VIEIRA, Maria de Lourdes Gomes Meira. Análise das políticas compensatórias e das estratégias de sobrevivência do homem do campo, principalmente no período de seca: um estudo do caso. 2004. 96 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2004. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-17T17:44:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_mlgmvieira.pdf: 502001 bytes, checksum: 0704075912fca5d79dcb68b7b2a4f6fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-17T17:45:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_mlgmvieira.pdf: 502001 bytes, checksum: 0704075912fca5d79dcb68b7b2a4f6fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T17:45:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_mlgmvieira.pdf: 502001 bytes, checksum: 0704075912fca5d79dcb68b7b2a4f6fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / The Brazilian Northeastern region has been affected, over the centuries, by a phenomenon know as “droughts”, which assumes a great relevance from the geoclimatic, meteorological, economic, social, cultural and environmental viewpoints. Their impact are largely acknowledged as production failure, unemployment, migration, death, disease outbreaks (often more deadly than hunger itself), family disruption, buildup of city slums, water scarcity, hunger, riots, plagues and a host of wrongdoings. The overall situation is apt to bring about instances of despair, resilience and solidarity. There has been no want of measures to solve those problems (which range from the importation of camels to the construction of huge reservoirs such as the Castanhão Dam), specially since the “Great 1877-1978 Droughts”, the most severe of the 19th century, when about 5% of the Brazilian population perished. Thenceforth, the droughts turned into a problem of governmental politics that made the Northeastern region to a case of major concern, so that given the regular occurrence of that phenomenon countrymen carry on being highly vulnerable to low-pluviosity periods. Within this social context lies the Limoeiro do Norte county, enclosed in the Vale do Jaguaribe micro-region. The main objective of this work was to analyze the compensatory policies and survival strategies of countrymen during “droughts” periods. The basic material consists of a literature survey and a secondary database derived from the Arizona Project. As to the compensatory policies, the results obtained so far show there to occur a temporary relief of the starvation state of most families but without accounting for major structural changes. It was also noticeable that despite the several restrictions to prevent a countryman to be productive (lack of farmland, water and basic input economic resources), agriculture is still the main activity and source of his survival by resorting to a number of strategies through the combination of various income sources, yet the great majority still suffers from a lack of economic means for a decent living. The main outcome of this study has been the acceptance of the basic hypothesis, namely that the execution of public policies for tackling the droughts problem has failed to turn the Northeast countryside a more livable environment. The main evidence of that failure lies in the fact that the rural population continues to be historically vulnerable to the same scarcity of survival means, yet the countryman seems to be endowed with a very strong sense of adaptation that somehow enables him to endure a host of difficulties and to make the best of what is available for his welfare, specially during periods of severe droughts. / O Nordeste Brasileiro é secularmente acometido por “secas”1, fenômeno de grande importância sob os aspectos geo-climáticos, meteorológicos, econômicos, políticos, sociais, culturais e ambientais. Seus impactos são amplamente conhecidos: quebra da produção, desemprego, migração, morte, pestes epidêmicas (muitas vezes matando mais do que a própria fome), desagregação de famílias e aglomerados humanos, falta d’ água, fome, saques, flagelo e tantos outros males. São momentos de desespero, de resistência e de solidariedade. Medidas para solucionar o problema nunca faltaram (que vão desde a importação de dromedários para a região até a construção de grandes barragens como o açude Castanhão), principalmente, a partir da grande “seca” de 1877-1879, a maior do século XIX – a partir de então, a “seca” tornou-se um problema de política governamental - na qual morreram aproximadamente 5% da população brasileira, e que acabou transformando o Nordeste – até então chamado de Norte – em uma regiãoproblema. No entanto, “seca” após “seca”, o homem do campo continua sendo altamente vulnerável às estiagens. E, dentro dessa realidade, encontra-se o Município de Limoeiro do Norte, área geográfica de estudo, localizado no Estado do Ceará, na Microrregião Vale do Jaguaribe. Buscou-se, então, analisar as políticas compensatórias e as estratégias de sobrevivência do homem do campo, principalmente no período de “seca”. Foram utilizados a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e dados de natureza secundária oriundos do Projeto Arizona. Quanto às políticas compensatórias, os resultados encontrados dão conta de que os seus impactos aliviam, temporariamente, o estado de penúria em que vivem as famílias, sem contudo, proporcionar mudanças estruturais significativas. Observou-se, que apesar de inúmeras restrições que impedem o homem de produzir (falta de terra, de água e de recursos para explorar a terra), a agricultura continua sendo a principal atividade e fonte de sobrevivência. Constatou-se, que para sobreviver o homem do campo busca várias estratégias, inclusive a combinação de diversas fontes de renda, entretanto, a grande maioria encontra-se com rendas e terras insuficientes para sua manutenção adequada. Concluído o estudo, considerou como verdadeiras as hipóteses, ou seja, a implementação de políticas públicas de “combate” aos efeitos da seca não proporcionou ao homem do campo o seu convívio digno no semi-árido, pois sempre quando ela ocorre a população passa pelas mesmas vulnerabilidades e, que, apesar destas políticas não terem minimizado o sofrimento do homem do campo, o mesmo tem seus mecanismos de defesa, embora limitados, como as estratégias de sobrevivência, principalmente no período de “seca”.

O Nordeste Brasileiro à secularmente acometido por âsecasâ1, fenÃmeno de grande importÃncia sob os aspectos geo-climÃticos, meteorolÃgicos, econÃmicos, polÃticos, sociais, culturais e ambientais. Seus impactos sÃo amplamente conhecidos: quebra da produÃÃo, desemprego, migraÃÃo, morte, pestes epidÃmicas (muitas vezes matando mais do que a prÃpria fome), desagregaÃÃo de famÃlias e aglomerados humanos, falta dâ Ãgua, fome, saques, flagelo e tantos outros males. SÃo momentos de desespero, de resistÃncia e de solidariedade. Medidas para solucionar o problema nunca faltaram (que vÃo desde a importaÃÃo de dromedÃrios para a regiÃo atà a construÃÃo de grandes barragens como o aÃude CastanhÃo), principalmente, a partir da grande âsecaâ de 1877-1879, a maior do sÃculo XIX â a partir de entÃo, a âsecaâ tornou-se um problema de polÃtica governamental - na qual morreram aproximadamente 5% da populaÃÃo brasileira, e que acabou transformando o Nordeste â atà entÃo chamado de Norte â em uma regiÃoproblema. No entanto, âsecaâ apÃs âsecaâ, o homem do campo continua sendo altamente vulnerÃvel Ãs estiagens. E, dentro dessa realidade, encontra-se o MunicÃpio de Limoeiro do Norte, Ãrea geogrÃfica de estudo, localizado no Estado do CearÃ, na MicrorregiÃo Vale do Jaguaribe. Buscou-se, entÃo, analisar as polÃticas compensatÃrias e as estratÃgias de sobrevivÃncia do homem do campo, principalmente no perÃodo de âsecaâ. Foram utilizados a pesquisa bibliogrÃfica e documental e dados de natureza secundÃria oriundos do Projeto Arizona. Quanto Ãs polÃticas compensatÃrias, os resultados encontrados dÃo conta de que os seus impactos aliviam, temporariamente, o estado de penÃria em que vivem as famÃlias, sem contudo, proporcionar mudanÃas estruturais significativas. Observou-se, que apesar de inÃmeras restriÃÃes que impedem o homem de produzir (falta de terra, de Ãgua e de recursos para explorar a terra), a agricultura continua sendo a principal atividade e fonte de sobrevivÃncia. Constatou-se, que para sobreviver o homem do campo busca vÃrias estratÃgias, inclusive a combinaÃÃo de diversas fontes de renda, entretanto, a grande maioria encontra-se com rendas e terras insuficientes para sua manutenÃÃo adequada. ConcluÃdo o estudo, considerou como verdadeiras as hipÃteses, ou seja, a implementaÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas de âcombateâ aos efeitos da seca nÃo proporcionou ao homem do campo o seu convÃvio digno no semi-Ãrido, pois sempre quando ela ocorre a populaÃÃo passa pelas mesmas vulnerabilidades e, que, apesar destas polÃticas nÃo terem minimizado o sofrimento do homem do campo, o mesmo tem seus mecanismos de defesa, embora limitados, como as estratÃgias de sobrevivÃncia, principalmente no perÃodo de âsecaâ. / The Brazilian Northeastern region has been affected, over the centuries, by a phenomenon know as âdroughtsâ, which assumes a great relevance from the geoclimatic, meteorological, economic, social, cultural and environmental viewpoints. Their impact are largely acknowledged as production failure, unemployment, migration, death, disease outbreaks (often more deadly than hunger itself), family disruption, buildup of city slums, water scarcity, hunger, riots, plagues and a host of wrongdoings. The overall situation is apt to bring about instances of despair, resilience and solidarity. There has been no want of measures to solve those problems (which range from the importation of camels to the construction of huge reservoirs such as the CastanhÃo Dam), specially since the âGreat 1877-1978 Droughtsâ, the most severe of the 19th century, when about 5% of the Brazilian population perished. Thenceforth, the droughts turned into a problem of governmental politics that made the Northeastern region to a case of major concern, so that given the regular occurrence of that phenomenon countrymen carry on being highly vulnerable to low-pluviosity periods. Within this social context lies the Limoeiro do Norte county, enclosed in the Vale do Jaguaribe micro-region. The main objective of this work was to analyze the compensatory policies and survival strategies of countrymen during âdroughtsâ periods. The basic material consists of a literature survey and a secondary database derived from the Arizona Project. As to the compensatory policies, the results obtained so far show there to occur a temporary relief of the starvation state of most families but without accounting for major structural changes. It was also noticeable that despite the several restrictions to prevent a countryman to be productive (lack of farmland, water and basic input economic resources), agriculture is still the main activity and source of his survival by resorting to a number of strategies through the combination of various income sources, yet the great majority still suffers from a lack of economic means for a decent living. The main outcome of this study has been the acceptance of the basic hypothesis, namely that the execution of public policies for tackling the droughts problem has failed to turn the Northeast countryside a more livable environment. The main evidence of that failure lies in the fact that the rural population continues to be historically vulnerable to the same scarcity of survival means, yet the countryman seems to be endowed with a very strong sense of adaptation that somehow enables him to endure a host of difficulties and to make the best of what is available for his welfare, specially during periods of severe droughts. .

<p>The aim of this work is to take the first step into a development process, with the intention to find a way of making prehistoric soil fertility a variable in archaeological landscape analysis. A pilot study is performed on the Mälar basin area, where four topographical and geological factors are reclassified and then combined, resulting in a map which expresses a relative indication of agriculture potential. The map is then compared to the distribution of Migration Period graves and gold finds. This, however, does not mean that the technique is tied to a certain prehistoric period. Because the work is intrinsically experimental, the technique as a whole is finally discussed and evaluated, and suggestions of improvements and further studies are made.</p>

The aim of this work is to take the first step into a development process, with the intention to find a way of making prehistoric soil fertility a variable in archaeological landscape analysis. A pilot study is performed on the Mälar basin area, where four topographical and geological factors are reclassified and then combined, resulting in a map which expresses a relative indication of agriculture potential. The map is then compared to the distribution of Migration Period graves and gold finds. This, however, does not mean that the technique is tied to a certain prehistoric period. Because the work is intrinsically experimental, the technique as a whole is finally discussed and evaluated, and suggestions of improvements and further studies are made.