Transfusion of platelet concentrates (PC) can be necessary for patients to maintain coagulability. It is vital that the platelets maintain viability and function during processing and storage to obtain enhanced coagulability in the transfused patient. Today, no test is used to verify platelet function in either donors or in PC’s. Observing swirling effect is the only test applied to control platelets before transfusion but the method is based on platelet morphology and does not directly evaluate platelet function.Impedance aggregometry (IA) (Multiplate analyzer, Roche Diagnostic) is a promising method for measuring platelet function, measuring changes in impedance over time when platelets adhere to electrodes. IA has been well evaluated for the purpose of analyzing whole blood but analyzing PC’s is a relatively new application of the method.Samples from platelet donors and PC’s were analyzed with IA to evaluate correlation in function between donors and PC’s, in the hope of being able to predict function in PC. Different platelet concentrations were also analyzed to evaluate the impact of varying concentration on impedance. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen and thrombin receptor activating peptide 6 (TRAP-6) were used to induce aggregation. Platelet function was measured in PC’s on day 1 and 4 after donation.A significant correlation was observed between platelet function in donors and in PCs on day 1, measured with ADP. An important finding was also that platelet concentration does affect impedance, in collagen-induced aggregation more than ADP-induced. It is therefore possible that a correlation would also have been found between donors and PC’s analyzed with collagen if the platelet concentration would have been standardized.

The impact storage has on function of platelet concentrates is not completely known, although some factors have been discovered and measures have been taken to counteract them, such as adding platelet additive solution. There are several methods for analysing platelet function. In this study, the aim was to analyse change of platelet function in platelet concentrates over time and to see what effect fibrogen has on the coagulation. A technique using free oscillation rheometry (FOR), ReoRox®, was used to analyse function in platelet concentrates, both over time and after addition of fibrinogen. The platelets were analyzed at a concentration of 800 x109 Ptl/L and activated with thrombin receptor antigen peptide (TRAP). For fibrinogen efect analysis, four different concentrations were used, 10 g/L, 2,25 g/L, 1,0 g/L and 0,1 g/L. The results showed no statistically significant change in the function over time. However an increase in elasticity and decrease in the decline of elasticity could be seen. While analysing the platelets with fibrinogen it showed that up to 2,25 g/L the aggregation increased, while it decreased significantly at 10 g/L. In conclusion, the platelet concentrates retained a good clotting function from day one to day seven of storage, while the clot became stronger and fibrinolysis decreased. Fibrinogen proved important for coagulation, however a too high concentration inhibits coagulation.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Injúria Renal Agurda (IRA) é uma síndrome com morbidade e mortalidade elevadas. O desenvolvimento de IRA e disfunção cardíaca aguda (DCA) no período pós-operatório de cirurgias vasculares compartilham fatores de risco e mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Neste estudo, levantamos a hipótese que o desenvolvimento de IRA em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias vasculares aumentaria o risco de DCA. Também avaliamos a Dilatação mediada pelo Fluxo (FMD), como medida de disfunção endotelial e testes de agregabilidade plaquetária com o intuito de identificar características relacionadas ao mecanismo fisiopatológico que levam a estes eventos em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias vasculares. MÉTODOS: Utilizamos dados coletados prospectivamente de uma coorte de pacientes submetidos a revascularização periférica, aórtica ou carotídea. A injúria renal aguda e eventos cardiovasculares foram avaliados nos primeiros sete dias após a cirurgia. Em um subgrupo de pacientes, o Doppler da artéria braquial foi realizado antes do procedimento cirúrgico para acessar a Dilatação mediada pelo Fluxo (FMD). Em outro subgrupo, foram realizados testes de agregabilidade plaquetária. RESULTADOS: Dos 287 pacientes incluídos na análise, 102 apresentaram IRA e 59 tiveram eventos cardiovasculares (EvCv). O número de pacientes com EvCv foi progressivamente maior conforme a gravidade da IRA com base no KDIGO; 15% no grupo sem IRA, 22% no KDIGO 1, 42,8% no KDIGO 2 e 55% no KDIGO 3, p < 0,001. Os pacientes com IRA apresentaram maior permanência na UTI (2,5 vs. 6 dias) e uma maior taxa de mortalidade (6,6 versus 23,5%), p < 0,001. A taxa de mortalidade em pacientes com IRA e EvCv foi duas vezes a mortalidade de pacientes com EvCv apenas (47,1 vs 19,4%). A mediana de FMD foi de 5,7%, sem diferença entre os grupos IRA e não IRA, p = 0,6. Uma maior agregabilidade plaquetária foi associada ao desenvolvimento de IRA (5 vs 6,9 ?). Na análise multivariada, a presença de IRC (clearance de creatinina < 60 ml / min / 1,73m²), instabilidade hemodinâmica, evento cardiovascular e agregabilidade plaquetária foram preditores independentes de IRA. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo confirmou que o desenvolvimento de injúria renal aguda e eventos cardiovasculares aumenta significativamente a morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia vascular eletiva. Nossos dados sugerem que a realização de testes de agregabilidadade plaquetária antes da cirurgia pode ser usada para avaliar a eficácia da terapia antiplaquetária e estratificar o risco de IRA e EvCv após a cirurgia vascular / BACKGROUND: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common syndrome with increased morbidity and mortality. The development of AKI and acute cardiac dysfunction (ACD) in the post-operative period of vascular surgery share risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms. In this study, we hypothesized that the development of AKI in patients submitted to vascular surgeries would increase the risk of ACD. We also assessed the Flow-mediated Dilation (FMD), as a measure of endothelial dysfunction, and Platelet Aggregability tests to predict AKI and cardiovascular events in the early post-operative period of vascular surgeries. METHODS: We utilized a prospectively collected data from a cohort of patients undergoing peripheral, aortic or carotid revascularization. Acute kidney injury and cardiovascular events were assessed during the first seven days after surgery. In a subgroup of patients, brachial artery Doppler was performed prior to the surgery to access the Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD). In another subgroup, platelet aggregability tests were performed. RESULTS: Of 287 patients included in the analysis, 102 had AKI and 59 developed cardiovascular events (CvEv). Number of patients with CvEv was progressively higher by maximum KDIGO stage during first week of surgery; 15% in the non-AKI group, 22% in KDIGO 1, 42.8% in KDIGO 2 and 55% in KDIGO 3, p < 0.001. Patients with AKI had a longer ICU stay (2.5 vs. 6 days) and a higher mortality rate (6.6 vs. 23.5%), p < 0.001. Mortality rate in patients with AKI and CvEv was two-fold the mortality of patients with CvEv only (47,1 vs 19.4%). The median FMD was 5.7%, with no difference between the AKI and non-AKI groups, p = 0.6. Higher platelet aggregability was associated with AKI development (5 vs 6,9 ?). In the multivariate analysis, presence of CKD (creatinine clearance < 60 ml/min/1,73m²), hemodynamic instability, cardiovascular event and platelet aggregability were independent predictors of AKI. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that the development of acute kidney injury and cardiovascular events significantly increase morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing elective vascular surgery. Our data suggests that Platelet Aggregability before surgery can be used to evaluate efficacy of antiplatelet therapy and stratify risk for AKI and CvEv after vascular surgery

INTRODUÇÃO: A Injúria Renal Agurda (IRA) é uma síndrome com morbidade e mortalidade elevadas. O desenvolvimento de IRA e disfunção cardíaca aguda (DCA) no período pós-operatório de cirurgias vasculares compartilham fatores de risco e mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Neste estudo, levantamos a hipótese que o desenvolvimento de IRA em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias vasculares aumentaria o risco de DCA. Também avaliamos a Dilatação mediada pelo Fluxo (FMD), como medida de disfunção endotelial e testes de agregabilidade plaquetária com o intuito de identificar características relacionadas ao mecanismo fisiopatológico que levam a estes eventos em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias vasculares. MÉTODOS: Utilizamos dados coletados prospectivamente de uma coorte de pacientes submetidos a revascularização periférica, aórtica ou carotídea. A injúria renal aguda e eventos cardiovasculares foram avaliados nos primeiros sete dias após a cirurgia. Em um subgrupo de pacientes, o Doppler da artéria braquial foi realizado antes do procedimento cirúrgico para acessar a Dilatação mediada pelo Fluxo (FMD). Em outro subgrupo, foram realizados testes de agregabilidade plaquetária. RESULTADOS: Dos 287 pacientes incluídos na análise, 102 apresentaram IRA e 59 tiveram eventos cardiovasculares (EvCv). O número de pacientes com EvCv foi progressivamente maior conforme a gravidade da IRA com base no KDIGO; 15% no grupo sem IRA, 22% no KDIGO 1, 42,8% no KDIGO 2 e 55% no KDIGO 3, p < 0,001. Os pacientes com IRA apresentaram maior permanência na UTI (2,5 vs. 6 dias) e uma maior taxa de mortalidade (6,6 versus 23,5%), p < 0,001. A taxa de mortalidade em pacientes com IRA e EvCv foi duas vezes a mortalidade de pacientes com EvCv apenas (47,1 vs 19,4%). A mediana de FMD foi de 5,7%, sem diferença entre os grupos IRA e não IRA, p = 0,6. Uma maior agregabilidade plaquetária foi associada ao desenvolvimento de IRA (5 vs 6,9 ?). Na análise multivariada, a presença de IRC (clearance de creatinina < 60 ml / min / 1,73m²), instabilidade hemodinâmica, evento cardiovascular e agregabilidade plaquetária foram preditores independentes de IRA. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo confirmou que o desenvolvimento de injúria renal aguda e eventos cardiovasculares aumenta significativamente a morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia vascular eletiva. Nossos dados sugerem que a realização de testes de agregabilidadade plaquetária antes da cirurgia pode ser usada para avaliar a eficácia da terapia antiplaquetária e estratificar o risco de IRA e EvCv após a cirurgia vascular / BACKGROUND: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common syndrome with increased morbidity and mortality. The development of AKI and acute cardiac dysfunction (ACD) in the post-operative period of vascular surgery share risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms. In this study, we hypothesized that the development of AKI in patients submitted to vascular surgeries would increase the risk of ACD. We also assessed the Flow-mediated Dilation (FMD), as a measure of endothelial dysfunction, and Platelet Aggregability tests to predict AKI and cardiovascular events in the early post-operative period of vascular surgeries. METHODS: We utilized a prospectively collected data from a cohort of patients undergoing peripheral, aortic or carotid revascularization. Acute kidney injury and cardiovascular events were assessed during the first seven days after surgery. In a subgroup of patients, brachial artery Doppler was performed prior to the surgery to access the Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD). In another subgroup, platelet aggregability tests were performed. RESULTS: Of 287 patients included in the analysis, 102 had AKI and 59 developed cardiovascular events (CvEv). Number of patients with CvEv was progressively higher by maximum KDIGO stage during first week of surgery; 15% in the non-AKI group, 22% in KDIGO 1, 42.8% in KDIGO 2 and 55% in KDIGO 3, p < 0.001. Patients with AKI had a longer ICU stay (2.5 vs. 6 days) and a higher mortality rate (6.6 vs. 23.5%), p < 0.001. Mortality rate in patients with AKI and CvEv was two-fold the mortality of patients with CvEv only (47,1 vs 19.4%). The median FMD was 5.7%, with no difference between the AKI and non-AKI groups, p = 0.6. Higher platelet aggregability was associated with AKI development (5 vs 6,9 ?). In the multivariate analysis, presence of CKD (creatinine clearance < 60 ml/min/1,73m²), hemodynamic instability, cardiovascular event and platelet aggregability were independent predictors of AKI. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that the development of acute kidney injury and cardiovascular events significantly increase morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing elective vascular surgery. Our data suggests that Platelet Aggregability before surgery can be used to evaluate efficacy of antiplatelet therapy and stratify risk for AKI and CvEv after vascular surgery