Farmworkers and their families may experience increased levels of agricultural pesticides in their homes due to both (1) take-home/soil track-in on shoes, clothes and skin, and (2) air infiltration from nearby agriculture fields via agricultural pesticide drift in the vapor phase or adhered to resuspended soil particles. This dissertation estimates the relative contributions o the take-home/soil track-in and air infiltration pathways of agricultural pesticides into homes, as well as identifies the risk factors for increased in-home agricultural pesticide levels for farmworkers and their families living near agriculture fields. Samples of outdoor air, yard soil, and house dust from 21 farmworkers' homes in Yuma County, Arizona were collected and analyzed for a suite of agricultural pesticides. To capture household information, such as behaviors, demographics, and housing structure, a participant questionnaire was administered at the time of the sampling. A pesticide transport model was developed, evaluated, and applied to quantify relative contributions of the air infiltration and the take-home/soil track-in pathways of agricultural pesticides into the house dust of the farmworkers' homes. To explore a wide-range of potential risk factors for increased agricultural pesticide levels in the homes, traditional statistical methods and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses were used. The results of this study, found that the air infiltration pathway contributes to over 90% of some agricultural pesticides in the house dust found in the farmworkers' homes. In addition, among the influential risk factors for increased in-home agricultural pesticide levels was the home being a closer distance to an agricultural field, as well as the home having carpeted floors, more farmworkers per square footage of the home, and less months of heating and cooling the home. It is suggested that future intervention efforts to reduce in-home agricultural pesticide levels put more emphasis on targeting the air infiltration pathway, and take into consideration relevant risk factors for increased pesticide levels in the home.

The thesis objectives were to a) create environmental health indicators (EHIs) of the use and risk of crop farming pesticides; b) conduct an epidemiological study of the association between the pesticide EHIs and health outcomes, in rural crop farming areas of Manitoba. Pesticide indicators included the average annualized percent of Census Consolidated Subdivision land acreage where any pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides were applied as well as an indicator of pesticide risk. In multilevel models, the use of insecticides was significantly associated with perinatal conditions (males: OR=1.08, p=0.005; females: OR=1.07, p=0.01), congenital anomalies in males (OR=1.04, p=0.04), and eye disorders (males: OR=1.03, p<0.001; females: OR=1.02, p=0.012). Eye disorders in males were also significantly associated with the use of any pesticide (OR=1.001, p<0.001) and pesticide risk (OR=1.06, p<0.001). Regular pesticide use in crop farming, especially insecticides, may be adversely affecting the health of the rural residents of Southern Manitoba.

The thesis objectives were to a) create environmental health indicators (EHIs) of the use and risk of crop farming pesticides; b) conduct an epidemiological study of the association between the pesticide EHIs and health outcomes, in rural crop farming areas of Manitoba. Pesticide indicators included the average annualized percent of Census Consolidated Subdivision land acreage where any pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides were applied as well as an indicator of pesticide risk. In multilevel models, the use of insecticides was significantly associated with perinatal conditions (males: OR=1.08, p=0.005; females: OR=1.07, p=0.01), congenital anomalies in males (OR=1.04, p=0.04), and eye disorders (males: OR=1.03, p<0.001; females: OR=1.02, p=0.012). Eye disorders in males were also significantly associated with the use of any pesticide (OR=1.001, p<0.001) and pesticide risk (OR=1.06, p<0.001). Regular pesticide use in crop farming, especially insecticides, may be adversely affecting the health of the rural residents of Southern Manitoba.

Submitted by Juliana Fonseca (juliana-munefica.fonseca@dupont.com) on 2018-02-21T02:54:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MPAgro 2017_Juliana Fonseca_REVISAO FINAL_OK.docx: 382070 bytes, checksum: dc8820b3cde88b684fd7c352de49671e (MD5) / Rejected by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Juliana, Alguns ajustes a serem feitos de acordo com as normas: 1. O trabalho deve estar em PDF 2. As palavras-chave devem estar separadas por ponto e virgula 3. O trabalho estar sem paginação, por favor verificar as normas ABNT. Qualquer dúvida estou à disposição. Att, Mayara 3799/3438 on 2018-02-23T17:13:37Z (GMT) / Submitted by Juliana Fonseca (juliana-munefica.fonseca@dupont.com) on 2018-02-23T20:18:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MPAgro 2017_Juliana Fonseca_REVISAO FINAL_23022017 pdf.pdf: 376710 bytes, checksum: 31c2e1617e6c32c5d3689589edfa1abf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-02-27T17:30:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MPAgro 2017_Juliana Fonseca_REVISAO FINAL_23022017 pdf.pdf: 376710 bytes, checksum: 31c2e1617e6c32c5d3689589edfa1abf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T20:09:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MPAgro 2017_Juliana Fonseca_REVISAO FINAL_23022017 pdf.pdf: 376710 bytes, checksum: 31c2e1617e6c32c5d3689589edfa1abf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-22 / Esta dissertação busca analisar o comportamento e atuação do MAPA, ANVISA e IBAMA ao longo do processo de registro de uma nova molécula no setor de defensivos agrícolas, com o objetivo de analisar como as atuais aplicações da regulamentação tem afetado a disponibilização destes produtos aos agricultores. A pesquisa utilizou informações de variados sites (órgãos federais, associações, entidades de pesquisa, jornais agrícolas de grande circulação), bem como atas de reuniões, relatórios, planilhas e apresentações dos três órgãos federais. Os dados levantados indicaram uma tendência de aumento no tempo de registro de um novo ingrediente ativo. Esta pesquisa reforça a importância de uma discussão profunda sobre a eficiência na gestão pública e incentivo a inovação no Brasil. É possível notar que houve um grande avanço no segmento de produtos equivalentes, importantes para aumentar a oferta e competividade no setor, no entanto, percebe-se que o cenário atual pode não ser atrativo às empresas que focam em inovação devido a falta de previsibilidade no retorno de seus investimentos. / This research analyzes the behavior and performance of MAPA, ANVISA and IBAMA throughout the process of a new pesticide registration in order to evaluate how the regulation application affect the availability of new products to Brazilian farmers. The research based on information from a variety of websites (federal agencies, associations, entities and agricultural journals), as well as meetings minutes, reports, spreadsheets and presentations from the three federal agencies. The data collected indicated a trend to increase the approval timing of a new active ingredient. The data also indicated the importance of a deep discussion about efficiency in public management and incentive to innovation in Brazil. It is possible to notice that there has been a great advance in the segment of equivalent products, important to increase the supply and competitiveness to benefit growers, however, it is noteworthy that the current scenario may not be attractive to the companies that focus on innovation due to the lack of predictability in the return on investment.