Environmental disasters result in the death of tens to hundreds of thousands of people and the loss of US$250-300 billion annually. Vulnerability to environmental disasters stems from both social and biophysical factors. While there is increasing awareness that individual hazards are often found in combination with other environmental or social risks in what can be referred to as multi-hazard landscapes, few studies directly examine how people respond to environmental hazards in a multi-hazard environment and the role that risk reduction and development organizations (DOs) play in that response. In this dissertation, I address this research gap through an investigation of risk perception and management in a multi-hazard environment of eastern Uganda dominated by people relying on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative statistical analyses, I investigate how individual farmers and DOs differ in their perception and prioritization of hazards and the factors that influence farmers’ perception of multiple risks and their decisions to adopt best management strategies. Building on this household-level analysis of perception and action, I also draw on data from community-level focus groups and participatory mapping exercises to relate individual to community vulnerability. Results from these analyses show that the factors that shape farmers’ perception and management of different environmental hazards are not universal. Instead, the predictors of risk perception and adoption of best management practices are unique to particular hazards and management strategies. DOs can play an important role in reducing vulnerability through training and material inputs but need to recognize the heterogeneity of communities in doing so. Results show that communities are heterogeneous with respect to vulnerabilities, motivations, and capacities. DO programs must address these differences to achieve perception and behavior changes on a large scale. Participatory mapping exercises can be useful complements to expert risk assessments as they highlight local capacity and risk prioritizations, which do not always align with those determined by outside experts. While mapping is a promising tool for vulnerability analysis, the aspatial and unmappable components of vulnerability require a combination of methods across many scales and data types in order to be more holistically understood.

A presente análise procura identificar o potencial econômico com base na agropecuária dos municípios gaúchos, o que pode ter implicações para a alocação do crédito rural das instituições financeiras bem como servir de instrumento para a formulação de políticas públicas. Primeiramente, foi conceituado o termo potencial agropecuário através de uma evolução de conceitos na área de economia regional. A identificação do potencial agropecuário foi realizada através da análise fatorial e da análise de clusters que permitiram a classificação dos municípios gaúchos em grupos conforme as suas semelhanças sócio-econômicas. A partir dos resultados, constatou-se a significativa diversificação produtiva da agropecuária gaúcha. / The present analysis tries to identify the economical potential with base in the agricultural of the municipal districts gauchos, what can have implications for the allocation of the rural credit of the financial institutions as well as to serve as instrument for the formulation of public politics. Firstly, the agricultural potential term was considered through an evolution of concepts in the area of regional economy. The identification of the agricultural potential was accomplished through the factorial analysis and the clusters analysis that allowed the classification of the municipal districts gauchos in groups conforms their socioeconomic likeness. Starting from the results, the significant productive diversification of the agricultural gaucho was verified.

O estudo do relevo e sua relação com os solos que ocorrem na área de estudo no município de Canguçu/RS, objetiva promover uma análise detalhada e comparativa desses componentes naturais que condicionam o aumento ou a diminuição das potencialidades ou das limitações ao uso do solo no desenvolvimento dos sistemas de cultivo e criação. Para a realização do trabalho foram utilizadas imagens de satélite Quickbird (2008), trabalho de campo e de laboratório. O mapeamento, através da utilização do programa ArcGis com dados Aster GDEM – Global Digital Elevation Model que serviram para delimitar os compartimentos litológicos, geomorfológicos associados aos tipos de solos, resultou no mapa em escala 1:50.000. Dessa forma, nesse município, apesar dos mapeamentos anteriores identificarem apenas um compartimento geomorfológico (Planalto), pode-se subdividi-lo em relevo de Cristas e relevo de Colinas. Observa-se a ocorrência de Neossolos associados aos afloramentos rochosos e ao relevo de Cristas; Cambissolos e Argissolos localizados no relevo de Colinas e Gleissolos nas planícies próximas a rede de drenagem. Nesse sentido, identificou-se, nos resultados, que os solos localizados em relevo de Cristas sustentam, principalmente, os sistemas cultivo do fumo, do feijão e do milho que sofrem severas restrições em função da declividade, da baixa profundidade do solo, bem como, da sua pouca fertilidade. Nesse mesmo compartimento identificou-se o sistema de criação de gado bovino de leite. Já os solos localizados nas áreas de relevo de Colinas sustentam os cultivos do milho, da soja, do feijão e a citricultura, principalmente, bem como o sistema de criação de gado de corte e de leite. E o Gleissolo, que ocorre na Planície Aluvial do Rio Camaquã, sustenta o cultivo do arroz e o sistema de criação de gado de corte e leite. / The study of relief and its relation with the soils occurring in the municipality of Canguçu, Rio Grande do Sul, aims at doing a detailed and comparative analysis of those natural components that condition the rising or reduction of the potentialities or limitations to the use of soil for the development of systems of cultivation and livestock rearing. In order to carry out this research satellite images Quickbird (2008), fieldwork and laboratory tests were employed. Using the Programm ArcGis with data Aster GDEM – Global Digital Elevation Model – which served to delimitate the lithological and geomorphological compartments associated to the types of soil, the mapping of the area resulted in the 1:50.000 scale map. So, in spite of the fact that previous mappings identified only one geomorphological compartment (Plateau) in this municipality, it may be subdivided into ridge relief and hill relief. It is possible to verify the occurrence of Neosols associated to rocky outcrops and to ridge relief; Cambisols and Argisols located in the hill relief area; and Gleysols in the plains near the drainage system. In this sense, in the results it was found that the soils located in ridge relief support chiefly the farming systems of tobacco, bean and maize, which suffer hard restrictions due to declivity, to the low depth of the soil as well as to its low level of fertility. In this same compartment it was found the rearing of dairy cattle. On the other hand, the soils located in the areas of hill relief support mainly the farming of maize, soya, bean and citrus, as well as the rearing of beef and dairy cattle. As to the Gleysol, which appears in the alluvial plain of the Camaquã River, it supports rice culture and the rearing system of beef and dairy cattle.

The democratic government in South Africa has brought about several policies which were initiated for rural development, and one of the government’s strategies was to involve the agricultural sector. Farmer Support Programmes (FSPs) were developed to assist small-scale farmers to become commercial farmers. The study looked at the participation of small scale farmers in the planning and implementation of the FSPs in the Amahlathi Local Municipality. 108 small scale farmers were selected using a non-random purposive probability and twelve farmers’ organisations. Semi-structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used as the data collection tool and method respectively. The data analysis used was a descriptive analysis and a thematic analysis. The results revealed that the farmers have a positive perception towards the support programmes being helpful in their farming needs. The positive perception was especially on the extension and advisory services, dipping and vaccination programme, and the supply and funding of inputs and assets. However, the results revealed that there was no significant difference between gender and the perception of the farmers when a chi square test of association was performed. The results also revealed that the farmers and farmers’ organisations were not involved in the planning of the programmes by the government. It is therefore recommended that for the success of the FSP and for economic growth in the rural areas, the government has to avoid using a top-down approach when developing these programmes, and instead consult the farmers and the farmers’ organisations to know the specific needs of the farmers in their farming practices.

O estudo do relevo e sua relação com os solos que ocorrem na área de estudo no município de Canguçu/RS, objetiva promover uma análise detalhada e comparativa desses componentes naturais que condicionam o aumento ou a diminuição das potencialidades ou das limitações ao uso do solo no desenvolvimento dos sistemas de cultivo e criação. Para a realização do trabalho foram utilizadas imagens de satélite Quickbird (2008), trabalho de campo e de laboratório. O mapeamento, através da utilização do programa ArcGis com dados Aster GDEM – Global Digital Elevation Model que serviram para delimitar os compartimentos litológicos, geomorfológicos associados aos tipos de solos, resultou no mapa em escala 1:50.000. Dessa forma, nesse município, apesar dos mapeamentos anteriores identificarem apenas um compartimento geomorfológico (Planalto), pode-se subdividi-lo em relevo de Cristas e relevo de Colinas. Observa-se a ocorrência de Neossolos associados aos afloramentos rochosos e ao relevo de Cristas; Cambissolos e Argissolos localizados no relevo de Colinas e Gleissolos nas planícies próximas a rede de drenagem. Nesse sentido, identificou-se, nos resultados, que os solos localizados em relevo de Cristas sustentam, principalmente, os sistemas cultivo do fumo, do feijão e do milho que sofrem severas restrições em função da declividade, da baixa profundidade do solo, bem como, da sua pouca fertilidade. Nesse mesmo compartimento identificou-se o sistema de criação de gado bovino de leite. Já os solos localizados nas áreas de relevo de Colinas sustentam os cultivos do milho, da soja, do feijão e a citricultura, principalmente, bem como o sistema de criação de gado de corte e de leite. E o Gleissolo, que ocorre na Planície Aluvial do Rio Camaquã, sustenta o cultivo do arroz e o sistema de criação de gado de corte e leite. / The study of relief and its relation with the soils occurring in the municipality of Canguçu, Rio Grande do Sul, aims at doing a detailed and comparative analysis of those natural components that condition the rising or reduction of the potentialities or limitations to the use of soil for the development of systems of cultivation and livestock rearing. In order to carry out this research satellite images Quickbird (2008), fieldwork and laboratory tests were employed. Using the Programm ArcGis with data Aster GDEM – Global Digital Elevation Model – which served to delimitate the lithological and geomorphological compartments associated to the types of soil, the mapping of the area resulted in the 1:50.000 scale map. So, in spite of the fact that previous mappings identified only one geomorphological compartment (Plateau) in this municipality, it may be subdivided into ridge relief and hill relief. It is possible to verify the occurrence of Neosols associated to rocky outcrops and to ridge relief; Cambisols and Argisols located in the hill relief area; and Gleysols in the plains near the drainage system. In this sense, in the results it was found that the soils located in ridge relief support chiefly the farming systems of tobacco, bean and maize, which suffer hard restrictions due to declivity, to the low depth of the soil as well as to its low level of fertility. In this same compartment it was found the rearing of dairy cattle. On the other hand, the soils located in the areas of hill relief support mainly the farming of maize, soya, bean and citrus, as well as the rearing of beef and dairy cattle. As to the Gleysol, which appears in the alluvial plain of the Camaquã River, it supports rice culture and the rearing system of beef and dairy cattle.

A presente análise procura identificar o potencial econômico com base na agropecuária dos municípios gaúchos, o que pode ter implicações para a alocação do crédito rural das instituições financeiras bem como servir de instrumento para a formulação de políticas públicas. Primeiramente, foi conceituado o termo potencial agropecuário através de uma evolução de conceitos na área de economia regional. A identificação do potencial agropecuário foi realizada através da análise fatorial e da análise de clusters que permitiram a classificação dos municípios gaúchos em grupos conforme as suas semelhanças sócio-econômicas. A partir dos resultados, constatou-se a significativa diversificação produtiva da agropecuária gaúcha. / The present analysis tries to identify the economical potential with base in the agricultural of the municipal districts gauchos, what can have implications for the allocation of the rural credit of the financial institutions as well as to serve as instrument for the formulation of public politics. Firstly, the agricultural potential term was considered through an evolution of concepts in the area of regional economy. The identification of the agricultural potential was accomplished through the factorial analysis and the clusters analysis that allowed the classification of the municipal districts gauchos in groups conforms their socioeconomic likeness. Starting from the results, the significant productive diversification of the agricultural gaucho was verified.

A presente análise procura identificar o potencial econômico com base na agropecuária dos municípios gaúchos, o que pode ter implicações para a alocação do crédito rural das instituições financeiras bem como servir de instrumento para a formulação de políticas públicas. Primeiramente, foi conceituado o termo potencial agropecuário através de uma evolução de conceitos na área de economia regional. A identificação do potencial agropecuário foi realizada através da análise fatorial e da análise de clusters que permitiram a classificação dos municípios gaúchos em grupos conforme as suas semelhanças sócio-econômicas. A partir dos resultados, constatou-se a significativa diversificação produtiva da agropecuária gaúcha. / The present analysis tries to identify the economical potential with base in the agricultural of the municipal districts gauchos, what can have implications for the allocation of the rural credit of the financial institutions as well as to serve as instrument for the formulation of public politics. Firstly, the agricultural potential term was considered through an evolution of concepts in the area of regional economy. The identification of the agricultural potential was accomplished through the factorial analysis and the clusters analysis that allowed the classification of the municipal districts gauchos in groups conforms their socioeconomic likeness. Starting from the results, the significant productive diversification of the agricultural gaucho was verified.

O estudo do relevo e sua relação com os solos que ocorrem na área de estudo no município de Canguçu/RS, objetiva promover uma análise detalhada e comparativa desses componentes naturais que condicionam o aumento ou a diminuição das potencialidades ou das limitações ao uso do solo no desenvolvimento dos sistemas de cultivo e criação. Para a realização do trabalho foram utilizadas imagens de satélite Quickbird (2008), trabalho de campo e de laboratório. O mapeamento, através da utilização do programa ArcGis com dados Aster GDEM – Global Digital Elevation Model que serviram para delimitar os compartimentos litológicos, geomorfológicos associados aos tipos de solos, resultou no mapa em escala 1:50.000. Dessa forma, nesse município, apesar dos mapeamentos anteriores identificarem apenas um compartimento geomorfológico (Planalto), pode-se subdividi-lo em relevo de Cristas e relevo de Colinas. Observa-se a ocorrência de Neossolos associados aos afloramentos rochosos e ao relevo de Cristas; Cambissolos e Argissolos localizados no relevo de Colinas e Gleissolos nas planícies próximas a rede de drenagem. Nesse sentido, identificou-se, nos resultados, que os solos localizados em relevo de Cristas sustentam, principalmente, os sistemas cultivo do fumo, do feijão e do milho que sofrem severas restrições em função da declividade, da baixa profundidade do solo, bem como, da sua pouca fertilidade. Nesse mesmo compartimento identificou-se o sistema de criação de gado bovino de leite. Já os solos localizados nas áreas de relevo de Colinas sustentam os cultivos do milho, da soja, do feijão e a citricultura, principalmente, bem como o sistema de criação de gado de corte e de leite. E o Gleissolo, que ocorre na Planície Aluvial do Rio Camaquã, sustenta o cultivo do arroz e o sistema de criação de gado de corte e leite. / The study of relief and its relation with the soils occurring in the municipality of Canguçu, Rio Grande do Sul, aims at doing a detailed and comparative analysis of those natural components that condition the rising or reduction of the potentialities or limitations to the use of soil for the development of systems of cultivation and livestock rearing. In order to carry out this research satellite images Quickbird (2008), fieldwork and laboratory tests were employed. Using the Programm ArcGis with data Aster GDEM – Global Digital Elevation Model – which served to delimitate the lithological and geomorphological compartments associated to the types of soil, the mapping of the area resulted in the 1:50.000 scale map. So, in spite of the fact that previous mappings identified only one geomorphological compartment (Plateau) in this municipality, it may be subdivided into ridge relief and hill relief. It is possible to verify the occurrence of Neosols associated to rocky outcrops and to ridge relief; Cambisols and Argisols located in the hill relief area; and Gleysols in the plains near the drainage system. In this sense, in the results it was found that the soils located in ridge relief support chiefly the farming systems of tobacco, bean and maize, which suffer hard restrictions due to declivity, to the low depth of the soil as well as to its low level of fertility. In this same compartment it was found the rearing of dairy cattle. On the other hand, the soils located in the areas of hill relief support mainly the farming of maize, soya, bean and citrus, as well as the rearing of beef and dairy cattle. As to the Gleysol, which appears in the alluvial plain of the Camaquã River, it supports rice culture and the rearing system of beef and dairy cattle.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:52:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alciane Paiva Final.pdf: 1160141 bytes, checksum: b59080bde98653bb72fa7c074e00c0dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-28 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Agriculture familiar peasant if characterizes in general lines for small familiar enterprises managed by the proper family, and in them the family works directly, with or without aid of third, valley to say: the management is familiar and the work is predominantly familiar. We can say, also, that a familiar establishment, is at the same time, a unit of production and consumption; a unit of production and social reproduction, where above all the production is come back to a model of auto-consumes, being only one small parcel to generate income. In this model of subsistence we can designate then the culture of jute and the mauve in the City of Manacapuru in the State of Amazon. A culture that already per almost half century is important for the Amazon region, in function of its capacity of setting of the population in the field and the use of productive form in the fertile valley areas in the extension of the rivers of the State of Amazon. By being a culture of simple productivity, exactly having one high capacity of setting, its development was estagnado during this half century, intervening for local the agricultural Development/. However, exactly with this little significance, the culture will tend to be a factor local development, therefore with a current model of sustentabilidade the vegetal fiber will tend to heat its demand, therefore the synthetic fiber its current competitor will tend to be reduced, due to ambient conscience and of the decurrent pressure, given to its time of decomposition in the nature. However, this factor is not only enough, the model of productivity of the culture is very obsolete being insufficient to develop a process of local agricultural development/for agriculture familiar peasant. The work then demonstrates the current productive structure, having for base references on the organization peasant and local the agricultural development/. / A agricultura camponesa familiar se caracteriza em linhas gerais por pequenos empreendimentos familiares administrados pela própria família, e neles a família trabalha diretamente, com ou sem auxílio de terceiros, vale dizer: a gestão é familiar e o trabalho é predominantemente familiar. Podemos dizer, também, que um estabelecimento familiar, é ao mesmo tempo, uma unidade de produção e de consumo; uma unidade de produção e de reprodução social, onde acima de tudo a produção é voltada a um modelo de auto-consumo, ficando apenas uma pequena parcela para gerar renda. Nesse modelo de subsistência podemos assinalar então a cultura da juta e da malva no Município de Manacapuru no Estado do Amazonas. Uma cultura que já por quase meio século é importante para a Região Amazônica, em função de sua capacidade de fixação da população no campo e da utilização de forma produtiva nas áreas de várzeas na extensão dos rios do Estado do Amazonas. Por ser uma cultura de produtividade simples, mesmo tendo uma alta capacidade de fixação, seu desenvolvimento esteve estagnado durante esse meio século, interferindo para o Desenvolvimento rural/local. No entanto, mesmo com essa pouca significância, a cultura tenderá a ser um fator desenvolvimento local, pois com um modelo atual de sustentabilidade a fibra vegetal de juta e malva tenderá a aquecer sua demanda, pois a fibra sintética sua atual concorrente tenderá a ser reduzida, devido à consciência ambiental e da pressão decorrente, dado ao seu tempo de decomposição na natureza. Contudo, só este fator não é suficiente, o modelo de produtividade da cultura é muito obsoleto sendo insuficiente para desenvolver um processo de desenvolvimento rural/local para a agricultura camponesa familiar. O trabalho então demonstra a atual estrutura produtiva, tendo por base, referências sobre a organização camponesa e o desenvolvimento rural/local, focando sobre as principais teorias do surgimento do campesinato e o destino que essas teorias julgam sobre o camponês, individuo discutido neste trabalho. Os camponeses citados são os produtores de fibras das várzeas do município de Manacapuru, e sua hipótese do seu modo de produção esta baseado na subordinação de mercadorias simples a vontade do diversos tipos de capital.

The study determined the impact of agricultural development projects on poverty alleviation at Amajuba district municipality. Data was drawn from 100 respondents, projects were purposively selected in line with the focus of projects members and non-projects members in Dannhauser under Amajuba District municipality to access and investigate the impact of agricultural development projects on poverty alleviation. The study presents the results of assessing those that are in groups and those that are working individually on agricultural production to alleviate poverty. The data was captured using a questionnaire which was administered through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model were used to analyse and compare the level of livelihood and variables between project and non-project members. The results show that project members are more productive than non-project members. Project members had more access to funding, training, markets and extension services compared to non-members. However, the results further showed that being a project member attracts some rewards which end up improving the living standards as well as alleviates the poverty levels of farmers, whereas working as an individual limits the farmer(s) from receiving reasonable government assistance such as funding and extension services delivery. The descriptive results indicated that members of most rural households were relatively old, married, literate but unemployed. Non-project members were dependent on remittances, social grants and pension funds because the farming strategy could not meet all their household needs. However, The major crops that were grown for income and food security to maintain their livelihoods include: maize, potatoes, onions, butternut, carrots, cabbage and dry beans. Factors that had significant influences on outcomes were extension services, grants, pension and remittances, land productivity, market accessibility, output difference and livelihood. The available opportunities for project members were access to land, funding, markets, infrastructure, inputs and support services from government institutions, as well as NGO’s.