specially, urban forestry presence. Thus, it was used high definition images to indicate proprietary areas to be urban forestry in three zones of São Paulo, using the concept of greenways: Moocas administrative region, Sés administrative region and Pinheiross administrative region. For this, it was evaluated many methods to obtain physical data from São Paulo city urban area, through high-resolution image classification techniques. The method Stepwise Linear proved to be most appropriate for this research. Also it was evaluated variables studied that influence green presence in the city: vegetation index and slope; and flooding points and quantity of tree cover. These last two variables not showed correlation. By means of these variables were indicated priority areas for greenways. Satellite images from different periods were compared to observe and study green areas evolution in the city. Therefore, offering directions to guide São Paulo city toward to urban sustainability

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Starting from the assumption that changes in land use can provide changes in physical and chemical properties, influencing its quality, the study aimed to verify whether the introduction of Pinus taeda L., on soil under native grassland conditions, can degrade physical and chemical quality of Haplumbrept soil in different rotations. The study was conducted in the region of Campos de Cima da Serra - RS, Brazil, where there are large forested areas with pine trees. To this, were selected two study areas, one in the first (RT1) and another in the second rotation (RT2), with 13 years of age. For each stand, was assessed a combined area of grassland adjacent (control). In each area, five trenches were opened and collected soil samples at depths from 0.0 to 0.05, from 0.05 to 0.20, 0.20 to 0.40 and 0.40-0.60 m. Changes in physical properties were analyzed using the following parameters: particle size, particle density, bulk density, porosity, macro and micro porosity, hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil, soil air permeability and size distribution of water stable aggregates. The chemical determinations were: calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, pH, pHSMP, exchangeable aluminum, total nitrogen and total organic carbon. At RT1 was a change in the macro and microporosity, influencing the behavior of hydraulic conductivity and air permeability at 6 and 10 kPa. At RT2, the effect of pine in the macro, microporosity and hence hydraulic conductivity, occurred only in the surface layer (0.0 to 0.05 m) due to the management adopted in the area. Considering the two study areas, there was a reduction of the aggregate stability in the layer from 0.05 to 0.20 m. However, in the same layer, the RT2 presented an increase in stability of aggregates of smaller size classes, reflecting the management type. The chemical properties were altered mainly in the surface layers, with reductions of exchangeable bases (Ca and Mg) and elevation of P saturation. The pine has also promoted increased levels of Al and decrease in pH, increasing soil acidity and reducing thereby the quality of Haplumbrept soil. In RT1, the content of C and N were reduced in the surface layer, but in RT2, levels of C and N were similar to natural field, inferring in the long run, the ability to restore the levels of C in soil. / Partindo-se do pressuposto de que mudanças no uso do solo podem proporcionar alterações nas propriedades físicas e químicas, influenciando a sua qualidade, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar se a introdução da espécie Pinus taeda L., em solo sob campo natural, pode degradar física e quimicamente a qualidade do Cambissolo Húmico, em diferentes rotações. O estudo foi conduzido na região dos Campos de Cima da Serra RS, Brasil, onde ocorrem grandes áreas florestadas com pínus. Para isso, foram escolhidas duas áreas de estudo, uma em primeira (RT1) e a outra em segunda rotação (RT2), com 13 anos de idade. Para cada povoamento, foi avaliada conjuntamente uma área de campo natural adjacente (testemunha). Em cada área, foram abertas 5 trincheiras e coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades 0,0-0,05; 0,05-0,20; 0,20-0,40 e 0,40-0,60 m. As alterações nas propriedades físicas foram analisadas através das seguintes determinações: granulometria, densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado, permeabilidade do solo ao ar, e distribuição do tamanho de agregados estáveis em água. As determinações químicas realizadas foram: cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, potássio, pH em água, pHSMP, alumínio trocável, nitrogênio total e carbono orgânico total. Na RT1 houve alteração na macro e microporosidade, influenciando o comportamento da condutividade hidráulica e permeabilidade ao ar a 6 e 10kPa. Na RT2, o efeito do pínus na macro, microporosidade e, consequentemente, na condutividade hidráulica, ocorreu somente na camada superficial (0,0 a 0,05 m), devido ao manejo adotado na área. Considerando as duas áreas de estudo, houve redução da estabilidade dos agregados na camada de 0,05 a 0,20 m. No entanto, na mesma camada, a RT2 apresentou elevação na estabilidade de agregados de classes de tamanho menores, refletindo o manejo adotado. As propriedades químicas foram alteradas principalmente nas camadas superficiais, apresentando reduções das bases trocáveis (Ca e Mg) e elevações dos teores de P trocável. O pínus também promoveu o aumento nos teores de Al e a diminuição do pH, elevando a acidez do solo e reduzindo, dessa forma, a qualidade do Cambissolo Húmico. Na RT1, os teores de C e N foram reduzidos na camada superficial, porém, na RT2, os níveis de C e N apresentaram-se similares ao campo natural, inferindo, em longo prazo, a capacidade de restauração dos níveis de C no solo.

The biological diversity of the planet is at great risk as a direct result of an ever-expanding human population and its associated activities. Landscape transformation to accommodate such activities leads to habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, often creating patches of relatively undisturbed habitat within a matrix of transformed areas that are often too small too support most species previously occupying the area and as a result loses its ecological integrity. A century ago the escarpment region of Mpumalanga consisted of large open plains covered with montane grassland dissected by montane forests and riparian vegetation alongside mountain streams. Today the grasslands and forests have almost disappeared from the area, the remaining patches mostly small fragments within a matrix of exotic tree plantations which have also dried up many of the rivers and streams in the area. The natural grassland areas persisting in the region are unique in habitat characteristics and floral species composition. It is also high in plant species richness, diversity and endemicity. The high degree of isolation experienced by these floral communities poses serious threats to both the floral and faunal species that currently exits within these isolated ‘islands’, many of which are endemic to the area and at great risk of extinction. These risks call for serious collaboration between the land owners (mostly forestry companies) and conservationists to assure the practical and necessary preservation and management of this unique and crucially valuable natural resource. This study aims to provide the first step into understanding the ecological principles associated with habitat fragmentation related specifically to the mountain grassland fragments within the afforestation matrix of the escarpment region of Mpumalanga, and to create a platform for the process of collaboration between land owners and conservation agencies to assess and manage these grassland patches. The aims of Chapter 2 included: 1 To determine if any marked human-induced disturbance to the plant communities in the grassland fragments has occurred. I do this in three ways: a) To compare the plant community composition of eighteen fragments with those of six control plots outside of the plantations where no marked disturbance to the grassland can be observed. b) To determine whether the plant assemblages in the fragments can be assigned to any of the natural and intact plant communities that Matthews (1993) described from a large-scale survey of undisturbed mountain areas. c) To determine the presence of any known intruder plant species within the fragments. 2 To assign conservation priorities to the remaining grassland fragments. The results obtained from the TWINSPAN analysis revealed six alliances of plant communities grouped hierarchically into four orders and two major classes of montane grassland. The DECORANA supported these results, indicating clear differences between communities 1.1 (Eriosema salignum – Loudetia simplex grassland of the wetter North region), 1.2 (Lobelia erinus – Panicum natalense grassland of the Transitional region), 2.1 (Parinari capensis – Eragrostis racemosa grassland) and 2.2 (Helichrysum rugulosum – Eragrostis racemosa grassland). Different plant communities revealed different combinations of geological characteristics, slope, aspect and elevation. The sample plots of isolated grassland fragments and those of large unfragmented areas compare well with each other - the species richness of experimental and control plots do not differ significantly. Also, the species composition of plots from the Wetter North, Transitional and Drier South regions show more variation than is evident between experimental and control plots. There was also good qualitative comparisons (quantitative comparisons were not possible as a results of sampling and analytic discrepancies) between the sample plots used in this study and the plant communities described by Graham Deall and Wayne Matthews. Some evidence of exotic invader plants was found within the sample plots, notably Pteridium aquilinum. Fortunately such species were localized in their distribution and restricted to community 1.1.2.2. The aims of Chapter 3 included the following: 1. To compare the faunal biodiversity in grassland fragments within afforested areas to that of control plots in large, relatively undisturbed grassland areas. 2. To determine to which degree the Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera and bird communities reflect recognized plant communities, and are restricted to specific plant communities. 3. To compare the habitat specificity (degree of stenotopy) of the different taxonomic groups and trophic levels of animals. 4. To make recommendations for the conservation of the Afromontane grassland fauna in the remaining grassland fragments in afforested areas. The sampling of 15602 beetles, grasshoppers and crickets were collected, with an average of 3900 per sampling period, revealed unique combinations of animal species linked to the different plant communities mentioned above. Significant differences were evident from the one-way analyses of similarity (ANOSIM) used to compare the faunal community structures of sample plots of the Wetter North, Transitional and Dryer South regions. The faunal community structures of the experimental and control plots of the Wetter North and Transitional regions did not differ significantly. The indexes of habitat specificity (fractions of species constricted to certain plant communities) indicated that the plants and butterflies were more habitat-specific than the Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Birds. The carnivorous insects showed a surprisingly high level of habitat specificity compared to the relatively low level of the phytophagous insects. This surprising trend was also evident in various insect families – Acrididae, Scarabaeidae and Nymphalidae had relatively high levels of habitat specificity compared to that of the Curculionidae and the Chrysomelidae. Chapter 4 has the following aims: 1. To quantify the effect of several environmental characteristics (slope, rainfall, geology, etc) on the faunal community structure of the grassland fragments. 2. To quantify the effects of degree of isolation on species richness, species diversity and assemblage structure of plants, insects and birds in grassland remnants. 3. To test for the effects of edges on the extant insect biodiversity in the grassland fragments inside plantations. 4. To quantify the effects of fragment size on species richness, species diversity and assemblage structure of plants, insects and birds. 5. To rank the grassland fragments in an order of conservation importance using factors such as biodiversity and uniqueness of the floral community. No clear relationship between fragment size and area sampled and species richness and/or – diversity was evident from the results. Indeed, the smallest area sampled had the fourth highest species richness and the largest area sampled had the fourth lowest species richness and species diversity. Regressions results did not show any significant effects of the geographical area sampled on the biodiversity estimates of the fragments. Therefore I assume that the estimates arrived at for the area sampled within each fragment is representative of that of the complete fragment. The Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA - using square root transformed abundance data) used, indicated the need to perform a gradient analysis using a redundancy analysis (RDA). The permutation test resulting from this analysis revealed a non-significant value for the first canonical axis, but a significant value for the first four canonical axes together. The ten species contributing the most to above-mentioned result include two Scarabs (Scarabaeidae – Aphodius sp 1 and Melolonthinae sp 2), two weevils (Curculionidae – Eudraces sp 1 and Curculionidae sp 42), one leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae – Asbecesta near capensis), one darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae – Lagria sp 1), one longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae – Anubis scalaris), one jewel beetle (Buprestidae – Buprestidae sp 1), one ladybird (Coccinellidae – Coccinellidae sp 4) and one Dor beetle (Bolboceratidae – Mimobolbus maculicollis). Of these ten beetles only three are not restricted to the Drier South Region (Anubis scalaris – Wetter North and Drier South, Lagria sp 1 – throughout and Eudraces sp 1 – throughout). The associated stepwise multivariate regression showed distance to the nearest grassland to be the only environmental characteristic to significantly influence the faunal community structure of the fragments. Slope was the environmental characteristic with the smallest effect. In contrast with the results from redundancy analysis, the analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) and t-tests did not reveal significant differences in the faunal community structure of fragments closer to – and further than one kilometre from the nearest grassland neighbour. This trend was the most evident for fragments of the Transitional region and the least obvious for the fragments of the study area as a whole. The SIMPER analysis showed that of the ten species contributing most to the dissimilarity between insect communities of fragments closer/further than one kilometre from the nearest grassland neighbour, eight were also in the group of ten species characterizing the faunal communities of either/both groups (contributing towards similarity). The insect communities found at 10, 20 and 50 metres from the edge of the grassland fragments did not differ significantly, nor did an ANOSIM performed separately for each of the three major plant communities reveal any significant edge-related differences. The ANOVA results for the individual species revealed only one (of 57 - in the Transitional region) having a distribution that differs significantly with respect to distance from the habitat edge:Eremnus sp. 2 was only found at 10 metres from the edge of the fragment, close to the plantations. Of all the groups, only bird diversity, bird richness and general faunal diversity showed significant relationships with fragment size. There was a non-significant trend for insects to biodiversity to be reduced in very small fragments. Most of the botanical data exhibited no significant relationship with fragment size. The species composition of control sites were not found to be significantly different from that of experimental fragments for all the faunal groups pooled together or for the fragments of the Transitional Region and the Wetter North Region. Using the four separate scores for birds, butterflies, beetles and grasshoppers, each fragment was assigned a total conservation score. The twenty-four fragments were then ranked in order of conservation importance. Fragments of the Wetter North had an average score of 65.3, fragments of The Transitional Region 66.6 and fragments of the Drier South 52.3. The results relating to this study has lead to the following conclusions: o It is concluded that afforestation and habitat fragmentation have not significantly impacted on the flora of the montane grassland of the study area since many of the grassland fragments surrounded by plantations are still easily identifiable as natural communities, described by Matthews and Deall in broader-scale surveys in the past. Also, no obvious invader – or disturbed plant communities are discernible even though some of them have been isolated for as long as 40 years. o The plant communities of conservation importance described by Matthews coincide with the important communities recognized in this study. Rare and endangered plant species, as well as species endemic to the region, are more often than not found on the scarce Black Reef quartzite of the region, which is more evident to the Northern part of the study area. Communities 1.1 and 1.2.2 are therefore of particular conservation importance, not only as a result of their scare geological base, but also because of the high risk associated with the few grassland examples left of these communities. o The high levels of habitat specificity of many of the taxonomic and trophic faunal groups indicate that many of the invertebrate taxa are probably endemic to the region, and that the plant endemicity encountered in the Afromontane grasslands is reflected by a similar degree of animal endemicity. o The similarity in faunal assemblages and diversity between isolated fragments and large areas of grassland emphasizes the conservation importance of the fragments, even when smaller than 5 Ha in extent. o Appropriate management of the grassland fragments within the plantations is therefore important for the conservation of the plant and animal taxa encountered there. Experimental management involving grazing, mechanical cutting, grazing and burning is needed to decide on an efficient management regime, so that the grassland biodiversity can be conserved in a planned way. Such work will also allow empirical testing the efficiency of the indicator species suggested above. o Isolated grassland fragments in this study represent largely unaffected natural plant and insect communities, differing little from large unfragmented grasslands in the study area. o Fragments found within afforested areas therefore have a high conservation importance, since they represent ‘natural’ grassland areas and are often the only representative of a particular plant community left in the area. o No significant edge effects on the faunal communities 10, 20 and 50 metres from the fragments’ edges exist as a result of afforestation in the area. o Birds (and probably other vertebrates in these grasslands) are affected by fragment size, while invertebrates are much less affected and plants do not show any measurable effect of fragment size. o Fragments in the wetter northern part of the study area, characterized by high levels of plant endemicity, have a higher conservation importance as judged by faunal biodiversity. / Dissertation (MSc (Zoology and Entomology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Orientador: Lindon Fonseca Matias / Vol. 2 acompanhado de mapas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bargos_DanubiaCaporusso_D.pdf: 17276140 bytes, checksum: 67a37ff7545c8fd15f97f13c1e7d4dae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: As áreas verdes urbanas são consideradas importantes indicadores da qualidade ambiental urbana. Apesar da reconhecida importância destes elementos na manutenção e melhoria da qualidade de vida da população ainda são apontados inúmeros desafios relacionados ao estudo desta temática. O principal objetivo deste trabalho consiste na realização de um estudo da efetividade do uso e da representação das áreas de influência das áreas verdes urbanas na cidade de Paulínia (SP), cujo fruto resultante seja a apresentação de uma forma diferenciada de representação e análise das áreas verdes urbanas. A metodologia aplicada fundamenta-se no emprego das geotecnologias para produção cartográfica e realização de análises qualiquantitativas dos resultados obtidos e mostrou-se adequada para o estudo das áreas de influência das áreas verdes urbanas, uma vez que promoveu uma melhor compreensão do tema e possibilitou a elaboração de uma forma diferenciada de representação das áreas em estudo. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o município de Paulínia possui um reduzido número de áreas verdes que se encontram distribuídas heterogeneamente na área urbana municipal. A espacialização das áreas de influência das áreas verdes em termos de acessibilidade, com distâncias de 100, 400, 450, 675 e 800 metros, revelou a carência destas áreas em algumas localidades da cidade e a necessidade de proteção das áreas verdes urbanas, visto à extensão territorial que estas áreas podem beneficiar por meio das suas funções ecológica, estética e de lazer / Abstract: Urban green areas are considered important indicators of urban environmental quality. Despite the recognized importance of these elements in maintaining and improving the population's quality of life there are still many challenges related to the study of this issue. The main objective of this work is to carry out a study of the effectiveness use and representation of urban green areas influence in Paulinia (SP) city. The resulting product is a different form of representation and analysis of urban green areas. The methodology is based on the use of geotechnologies for cartographic production and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results and proved adequate for the study of the areas of influence of urban green areas promoting a better understanding of the issue and enabled the development of a different form of representation of the studied areas. The results indicate that the municipality of Paulinia has a few green areas that are heterogeneously distributed in the municipal urban area. The spatial distribution of the areas of influence of the green areas in terms of accessibility, with distances of 100, 400, 450, 675 and 800 meters, revealed the lack of these areas in some locations and the need for protection of urban green areas because of the territorial extent that these areas can benefit through their ecological, aesthetic and recreational functions / Doutorado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Doutora em Ciências

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-05-14T17:14:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Ulisses Bezerra de Franca.pdf: 2023273 bytes, checksum: 980a8d350639f6331e8e513ee5874fbe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T17:14:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Ulisses Bezerra de Franca.pdf: 2023273 bytes, checksum: 980a8d350639f6331e8e513ee5874fbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-18 / The disorderly growth of urban centers has brought a series of social and environmental complications, among them the fragmentation of green areas, the loss of biodiversity and the introduction of exotic and invasive species that directly affect the provision of ecosystem services. Such services are fundamental in urban environments, especially in poorly planned cities, such as the city of São Paulo. Thus, it is fundamental to evaluate the urban green spaces, mainly regarding the composition of species and carbon stock. In this sense, the present master's work investigated the floristic composition of public square trees in the city of São Paulo, as well as the carbon stock associated with this vegetation. Thirteen public squares were selected in four Regional Prefectures belonging to two zones, East and West. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than 5 cm were selected and identified by means of collection of the preferentially flowering branch and the DAP and height were measured. They were inventoried 1510 individuals, belonging to 29 botanical families and 91 different species. Of this total, 56.4% were exotic species, 45.3% native and 0.3% undetermined. The most representative botanical family of this study was Fabaceae and in relation to functional groups, 87% of the individuals were trees and only 13% were palm trees. The square with the greatest abundance of species was José Ória and Carlos januário and in general, a positive correlation was observed between the size of the area of the square and abundance of species, however, the size of the area was not correlated (alpha <95%) with other attributes And ecological ecological indexes. However, floristic similarity was found in squares of the same size, with emphasis on the taxonomic family level. It was observed that all the individuals stored a total of 464.9 tons of C, being that this value is equivalent to 65.2 Ton C. ha-1. The exotic species had great contribution in the storage of the element in their respective trunks. Thus, the urban green areas of the present study show a floristic pattern that follows some tendencies of urbanized areas outside the country, due to the scarcity of studies of this nature in Brazil, and they store a reasonable amount of C per hectare of area Sampled, thus providing a great environmental service for the city of São Paulo. Based on these possible results, it is hoped to contribute to proposals and management plans for urban afforestation in the city of São Paulo, especially with regard to the creation of ecological corridors for the transit of urban fauna. / O crescimento desordenado dos centros urbanos tem trazido uma série de complicações de ordem social e ambiental, dentre as quais se destacam a fragmentação das áreas verdes, a perda da biodiversidade e a introdução de espécies exóticas e invasoras que afetam diretamente a prestação de serviços ecossistêmicos. Tais serviços são fundamentais em ambientes urbanos, principalmente em cidades mal planejadas, como é o caso da cidade de São Paulo. Assim, torna-se fundamental a avaliação dos espaços verdes urbanos, principalmente no que diz respeito a composição de espécies e estoque de carbono. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho de mestrado investigou a composição florística de árvores de praças públicas da cidade de São Paulo, bem como o estoque de carbono associado a esta vegetação. Treze praças públicas foram selecionadas em quatro Prefeituras Regionais pertencentes a duas zonas, a Leste e a Oeste. Todas as árvores com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) maior do que 5 cm foram selecionadas e identificadas por meio de coleta do ramo preferencialmente florido e tiveram o DAP e a altura mensuradas. Foram inventariados 1510 indivíduos, pertencendo a 29 famílias botânicas e 91 espécies diferentes. Deste total, 56,4% eram espécies exóticas, 45,3% nativas e 0,3% indeterminadas. A famílias botânicas mais representativa deste estudo foi Fabaceae e em relação aos grupos funcionais 87% dos indivíduos eram árvores e apenas 13% palmeiras. A praça com maior abundância de espécies foi José Ória e Carlos Januário e em geral, notou-se correlação positiva entre o tamanho da área da praça e abundância de espécies, porém, o tamanho da área não foi correlacionado (alfa<95%) com outros atributos e índices ecológicos. No entanto, encontrou-se similaridade florística em praças de mesmo tamanho, com destaque para o nível taxonômico de família. Observou-se que todos os indivíduos estocam um total de 464,9 toneladas de C, sendo que este valor equivale a 65,2 Ton C. ha-1. As espécies exóticas tiveram grande contribuição no armazenamento do elemento em seus respectivos troncos. Com isso, nota-se que as áreas verdes urbanas do presente estudo apresentam um padrão florístico que segue algumas tendências de áreas urbanizadas fora do país, dado a escasses de estudos desta natureza no Brasil, e estocam uma quantidade razoável de C por hectare de área amostrada, prestando assim um ótimo serviço ambiental para a cidade de São Paulo. A partir destes possíveis resultados, espera-se contribuir para propostas e planos de manejo da arborização urbana da cidade de São Paulo, principalmente no que tange a criação de corredores ecológicos para o trânsito da fauna urbana.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Today's arid and semi-arid zones of the Mediterranean are affected by desertification, resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities such as overcultivation, overgrazing and deforestation. Afforestation programs are one of the most effective means in preventing desertification. For many years Libya has had afforestation programs in order to restore degraded land and in response to rapid desert encroachment in the north east of Libya, in the area called the Jabal Akhdar (Green Mountain), which has been investigated in this study. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relative roles of exotic compared to native tree species in preventing desertification and enhancing degraded land restoration in the Jabal Akhdar. The effect of environmental factors on exotic compared to native tree species have been assessed by observations on growth and reproductive success of the species, including variables of stocking rate, trunk diameter, tree height, crown diameter, tree coverage, natural mortality, felling and seedling regeneration, as well as calculated variables, derived from these measurements. The effects of methods and age of afforestation on the promotion of biological diversity have been investigated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The effects of tree species on soil depth have also been investigated. Multivariate statistical analyses of site, species and environmental data, using both cluster analyses and factor analyses have been performed, with the aim of determining what is influencing the species, crops or differentiating between the sites, based on soil depth, angle of slope, altitude, rainfall and air temperature values. Pinus halepensis showed success in its growth and regeneration, particularly at higher altitudes and steeper slopes. Cupressus sempervirens was successful in growth and regeneration in the mountains. The exotic Eucalyptus gomphocephala was very successful in its growth, but did not regenerate well, while the exotic Acacia cyanophylla trees had a failure of both growth and regeneration. E. gomphocephala species appeared to favour relativley the flatter (non-mountain) sites, while A. Cyanophylla appeared to favour relativly the mountain sites. All the species responded positively to greater rainfall and deep soil, but they differed in where they were most likely to be successful. Environmental factors such as climate, terrain and soil are the main determinants of species distribution in the study area, in addition to their impact on the growth of the main trees. There appeared not to be any relationship between biodiversity and whether the main trees were native or exotic, and only P. halepensis showed any negative effect on the abundance of shrubs. There was greater diversity of trees and shrubs generally at the younger sites than the old sites. The present study emphasises the current mismanagement of planted forests, particularly with overgrazing contributing to desertification, through preventing tree growth and eliminating most sapling regeneration. This study concludes by making recommendations for more effective choice of tree species to plant, and for subsequent management to improve afforestation programmes in the Jabal Akhdar area. / The Libyan Higher Education Ministry

This study focuses on modeling the effects of forest management practices on eco-hydrological processes in the Antalya River Watershed, Turkey. With increasing global pressures from urbanization, deforestation, and climate change affecting water resources and ecosystems, understanding the impact of forest management on vital water sources is essential for sustainable water resource management and ecosystem protection. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model assessed the hydrological impacts of afforestation and urban forest scenarios in the Antalya River Watershed—the model's parameterization, sensitivity analysis, and calibration phases accurately simulated base watershed processes. The validation process confirmed the accuracy of results, particularly in yearly time steps, providing a comprehensive understanding of the watershed's water management strategies. The results indicate that the afforestation scenario reduced surface runoff and increased lateral flow, decreasing erosion risk and improving groundwater recharge. Although soil evaporation and plant transpiration decreased, the increase in “revap” values highlighted higher water vapor emission from the soil, contributing to atmospheric water cycle processes. Similarly, the urban forest scenario resulted in decreased surface discharge and increased groundwater flow, indicating improved water retention and recharge capabilities. The increased evapotranspiration demonstrated the positive influence of trees and vegetation on the water cycle and atmospheric processes, emphasizing the significance of urban forest applications as valuable nature-based solutions for sustainable water resource management and conservation. In conclusion, implementing afforestation and urban forest initiatives can contribute to ecologically sound utilization of water supplies, enhance ecosystem functioning, and foster resilience in the face of environmental obstacles. The study emphasizes the potential benefits of afforestation and expanding green spaces in promoting sustainable water resources and mitigating erosion and flooding risks. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for policymakers and stakeholders to consider afforestation practices as a vital component of water resource management and watershed conservation strategies.

Orientador: Sandra Elisa Contri Pitton / Banca: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez / Banca: Roseana Correa Grilo / Resumo: A cidade é o lugar dos seres humanos. É nesse lugar que encontramos vivendo hoje a maioria das pessoas. É nas cidades que temos as maiores alterações na paisagem, e essas alterações geralmente comprometem a qualidade de vida. A supressão do verde das plantas é uma característica marcante nesse espaço. O presente trabalho procura pesquisar sobre a arborização urbana, dando um maior enfoque nas praças do bairro Centro de Teresina. Tem como objetivo identificar a diversidade vegetal arbórea, considerando a opinião de algumas pessoas sobre a importância da arborização das praças em sua vida. Esta pesquisa está dividida em três etapas distintas. A primeira etapa caracterizou-se pela pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o processo de formação das cidades, especialmente da capital do Piauí, e a importância da arborização para a qualidade de vida nos espaços urbanos. Na segunda etapa foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo para identificação e contagem das espécies vegetais encontradas nas praças do bairro Centro de Teresina. Na terceira fase da pesquisa foram aplicados questionários que serviram para obter a opinião de alguns freqüentadores das praças sobre a importância das árvores encontradas nesses logradouros públicos. Durante o trabalho foram discutidos muitos termos e conceitos utilizados para definir os espaços livres urbanos, o que mostra que ainda não existe um consenso entre os estudantes, pesquisadores e administradores públicos no que se refere à terminologia desses espaços. A pesquisa mostrou que as árvores fornecem diversos benefícios para os ambientes urbanos, estes geralmente muito alterados e degradados. Também é importante salientar sobre os diversos usos e funções das praças na malha urbana, onde o encontro foi destacado como o principal uso feito pelas pessoas que vivem nos espaços urbanos / Abstract: The city is the place of human beings. This is where we find most people living today. It is in cities that we have the largest changes in the landscape, and these changes often compromise the quality of life. The suppression of green plants is a distinguishing feature in this space. This current paper tries to research on urban trees, giving a greater focus on the squares of the district center of Teresina. Aims to identify woody plant diversity, considering the opinion of some people about the importance of afforestation of squares in your life. This research is divided into three distinct stages. The first stage was characterized by the literature on the process of formation of cities, especially in the capital of Piaui, and the importance of afforestation for the quality of life in urban spaces. In the second stage was conducted field research to identify and count plant species found in the streets of the district center of Teresina. In the view of some patrons of the squares on the importance of trees found in these public places. During the work were discussed many terms and concepts used to define urban spaces, which shows that there is still no consensus among students, researchers and public administrators regarding the terminology of these spaces. Research has shown that trees provide many benefits to urban environments, these usually much altered and degraded. It is also important to note about the various uses and functions of the squares on the urban environment, where the meeting was highlighted as the main use made by people living in urban areas / Mestre