yes / The paper examines patterns of post-conflict aid in a sample of 14 countries, with in-depth, qualitative analysis of seven cases (Bosnia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Mozambique and Rwanda). The study takes previous work by Paul Collier and associates in this area as a starting point, but disaggregates the data by type of aid, time intervals, and historical period. The findings significantly qualify the Collier conclusion to the effect that donors respond to a CNN-effect in a dysfunctional manner by rushing in aid soon after a peace agreement is concluded and scaling back too soon. Rather, disaggregated analysis shows that post-war aid follows several patterns and can best be understood as strategic behavior designed to promote a range of economic and political objectives. This paper also questions the related policy recommendation of the Collier research on post-conflict aid, namely that post-conflict aid should be phased in so as to maximize economic growth on the grounds that this is important to sustain peace during the first post-conflict decade. Instead, this paper finds, aid strategies that demonstrate early and firm donor commitment to the new order are more likely to stabilize peace in the short run, and aid strategies that address the underlying sources of conflict are important to sustain peace in the longer run.

The United States has viewed promoting democracy as a longstanding tenet of its foreign policy. This has manifested itself in many ways, including in its foreign aid projects. This thesis sought to better understand what the U.S. did in promoting democracy through its foreign aid. Specifically, it what the U.S. did with its democracy and governance aid to Kenya from 1993 through 2008. It reviewed the scholarly literature to identify recommended best practices and evaluate the evidence supporting the effectiveness of aid. Having determined what projects were better to support than others, I reviewed documents available from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and assessed what types of projects the U.S. supported. This thesis also reviewed other project data available from USAID to ensure a full picture of U.S. democracy and governance aid to Kenya. Additionally, this thesis reviewed additional outside assessments of Kenya to provide full context for the U.S. aid efforts there. My research identified three clear trends in U.S. aid to Kenya. First, democracy promotion was a tenet in many USAID projects even beyond those specifically intended to promote democracy. Second, USAID's projects largely conformed to the best practices of the literature. Third, there was a significant increase in aid to Kenya starting in 2001 that largely predated the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. This provides a basis for further research into the effectiveness of U.S. democracy aid to Kenya. / Master of Arts / This thesis examined how the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) promoted democracy in Kenya from 1993 through 2008. The promotion of democracy has been a standing goal of U.S. foreign policy for decades, this thesis reviewed the history of U.S. democracy promotion, discussed the theories underlying U.S. democracy promotion efforts and identified best practices from academic and other literature. Having determined best practices, this thesis then examined U.S. democracy promotion efforts in Kenya from 1993 through 2008 to assess what the U.S. did and whether it comported with the recommendations from the literature. This research identified three trends in U.S. aid to Kenya. Democracy promotion was a tenet in many USAID projects even beyond those specifically intended to promote democracy; USAID's projects largely conformed to the best practices of the literature; and there was a significant increase in aid to Kenya starting in 2001 that largely predated the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.This research provides a basis to assess USAID democracy promotion efforts in other times and countries and will enable research into the effectiveness of U.S. democracy promotion efforts in Kenya.

There is controversy about the role of human aid in the world. It has been charged that aid is harmful to its recipients. Critic, Paul Theroux said, "Dumping more money in the same old way is not only wasteful, but stupid and harmful; it is also ignoring some obvious points."1 My analysis will look at different approaches to aid specifically in the case of Swaziland. Aid' s level of effectiveness is a key concern of this paper because aid can have an effect on a country's levels of starvation, disease, education, and overall standards of living. Humanitarian aid is a crucial point for contemporary world politics.

No / The aims of the present work were to pelletize talc by extrusion-spheronization technique using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a pelletization aid and to study its performance as a neutral substrate for coating. A 32 factorial design was used to study the effect of independent variables (X1, amount of talc, and X2, MCC) on pellet properties.

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2999-01-02

<p> </p><p>Program utvärderingar utgör till stor del grunden till det formella lärandet inom Sida (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency). Utvärderingars syfte är att bistå med kunskap och Utvärderingar ska garantera att insatser är baserade på god förståelse om verkligheten i mottagarländerna. Genom att gynna organisatoriskt lärande förmodas utvärderingar bidra till biståndets effektivitet (Stefan Molund, 2004).</p><p> </p><p>Teorier om den lärande organisationen hävdar att organisationers fall beror på medlemmars tendens att förenkla och misstolka verkligheten. Medvetet eller omedvetet leder detta till att organisationens vision försvagas, medlemmars engagemang försvagas och den verklighet man sökt att förändra förblir den samma (Peter M. Senge, 1994).</p><p> </p><p>Genom att bistå sektorer som hälsa, utbildning och demokrati mm. har det svenska biståndet präglats av en objektiv eller positivistisk syn på verkligheten i utvecklingsländer. Insatser inom hälsa leder onekligen till effektivitet i fattigdomsbekämpningen.</p><p> </p><p>Min uppsats visar hur Sidas strävan efter objektivitet löper risken att försvaga organisationens vision. I de fattigaste och mest socialt komplexa utvecklingsländerna finns inte förutsättningarna[1] för objektiv utvärdering, och resultaten av en utvärdering blir ofta öppna för olika tolkningar. Trots att utvärderingarna skildrar en sann bild av verkligheten så leder detta till frustration hos handläggare. Resultatet blir att utvärderingar görs av program som handläggarna redan har god kunskap om. Mitt resultat visar att denna trend successivt försvagar Sidas vision då insatser ämnade åt att öka effektiviteten i biståndet allokeras från de ”fattigaste länderna” till länder som kommit längre i utvecklingsprocessen.</p><p>[1] De “fattigaste” utvecklingsländerna saknar de institutioner för datainsamling som krävs för objektiv utvärdering. Att skapa förutsättningarna för den kostnadseffektiva objektiva utvärderingen i utvecklingsländer är ett utvecklingsmål som vilket annat som ingår i den övergripande fattigdomsbekämpningen.</p><p> </p> / Presentation har ägt rum

糧食安全援助與非營利組織之研究 / The International Organizations the same as the non-profit organizations are aware of how much this issue matter around the world and the government from the different more vulnerable countries represent in many cases, the principal problem that difficulties the work of the non-profit sector. There is a clear need to build a new system strategy for each bloc according to their characteristics in order to apply the correct plan for ensuring the food access for all the people as equals, but there is no doubt that the income inequality is a social issue that affects every country in the world and that also bring consequences for the food security of the people in countries such as Haiti. This topic was selected for its importance worldwide, in order to analyze the type of work of the non-profit organizations in the food security sector as aid channels in Latin American and the Caribbean regions, and how their partnership with government agencies and international organizations is indispensable for the complementation of the work. And the research finding of the two cases study is about the capacity of sustainability that the farmers of the countries can reach through the aid for food security provided by the non-profit organizations, and on the other hand, the dependency that the aid provided can cause in the donors (in the case of Haiti). The potential that both regions have to improve the food security and develop the agricultural sector, but also explaining the case of the most poor countries in each region (Nicaragua and Haiti), both cases study serve to compare the different activities of the NPO and how their work affect the sustainability and development of the beneficiaries in the field of food security.

The aim of the study is to examine how well MSB (Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency) prepare the Swedish humanitarian aid workers to face stressful situations, looking at the pre- deployment preparation received. The study investigates how effective and relevant the pre- deployment preparation is in terms of building resilience against stress, according to the humanitarian aid workers’ experience. This study has been conducted with a quantitative online survey, combined with a qualitative open- ended survey. The surveys were based on research models on work-related stress and on resilience- building among humanitarian aid workers. The frameworks point out criteria needed to be fulfilled by an organization in order to build sufficient stress- resilience among humanitarian aid workers in the pre- deployment phase. The results reveal that MSB is able to fulfill most of the criteria set in accordance with the theoretical framework. The one and only criterion MSB fails in providing is an open, in- depth discussion about mental health before the aid worker is deployed. This also corresponds to the aid workers experience of not being provided with this. The aid workers’ experience reveals that resilience against stress is important, however, many seem to build resilience independently from MSB.

On April 11, 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower put into effect Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, creating a new cabinet level department within the federal government. The new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) was a consolidation of organizations dealing with national social concerns. Some of the organizations dated back to 1785 when the Congress of the Confederation first set aside public lands for schools. This paper concerns the creation and growth of the department of Health, Education and Welfare, including it's various educational programs, educational research programs, aid to higher education, federally impacted areas, and other HEW programs which affect education.

Domestic robots developed to support human beings by performing daily tasks such as cleaning should also be able to help in emergencies by finding, analysing, and assisting persons in need of first aid. Here such a robot capable of performing some useful task related to first aid is referred to as a First Aid Mobile Robot (FAMR). One challenge which to the author's knowledge has not been solved is how such a FAMR can find a fallen person's pose within an environment, recognising locations of points of interest for first aid such as the mouth, nose, chin, chest and hands on a map. To overcome the challenge, a new approach is introduced based on leveraging a robot's capabilities (multiple sensors and mobility), called AHBL. AHBL comprises four steps: Anomaly detection, Human detection, Body part recognition, and Localisation on a map. It was broken down into four steps for modularity (e.g., a different way of detecting anomalies can be slipped in without changing the other modules) and because it was not clear which step is hardest to implement. As a result of evaluating AHBL, a FAMR developed for this work was able to find the pose of a fallen person (a mannequin) in a known environment with an average success rate of 83%, and an average localisation discrepancy of 1.47cm between estimated body part locations and ground truth. The presented approach can be adapted for use in other robots and contexts, and can act as a starting point toward designing systems for autonomous robotic first aid.