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Two contrasting forms of advice for decision-makers are to either follow one’s heart (emotions) or one’s head (reason). This is a false dichotomy – but how should decision-makers combine heart and head? Decisions can be fruitfully analysed as a set of components: a decision-problem embedded within an on-going situation, with values-at-stake, possible options-with-consequences, choice, action and review. Structured decision-making models (head theories) approach this multifaceted nature of decisions by a divide-and-conquer strategy with thinking tasks provided to help decision-makers clarify the decision-problem, identify important values-at-stake, find credible options, choose the most credible option, act effectively and fairly review the outcomes of the choice. Emotions are complex and can also fruitfully be analysed as a set of components: an appraisal of a situation’s implication for the actor’s goals and values, bodily and cognitive changes, phenomenological experience and desires. Emotions can both help and hinder decision making, so wise decision-makers should neither ignore nor rely upon emotions, but instead treat emotions as fallible resources. The complex nature of emotions implies that different emotion-enabled tasks might assist decision-makers for different components of the decision. On the basis of this analysis an emotion-enabled, structured, decision-making procedure was developed and investigated by taking ten participants with decision dilemmas through the procedure. This investigation, based on repeated use of the Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design, provided some initial support for the effectiveness of the model: participants found the procedure generally helpful (p < 0.005), had increased confidence in their final choice (p < 0.005), which at follow-up they were satisfied with (p < 0.005). The use of emotions as fallible resources was also investigated through tracing emotion-enabled changes in participants’ decision making. Suggestions for further development and investigation of integrating emotions into structured approaches are offered.

Participation Abstract The aim of this diploma thesis is especially to identify the advantages and disadvantages of individual approaches to regulation of participation, to set out the main attributes of participation in the Czech criminal law, including its main deficiencies, and to present possible inspiring solutions for their elimination by presenting a different model of regulation abroad. Participation as one of the forms of criminal collaboration is approached slightly differently by each legislation. However, the legislations usually agree that the participant's actions must be punished in a certain way. Although the participant does not partake in the fulfillment of the constituent elements of the crime by its own actions, its influence on the crime itself may be significant. The reason for choosing this topic is mainly the still unresolved situation regarding the institute of participation in the Czech Criminal Code and a large amount of criticism of the current regulation. Although the Criminal Code was newly adopted in 2009 and the possibility of correcting the deficiencies of the participation was obvious, professional discussions did not take place, and in the end a regulation that to a certain extent copied the previous criticized one, was adopted. In addition to the introduction and...

This diploma thesis provides to the reader an analysis of one of the most complex institutes of substantive criminal law - participation. Its aim is to focus mainly on the current legislation of participation, but also to criticize it and to propose the changes in legislation. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the thesis consists of a total of six parts. The first part of the thesis is devoted to defining the concept participation together with concepts associated with participation. First of all, the concept criminal cooperation is defined, in which the division of participation we can find, and then the division of participation itself is discussed. The second part analyzes individual conditions and principles of participation, on which this institute is built. Accessority of participation, which is crucial for this institute, is discussed in more detail. The third part deals with individual forms of participation. Firstly the conditions of criminal liability are analyzed from the most serious form to the least serious one. For each individual form there are then discussed the specifics of the form associated. The chapter related to organizing distinguishes this from an organized group and an organized criminal group. At abetting there is the institute of agent provocateur and hiring...

It is possible for Visually Impaired people to do most jobs if they have the right training, technological assistance and emotional support. Yet it is difficult for Visually Impaired people to get employment, and also difficult to adapt to the workplace when a person becomes Visually Impaired. The purpose of the study is to explore how those who become Visually Impaired adapt to their work environment. In exploring these adaptations, the research aims to discover, firstly, if the Visually Impaired are doing the jobs they want to and how they go about doing so. Secondly, to discover which technology, equipment, support and training is helpful in aiding the VI in the workplace. Thirdly, to discover if the Visually Impaired person feels normal if physical and social barriers in the workplace are removed. And lastly, if the Visually Impaired do adapt to the workplace after they become Visually Impaired. The physical and social barriers a Visually Impaired person faces at work, the emotional adaptation that needs to be made when Visual Impairment sets in, the adaptive technology and equipment that assist the Visually Impaired at work, as well as the legislation relevant to the Visually Impaired worker are discussed. The qualitative approach is used as the method of research as the objective of the study is to understand the experience of those becoming Visually Impaired and adapting to their workplaces from within their own environments. Data was collected by means of interviews from five participants, and case studies written to describe their experiences. Comparisons were drawn to assist in analyzing the participants’ experiences. A number of assumptions were then made about Visually Impaired people, as a number of possible issues came to light that the majority of Visually Impaired people might experience in some way or other, as a result of the similarities in the experiences of the Visually Impaired participants. The following assumptions were made: The Visually Impaired do adapt to the work environment. The Visually Impaired must make certain adaptations to cope at work under their new circumstances. Adaptive technology and equipment, training and support are necessary and helpful to the Visually Impaired in the workplace. Some of the Visually Impaired participants are doing jobs they want to do, and others are not. Some Visually Impaired people feel normal and have always feel normal; others need physical and social barriers removed, to feel normal; and yet others would feel normal if they could have those things they took for granted before, back. The positive reaction of colleagues, clients and managers depends on two things: their knowledge of the Visually Impaired and the Visually Impaired person’s attitude to life and his/her impairment. Most Visually Impaired people need and can find some form of meaningful activity in their lives. Copyright 2002, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: De Kock, HC 2002, Adapting to the work environment by the recently visually impaired, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02152012-120931 / > C12/4/125/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

This thesis is concerned with the ways in which international law regulates state and individual complicity. Complicity is a derivative form of responsibility that links an accomplice to wrongdoing by a principal actor. Whenever complicity is prohibited, certain questions arise about the scope and structure of the complicity rule. To answer these questions, this thesis proposes an analytical framework in which complicity rules may be assessed, and defends a normative claim as to their optimal structure. This framework and normative claim anchor the thesis’ analysis of complicity in international law. The thesis shows that international criminal law regulates individual complicity in a comprehensive way, using the doctrines of instigation and aiding and abetting to inculpate complicit participants in international crimes. These doctrines are marked by the breadth of the complicit conduct prohibited, a standard of knowledge in the fault required of the accomplice, and an underused nexus requirement between the accomplice’s acts and the principal’s wrong. In contrast, international law’s regulation of state complicity was historically marked by an absence of complicity rules. In respect of state complicity in the wrongdoing of another state, international law now imposes both specific and general complicity obligations, the latter prohibiting states from aiding or assisting another state in the commission of any internationally wrongful act. In respect of the ways that states participate in harms caused by non-state actors, the traditional normative structure of international law, which imposed obligations only on states, foreclosed the possibility of regulating the state’s participation as a form of complicity. As that traditional normative structure has evolved, so the possibility of holding states responsible for complicity in the wrongdoing of non-state actors has emerged. More and more, both the wrongs that international actors commit, and the wrongs they help or encourage others to commit, matter.

Modern systems produce a great amount of information and cues from which human operators must take action. On one hand, these complex systems can place a high demand on an operator's cognitive load, potentially overwhelming them and causing poor performance. On the other hand, some systems utilize extensive automation to accommodate their complexity; this can cause an operator to become complacent and inattentive, which again leads to deteriorated performance (Wilson, Russell, 2003a; Wilson, Russell, 2003b). An ideal human-machine interface would be one that optimizes the functional state of the operator, preventing overload while not permitting complacency, thus resulting in improved system performance. An operator's functional state (OFS) is the momentary ability of an operator to meet task demands with their cognitive resources. A high OFS indicates that an operator is vigilant and aware, with ample cognitive resources to achieve satisfactory performance. A low OFS, however, indicates a non-optimal cognitive load, either too much or too little, resulting in sub-par system performance (Wilson, Russell, 1999). With the ability to measure and detect changes in OFS in real-time, a closed-loop system between the operator and machine could optimize OFS through the dynamic allocation of tasks. For instance, if the system detects the operator is in cognitive overload, it can automate certain tasks allowing them to better focus on salient information. Conversely, if the system detects under-vigilance, it can allocate tasks back to the manual control of the operator. In essence, this system operates to "dynamically match task demands to [an] operator's momentary cognitive state", thereby achieving optimal OFS (Wilson, Russell, 2007). This concept is termed adaptive aiding and has been the subject of much research, with recent emphasis on accurately assessing OFS in real-time. OFS is commonly measured indirectly, like using overt performance metrics on tasks; if performance is declining, a low OFS is assumed. Another indirect measure is the subjective estimate of mental workload, where an operator narrates his/her perceived functional state while performing tasks (Wilson, Russell, 2007). Unfortunately, indirect measures of OFS are often infeasible in operational settings; performance metrics are difficult to construct for highly-automated complex systems, and subjective workload estimates are often inaccurate and intrusive (Wilson, Russell, 2007; Prinzel et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2001). OFS can be more directly measured via psychophysiological signals such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculography (EOG). Current research has demonstrated these signals' ability to respond to changing cognitive load and to measure OFS (Wilson, Fisher, 1991; Wilson, Fisher, 1995; Gevins et al., 1997; Gevins et al., 1998; Byrne, Parasuraman, 1996). Moreover, psychophysiological signals are continuously available and can be obtained in a non-intrusive manner, pre-requisite for their use in operational environments. The objective of this study is to advance schemes which detect change in OFS by monitoring psychophysiological signals in real-time. Reviews on similar methods can be found in, e.g., Wilson and Russell (2003a) and Wilson and Russell (2007). Many of these methods employ pattern recognition to classify mental workload into one of several discrete categories. For instance, given an experiment with easy, medium and hard tasks, and assuming the tasks induce varying degrees of mental workload on a subject, these methods classify which task is being performed for each epoch of psychophysiological data. The most common classifiers are artificial neural networks (ANN) and multivariate statistical techniques such as stepwise discriminant analysis (SWDA). ANNs have proved especially effective at classifying OFS as they account for the non-linear and higher order relationships often present in EEG/EOG data; they routinely achieve classification accuracy greater than 80%. However, the discrete output of these classification schemes is not conducive to real-time change detection. They accurately classify OFS, but they do not indicate when OFS has changed; the change points remain ambiguous and left to subjective interpretation. Thus, the present study introduces several online algorithms which objectively determine change in OFS via real-time psychophysiological signals. The following chapters describe the dataset evaluated, discuss the statistical properties of psychophysiological signals, and detail various algorithms which utilize these signals to detect real-time changes in OFS. The results of the algorithms are presented along with a discussion. Finally, the study is concluded with a comparison of each method and recommendations for future application.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1953. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-141).

Assisted suicide in the perspective of the Czech criminal law and a comparison with the common law Abstract The strict prohibition on assisted suicide does not reach full acceptance among the members of the Czech society, regardless of their professional or non-professional background, similarly as it did not reach full acceptance in some of the common law countries, which consequently departed or are soon to depart from this regulatory conception. The objective of the two so far proposed Czech bills was identical, however, owing to the lack of clarity and detail, which certainly did not amount to the seriousness of the issue they aimed to regulate, none of them was successful. Hence, the legislative works were recommenced last year and resulted in the third bill, which claimed to be much more elaborative on the key issues and accordingly precise in the usage of language. Although the bill has not been introduced yet, the assumptions based not only on the territorial proximity are, that its prime source of inspiration resided mostly in the permissive regulatory attitude towards assisted suicide (or voluntary, active and intentional, euthanasia) as implemented in the European countries. However, notwithstanding the utter differences in the conception of the common law legal system, especially for such...

Nous cherchons à équiper un processus d’aide à la décision d’outils permettantde répondre aux exigences de redevabilité. Un décideur fournit de l’information quant à ses préférences au sujet de la façon d’arbitrer entre des points de vue conflictuels. Un analyste, chargé d’éclairer la prise de décision, fait l’hypothèse d’un modèle de raisonnement, et l’ajuste aux informations fournies par le décideur. Nous faisons l’hypothèse d’un processus d’élicitation robuste, dont les recommandations sont déduites des éléments dialectiques. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à la résolution d’un problème inverse concernant le modèle, ainsi qu’à la production d’explications, si possible correctes, complètes, facile à calculer et à comprendre. Nous avons considéré deux formes de représentation du raisonnement: l’une ayant trait à la comparaison de paires d’alternatives fondée sur un modèle de valeur additive, l’autre ayant trait au tri des alternatives dans des catégories ordonnées fondé sur un raisonnement non-compensatoire. / We consider providing a decision aiding process with tools aiming at complying to the demands of accountability. Decision makers, seeking support, provide preference information in the form of reference cases, that illustrates their views on the way of taking into account conflicting points of view. The analyst, who provides the support, assumes a generic representation of the reasoning with preferences, and fits the aggregation procedure to the preference information. We assume a robust elicitation process, where the recommendations stemming from the fitted procedure can be deduced from dialectical elements. Therefore, we are interested in solving an inverse problem concerning the model, and in deriving explanations, if possible sound, complete, easy to compute and to understand. We address two distinct forms of reasoning: one aimed at comparing pairs of alternatives with an additive value model, the other aimed at sorting alternatives into ordered categories with a noncompensatory model.