CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta tese traz um estudo sobre a construÃÃo do agir professoral dos estudantes estagiÃrios do curso de Letras FrancÃs da Universidade Federal do Cearà e da Universidade Estadual do CearÃ. Analisamos os discursos que direta ou indiretamente poderiam influenciar a prÃtica dos estagiÃrios. Buscamos em Moscovici (2009) o conceito de RepresentaÃÃes Sociais, adotando, assim, uma perspectiva social ao estudar o agir do professor em sala de aula. Acreditamos que estas representaÃÃes podem ser construÃdas tanto fora quanto dentro do universo acadÃmico e devem ser estudadas durante o curso de graduaÃÃo como prÃtica reflexiva. Amparados em aportes do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo cujo principal representante à Bronckart (1996), analisamos discursos produzidos por seis alunos da disciplina de EstÃgio Supervisionado em LÃngua Francesa sobre sua prÃtica em sala de aula. Utilizando a metodologia da autoconfrontaÃÃo, analisamos os discursos produzidos pelos estagiÃrios e identificamos como as representaÃÃes construÃdas antes do curso de Letras participam da formaÃÃo do saber docente. Utilizamos tambÃm os estudos de Foucault sobre formaÃÃo discursiva, buscando compreender como enunciados de diferentes formaÃÃes discursivas participam da construÃÃo do agir professoral dos estagiÃrios. Pretendemos trazer uma importante contribuiÃÃo na formaÃÃo de professores de lÃngua estrangeira, com uma abordagem que considere as representaÃÃes dos prÃprios professores como ponto de partida para a sua prÃpria formaÃÃo.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho apresenta resultados de um estudo sobre as representaÃÃes que duas professoras de portuguÃs do Ensino MÃdio fazem de seu trabalho diante de situaÃÃes de indisciplina/conflito em sala de aula, atravÃs da anÃlise das modalizaÃÃes presentes em seu discurso. O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa foi analisar como o professor se representa em seu discurso sobre o agir professoral, e os objetivos especÃficos foram: analisar como o professor modaliza o seu discurso ao se defrontar com situaÃÃes de indisciplina/conflito em sala de aula e investigar como ele mobiliza as modalizaÃÃes ao falar de seu agir diante desses momentos. O objeto de estudo Ã, portanto, o discurso do professor produzido seja em sala de aula (agir real) seja em situaÃÃo de autoconfrontaÃÃo (agir representado). Os dados foram coletados em duas escolas pÃblicas da rede estadual de ensino do Estado do CearÃ, atravÃs da observaÃÃo e gravaÃÃo das aulas das participantes, da aplicaÃÃo de um questionÃrio e de uma entrevista em situaÃÃo de autoconfrontaÃÃo. Para anÃlise dos dados, adotamos o quadro teÃrico-metodolÃgico do Interacionismo Sociodicursivo (BRONCKART, 1999, 2006, 2008), que fornece importantes elementos para a anÃlise das representaÃÃes do agir professoral (CICUREL, 2010, LEURQUIN, 2013), por meio da anÃlise do texto produzido pelo professor e, mais especificamente, das modalizaÃÃes. AtravÃs desse estudo, verificamos que as modalizaÃÃes mais utilizadas pelas participantes, no momento de lidar com a indisciplina em sala de aula, foram as modalizaÃÃes deÃnticas de natureza permissiva (poder + infinitivo). Jà durante a autoconfrontaÃÃo, houve um predomÃnio de modalizaÃÃes lÃgicas e apreciativas, sobretudo, ao falarem dos impactos da indisciplina discente em seu agir. Apesar de cada participante revelar representaÃÃes distintas, verificamos que ambas mencionam o diÃlogo como uma estratÃgia para lidar com a indisciplina e tambÃm falam da importÃncia de buscar entender as razÃes dos comportamentos indisciplinares dos estudantes. Observamos que a metodologia adotada à um aspecto relevante para entender a indisciplina. Constatamos ainda que as participantes adotaram estratÃgias diferentes para lidar com as situaÃÃes de indisciplina/conflito em classe. De fato, tais estratÃgias variavam a depender da turma com as quais cada qual lidava. Observamos tambÃm que, em geral, as situaÃÃes consideradas conflituosas para cada participante eram diferentes. Para explicar essa diferenciaÃÃo, foram destaques as representaÃÃes de cada educadora, reveladas na autoconfrontaÃÃo. O contexto de produÃÃo foi tambÃm outro fator importante, visto que as duas colaboradoras atuam em escolas distintas da cidade. Por fim, esta pesquisa nos mostrou que, para tentar entender a indisciplina em sala de aula e a reaÃÃo dos docentes ao se defrontar com ela, à preciso analisar o que dizem os professores sobre o seu agir diante da indisciplina. / This dissertation presents results of a study on the representation that two high school teachers of Portuguese language make about their own work before indiscipline/conflict situations in class by analyzing the modalizations present in their speech. The main goal of this research was to investigate the representation itself of the teacher about his acting of teaching, and the specific ones were: analyzing how the teacher modalizes his speech before indiscipline/conflict situations in class and investigating the way he handles the modalization when talking about his own acting in these moments. The object under study is, hence, the teacherâ speech produced in class (real acting) as well as in self-confrontation (represented acting). Data were obtained from two public schools in the state of Ceara, through the observation and videorecording of lectures hold by the two volunteers, and after applying a questionnaire and an interview in self-confrontation, as well. The theoretical framework of the Sociodiscursive Interacionism (BRONCKART, 1999, 2006, 2008), which provides important elements to the analysis of representations of the acting of teaching (CICUREL, 2010, LEURQUIN, 2013) was adopted, and the data was analyzed from the texts produced by the teacher and, particularly, from the modalizations. From this study, we observed that the teacher used mostly deontic modalizations when dealing with indiscipline in class, especially the permissive ones (can + infinitive). On the other side, during the self-confrontation stage, aprpeciative and logical modalizations dominated the speech, especially when the teacher talked about the influence of studentsâ indiscipline in his acting. Altough each volunteer revealed different representations, we observed that both of them mentioned the dialog as a strategy to help facing the indiscipline and, in addition, both of them pointed the importance of investigating the underlying reasons for studentsâ behaviour. We concluded that the adopted methodology is relevant to understand indiscipline. Furthermore, we noted that the volunteers took different strategies to deal with indiscipline/conflicts in class. In fact, such strategies varied from class to class. We observed also that, in general, the volunteers rated the situations as conflicting according to different judgement criteria. To explain this difference, we highlight the representations themselves revealed in the self-confrontation stage. The scenario in which the investigation was done also played a role, since the two volunteers work at different schools. Summing up, this research showed us that, to get an understanding of the indiscipline in class and the teachersâ reaction before it, we have to analyze what teachers say about their own acting before the indiscipline.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-30T11:44:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Héric Silva Oliveira.pdf: 3557213 bytes, checksum: de7116a1d5092827cf65aeb627868e11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T11:44:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Héric Silva Oliveira.pdf: 3557213 bytes, checksum: de7116a1d5092827cf65aeb627868e11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aims at investigating the representations the trainees construct of themselves and of their work as future teachers during a situation of supervised training in direct self-confrontation texts which occur in the context of initial training of the Elementary School Teaching Course teachers. Thereby, we intend to analyze how the trainees‟ representations occur during the supervised training through development in the context of teaching. To carry out this research, we used the theoretical-methodological assumptions of the Socio-discursive Interactionism (hereinafter ISD) – whose main representative is Bronckart (1999/2012, 2006, 2008) – comprising human action and the discursive action as development units among human beings who represent their acts through language, taking into consideration that the trainees mobilize their knowledge, in their teaching practice, endorsing Vanhulle‟s theories (2009, 2014). Another theoretical-methodological current is that of Labor Studies, of which, particularly, we will use the Activity Clinic (CLOT, 2007, 2010; FAÏTA, 2000) and the Activity Ergonomics (AMIGUES, 2004; DEJOURS, 2004; SAUJAT, 2004). When studying the representations of the trainees‟ work, we found that the texts produced by the trainees in the interviews in simple self-confrontation (hereinafter EACs) show representations of the physical and socio-subjective worlds capable of contributing to the development and initial training of the teachers attending The Elementary School Teacher Training Course, as well as that of the teachers of other undergraduate programs which put the student in a situation of development with professional practice. It is for this reason that we used the text analysis model proposed by Bronckart (1999/2012), developed in ISD studies, to conduct our analyses. Data production occurred in a school in the state of Sergipe whose focus concentrated in the Fundamental School Teacher Training Course, one high school modality that professionalizes future teachers to teach the early grades of Elementary School. To compose the corpus of the research, four EACs were recorded with each trainee with the researcher, totalizing eight meetings. In this sense, our data were constructed from the EACs texts produced by the trainees on internship work situation. The results showed that the teachers‟ representations occurred in situations of internship where they were acting professionally, which each trainee has during the training, as well as in the different situations of the physical, socio-subjective worlds that are represented through social roles. Another relevant point in the results indicates the mobilization that happens between the representations – characteristics of the educational context under the aspect of teacher training – capable of offering the trainees conditions to reflect, to act and transform their work. In relation to their knowledge mobilized in the activity, we perceive that the trainees use the theoretical knowledge as guidelines for their teaching aiming the professional practice know-how through experiential knowledge acquired in the educational context, both before and during their training / Esta tese tem por objetivo investigar as representações que os estagiários constroem de si e de seu trabalho como futuros professores durante a situação de estágio supervisionado nos textos das autoconfrontações simples que ocorrem no contexto da formação inicial de professores do Curso Normal. Com isso, pretendemos analisar como as representações das estagiárias acontecem durante o estágio supervisionado através do desenvolvimento no contexto do trabalho docente. Para realizar essa pesquisa, utilizamos os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (doravante ISD), cujo principal representante é Bronckart (1999/2012, 2006, 2008) que compreende a ação humana e o agir linguageiro como unidades de desenvolvimento entre os seres humanos que representam seus agires através da linguagem, tendo em vista que as estagiárias mobilizam saberes na prática docente, referendando as teorias com Vanhulle (2009, 2014). Outra corrente teórico-metodológica é a das Ciências do Trabalho que, particularmente, utilizaremos a Clínica da Atividade (CLOT, 2007, 2010; FAÏTA, 2000) e da Ergonomia da Atividade (AMIGUES, 2004; DEJOURS, 2004; SAUJAT, 2004). Ao estudar as representações do trabalho de estágio das estagiárias, constatamos que os textos produzidos pelas estagiárias nas entrevistas em autoconfrontação simples (doravante EACs) demonstram representações dos mundos físico e sociossubjetivo capazes de contribuir para o desenvolvimento e a formação inicial dos professores do Curso Normal, bem como de outros cursos de graduação que coloca o aluno em situação de desenvolvimento com a prática profissional. Dessa forma, utilizamos o modelo de análise de textos proposta por Bronckart (1999/2012), desenvolvido em pesquisas do ISD para realizarmos as nossas análises. A produção dos dados ocorreu em uma escola do interior do estado de Sergipe cujo foco concentrou-se no Curso Normal, uma modalidade de ensino médio que profissionaliza futuros professores para lecionarem nas primeiras séries do ensino fundamental. Para compor o corpus da pesquisa, foram gravadas quatro EACs com cada estagiária juntamente com o pesquisador, totalizando oito encontros. Nesse sentido, nossos dados foram construídos a partir dos textos das EACs produzidos pelas estagiárias na situação do trabalho de estágio. Os resultados mostraram que as representações de professores ocorrem nas situações de estágio diante do agir professoral que cada estagiária exerce durante o estágio, bem como, nas diferentes situações de mundos físico e sociossubjetivo que se representam através de papéis sociais. Outro ponto relevante nos resultados sinaliza para a mobilização que acontece entre as representações que caracterizam o contexto educacional sob o aspecto da formação docente, capazes de oferecer às estagiárias condições de refletir, poder agir e transformar o seu trabalho. A respeito dos saberes mobilizados na atividade, percebemos que as estagiárias utilizam os saberes teóricos como orientação do modo de fazer docente para a prática professoral do saber-fazer através de conhecimentos experienciais adquiridos no contexto educacional, tanto durante a formação quanto antes dela

SANTOS, Antônio Felipe Aragão dos. A morfogênese do agir professoral no discurso do professor em formação sobre ensino de língua francesa. 2014. 247f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-01-20T14:41:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_afasantos.pdf: 3622418 bytes, checksum: 37fb4f649e2bd645a9ecb978b25cd87e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-01-20T15:55:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_afasantos.pdf: 3622418 bytes, checksum: 37fb4f649e2bd645a9ecb978b25cd87e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-20T15:55:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_afasantos.pdf: 3622418 bytes, checksum: 37fb4f649e2bd645a9ecb978b25cd87e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Esta tese traz um estudo sobre a construção do agir professoral dos estudantes estagiários do curso de Letras Francês da Universidade Federal do Ceará e da Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Analisamos os discursos que direta ou indiretamente poderiam influenciar a prática dos estagiários. Buscamos em Moscovici (2009) o conceito de Representações Sociais, adotando, assim, uma perspectiva social ao estudar o agir do professor em sala de aula. Acreditamos que estas representações podem ser construídas tanto fora quanto dentro do universo acadêmico e devem ser estudadas durante o curso de graduação como prática reflexiva. Amparados em aportes do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo cujo principal representante é Bronckart (1996), analisamos discursos produzidos por seis alunos da disciplina de Estágio Supervisionado em Língua Francesa sobre sua prática em sala de aula. Utilizando a metodologia da autoconfrontação, analisamos os discursos produzidos pelos estagiários e identificamos como as representações construídas antes do curso de Letras participam da formação do saber docente. Utilizamos também os estudos de Foucault sobre formação discursiva, buscando compreender como enunciados de diferentes formações discursivas participam da construção do agir professoral dos estagiários. Pretendemos trazer uma importante contribuição na formação de professores de língua estrangeira, com uma abordagem que considere as representações dos próprios professores como ponto de partida para a sua própria formação.

Cette thèse s’attache à comprendre les dynamiques au sein du système de la pensée enseignante des enseignants de langues étrangères (LE) à l’aide d’un dispositif de suivi multimodal et longitudinal. Situé en didactique des langues et notamment en pensée enseignante, ce travail est inscrit dans un cadre théorique multidisciplinaire où est postulée une cohabitation du socioconstructivisme et de l’émergentisme. Dans le but de saisir les aspects évolutifs des représentations de six enseignants de français langue étrangère (FLE) et de chinois langue étrangère (CLE) en Chine et en France, des moyens d’observation et d’entretiens – semi-directifs et d’auto-confrontation – ont été mobilisés pour chacun des enseignants durant un semestre. Leurs discours de verbalisation ont été analysés selon une approche double conjuguant l’analyse de contenu et l’analyse du discours. A côté d’une image de soi pluri-identitaire et instable, se dessine un système de connaissances et de convictions dont la construction et le fonctionnement portent la marque de l’historicité, de la subjectivité, de la contextualité et des contradictions. La théorie de l’activité trouve sa validité dans la répartition du travail basée sur les profils des apprenants-collaborateurs typifiés ; le poids de l’action incorporée se traduit par l’effet envisagé que l’enseignant souhaite atteindre à l’issue de l’action. La non-linéarité de l’évolution contextuelle va de pair avec l’actualisation des pratiques et des représentations. La complexité de la pensée enseignante est articulée autour d’une dynamique entre l’intentionnalité, l’action incorporée et les contraintes contextuelles. La rupture de la réflexivité au cours de l’action, découverte en neurosciences, et validée ici par la mise en place de méthodologies en sciences humaines et sociales, constitue à ce titre la contribution majeure de ce travail. / This dissertation is devoted to reconstructing the dynamics of foreign language teachers’ thinking by a multimodal and longitudinal approach. Focused on the field of Applied Linguistics and teacher cognition in particular, the present work is part of a multidisciplinary theoretical framework co-constructed of Social constructivism and Emergentism. This study involved six teachers of French as a foreign language (FFL) and Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) working in China and in France, each being followed up for one semester, through classroom observation and different kinds of interviews (semi-directive interviews and stimulated recall). Their verbalization was then analyzed by a mixed approach combining content analysis and discourse analysis. Besides an instable self-image characterized by multi-identity, emerge from each teacher’s discourse a knowledge and belief system and its historicity, subjectivity, contextuality and contradiction. The validity of Activity Theory is confirmed by a division of labour based on learners’ profiles that the teacher typifies. The importance of embodied action is dependent on the expected outcome. Teachers wish to not only complete their teaching activity but also reach an effect which is an integrated part of their thinking patterns. The non-linearity of context changing explains the updating of teacher’s thinking and practice. Teacher cognition’s complexity is structured around a dynamic between intentionality, embodied action and situational constraints. The break of reflexivity during action, discovered in neurosciences and validated here in a human and social sciences’ methodology, constitutes the key contribution of this work.

L'agir professoral fait l'objet de recherches approfondies en didactiques des langues et des cultures. Si la multimodalité est considérée comme un élément définitoire de cette notion, peu d'études se sont penchées en détail sur la compréhension de cet aspect de l'action enseignante.Notre travail, mené dans une approche ethnographique, vise à analyser la pratique multimodale de deux enseignantes. Chacune intervient dans deux contextes pédagogiques : en cours de français langue première (FL1) et auprès de collégiens allophones apprenant le français langue seconde (FLS). Cela nous offre l'occasion d'étudier l'effet du contexte d'enseignement sur les actions professorales, en particulier celles mises en œuvre dans la construction de normes scolaires (linguistique et interactionnelle). Ce travail vise également à analyser le style professoral de ces enseignantes pour mettre au jour les invariants pédagogiques, d'un contexte à l'autre, dans la gestion de ces normes.Cette recherche s'appuie essentiellement sur l'observation et l'analyse de deux types de corpus : des films de classe, transcrits et annotés à l'aide du logiciel ELAN, et trois différents formats de corpus vidéoscopiques (autoscopie, hétéroscopie et autohétéroscopie).Les procédés de normalisation linguistique et interactionnelle sont appréhendés en croisant une analyse quantitative des productions verbales et gestuelles et une analyse qualitative, qui emprunte des outils à la linguistique énonciative, à l'analyse des discours et à l'analyse conversationnelle, ou encore à la microsociologie. / A considerable body of research has shown interest to teacher action. Though the nonverbal dimension of these actions is acknowledged, few studies have considered it thoroughly in their analysis. Hence, following an ethnographic approach, our work analyzes the verbal and nonverbal actions of two secondary school teachers. Each one teaches both French as an L1 to native speakers and French as a schooling language to non native speakers. This work attempts to assess the effect of the teaching contexts on the teachers' actions, and more specifically on the way they co-Construct school norms (language and interaction norms). It also aims at highlighting the normalizing process invariants from one teaching context to the next.This work relies on the observation and analysis of two types of corpora: video recorded class interaction, transcribed with ELAN, and three different types of videoed confrontations: the teacher's self-Confrontation, students' observation and comments of videoed interactions of their class, and the teacher's confrontation of her students' videoed reflections.We analyzed the norm construction strategies using both a quantitative and a qualitative approach of the verbal and nonverbal productions. We borrowed tools from various fields: enunciative linguistics, discourse analysis, conversation analysis, and micro-Sociology.

Située au carrefour de la didactique des langues et cultures et de la sociologie de l’éducation, cette thèse porte sur la gestion simultanée, par le professeur, des besoins et intérêts de chacun des apprenants ; à partir de l’observation de la réception enseignante des interventions négociatrices d’apprenants, on s’attache à définir les contours d’une « disposition » (propension) enseignante à satisfaire à la fois les besoins de l’individu qui parle et ceux de ses pairs. A ce titre, le présent travail propose d’apporter une contribution tant aux recherches portant sur les pratiques professionnelles enseignantes qu’aux études concernant l’acquisition des langues en apprentissage collectif. Le dialogisme bakhtinien, le socioconstructivisme vygotskien, le paradigme dispositionnaliste de Lahire, les théories de l’action conjointe développées par Filliettaz, et l’approche connexionniste de la pensée enseignante proposée par Tochon se trouvent entre autres utilisés tant au niveau théorique que méthodologique. A partir de l’analyse d’un corpus recueilli par vidéo au sein d’une classe de FLE pour migrants, en Greta, on observe la manière dont une enseignante s’affilie et se désaffilie des négociations individuelles d’apprenants qui surviennent en activité de « conversation didactique ». A l’aide des outils offerts par l’analyse des conversations, la microsociologie, la linguistique de l’interaction, la pragmatique psychosociale et l’analyse du discours, on décrit finement la régulation de la parole apprenante par l’enseignante (actes de valorisation de l’apprenant, d’encouragement à sa prise de parole ou de désengagement). Ces observations sont enrichies des commentaires que cette même enseignante effectue sur son propre agir, à travers des entretiens d’auto-confrontation et d’explicitation ; les verbalisations recueillies, porte d’accès à la fabrique de l’action enseignante, permettent de définir « la disposition à un agir collectif » comme un puissant critère d’affiliation ou de désaffiliation enseignante : les négociations individuelles d’apprenants sont évaluées par le professeur à la lumière de leur intérêt didactique et pédagogique pour le groupe. Cette disposition, qui amène l’enseignante à établir un lien transversal entre les propos des uns et le fil thématique en cours de co-construction, agit finalement en tant que « connexion fonctionnelle » sur laquelle repose en partie le fonctionnement improvisationnel des enseignants. / The following study discusses the ability of teachers to simultaneously deal with the needs and interests of every learner in the classroom. Through the observation of a teacher’s feedback moves to students’negotiations of meaning, we conducted an exploration of his or her disposition (tendency) to meet both the negotiator and his or her peers’ needs. As such, this study aims at contributing to the field of teaching professional practices and of second language acquisition. The theoretical framework of this study relies on the Bakhtinian dialogism, Vygoskian socioconstructivism, the paradigm of “dispositions” developed by Lahire, the theory of joint action developed by Filliettaz and the connectionist approach to teacher decisionmaking, which has been developed by Tochon. Through the analysis of video recorded data that have been collected during conversational activities in a French classroom for adult migrants, we provide an in-depth investigation of the teacher’s moves of affiliation and disaffiliation from learners’ individual negotiations. Conversation analysis, microsociology, linguistic interactionism, psychosocial pragmatics, and discourse analysis are integrated in the research methodology in order to provide an accurate description of a teacher’s regulation of learners talk (elicitation, incitation or disaffiliation). Stimulated recall methodology has also been used to complete the interaction analysis. The results demonstrate that the teacher’s affiliations to individual negotiations are made in the light of their pedagogical utility for the peers. It is therefore argued that the teacher’s tendency to link each learner’ needs and interests to his or her peers’serves as a powerful functional connection on which the teachers’ improvisational decision-making process during classroom interactions is mostly based.