In highly autonomous robotic systems, human operators are able to attend to their own, separate tasks, but robots still need occasional human intervention. In this scenario, it may be difficult for human operators to determine the status of the system and environment when called upon to aid the robot. The resulting lack of situation awareness (SA) is a problem common to other automated systems, and it can lead to poor performance and compromised safety. Existing research on this problem suggested that reliable automation of information processing, called diagnostic aiding, leads to better operator SA. The effects of unreliable diagnostic aiding, however, were not well understood. These effects are likely to depend on the ability of the operator to perform the task unaided. That is, under conditions in which the operator can reconcile their own sensing with that of the robot, the influence of unreliable diagnostic aiding may be more pronounced. When the robot is the only source of information for a task, these effects may be weaker or may reverse direction. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if SA is differentially affected by unreliability at different levels of unaided human performance and at different stages of diagnostic aiding. This was accomplished by experimentally manipulating the stage of diagnostic aiding, robot reliability, and the ability of the operator to build SA unaided. Results indicated that while reliable diagnostic aiding is generally useful, unreliable diagnostic aiding has effects that depend on the amount of information available to operators in the environment. This research improves understanding of how robots can support operator SA and can guide the development of future robots so that humans are most likely to use them effectively.

For receivers using the Global Positioning System (GPS), it is standard procedure to treat the receiver clock bias from GPS time as an unknown. This requires four range measurements to the satellites in order to solve for three dimensional position and clock offset. If the receiver clock could be synchronized with GPS time, the extra range measurement would not be necessary. To achieve this synchronization, a stable frequency reference must be incorporated into the GPS user set. This concept is known as clock aiding or clock augmentation of GPS receivers. Clock augmentation increases the availability of the navigation function because only three GPS satellites are required. Also, it is shown that clock augmentation improves vertical accuracy by reducing the vertical dilution of precision (VDOP), which is a unitless multiplier that translates range measurement error into vertical position error. This improvement in vertical accuracy is particularly beneficial for applications involving final approach and landing of aircraft using GPS, because GPS typically provides better horizontal accuracy than vertical accuracy. The benefits of atomic clock augmentation are limited by factors that cause a loss of synchronization either between the receiver and GPS time, or between ground station and airborne receivers processing GPS data in differential mode (DGPS). Among the error sources that cause a clock offset are antenna rotation, hardware drifts due to temperature variations, and relativistic effects for GPS receivers on moving platforms. Antenna rotation and temperature effects are addressed and supported by experimental data. It is shown that two particular relativity terms thought to be missing from GPS receiver algorithms are not evident in data collected during a flight test experiment. Upon addressing the error sources, the dissertation concludes with analysis of DGPS data collected during a flight test at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Tech Center in Atlantic City, during which external rubidium oscillators were used by airborne (Boeing 757-B) and ground station GPS receivers. A new method of clock modeling is introduced, and this clock model is used to demonstrate the improvement in vertical accuracy, as well as three-satellite navigation. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Les travaux de recherche menés dans cette thèse s’inscrivent dans deux champs disciplinaires que sont l’évaluation du confort et l’aide multicritère à la décision.L’objectif de la thèse est de construire un modèle pour évaluer des trains sur le point de vue du confort tel qu’il est perçu par les voyageurs. L’approche utilisée pour cela repose sur trois étapes principales de construction d’un modèle d’aide multicritère à la décision. La première consiste à définir et à formaliser les critères de confort du problème. Dans la deuxième étape, il s’agit de construire les échelles afin de pouvoir évaluer les trains sur chaque critère de confort considéré.La troisième étape consiste à agréger les critères de confort en utilisant des méthodes d’agrégation multicritère. Cette étape nécessite l’élicitation des préférences des décideurs afin de mettre en oeuvre les méthodes d’agrégation.Notre contribution est de formaliser une approche pour la construction d’un modèle d’évaluation du confort dans les trains. Cette approche peut être appliquée à d’autres problématiques que l’évaluation du confort. Elle présente deux particularités principales. La première est d’intégrer dans la construction du modèle des facteurs importants traduisant la perception du confort. Nous avons choisi pour cela un modèle hiérarchique comportant plusieurs niveaux. La deuxième particularité de l’approche est d’utiliser des méthodes d’agrégation pouvant être différentes d’un noeud à un autre du modèle. Elle présente également d’autres aspects plus spécifiques, notamment lors de l’élicitation des préférences où nous construisons des exemples d’apprentissage informatifs pour accélérer le processus d’élicitation / This PhD thesis falls within two scientific areas, which are comfort evaluation and multiple criteria decision aiding. The main purpose is to develop a model in order to evaluate trains on the comfort point of view, as percieved by passengers. The developed approach is based on three main steps of developing a multiple criteria decision aiding model. The first one consists on defining and formalizing the criteria of comfort. In the second step, the scales of each considered criterion must be built in order to evaluate the trains on these last. The third step aims at aggregating the criteria, using multiple criteria aggregation methods, in order to obtain an overall comfort evaluation of trains. For this purpose, the decision maker’s preferences must be elicited

Assessment of the myriad of historic attempts to manage and/or restore degraded drylands offers a rich opportunity to learn from the past, particularly if conducted with full stakeholder engagement. Participatory environmental assessment of past land management and restoration actions would contribute to the improvement of future management techniques in a way relevant to the concerns of people involved with or impacted by these actions. This can also help to deal with the often scant information available, conflicting values and perceptions among stakeholders, and the uncertainties inherent to complex dryland systems. In this study I applied and evaluated a participatory protocol that incorporated multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tools to assess five actions in the San Simon watershed, one of the most extreme examples of degradation and human intervention in southeastern Arizona (U.S.). The participatory assessment process included a semi-structured interview, elicitation of local-based assessment criteria, prioritization of the assessment criteria, estimation of data, a MCDA-based integration and group evaluation of final results. The process was used to evaluate five combinations of grazing management, vegetation management and hydraulic structures implemented between the 1940s and 1980s. The application of this process allowed me to not only evaluate these actions in a participatory way, but also to identify and compare values and perceptions connected to the historic, cultural and scientific narratives used by three different categories of stakeholders (researchers, practitioners and land users). The revised Simos' procedure used to elicit assessment criteria weights proved useful to expose values and perceptions, source of the individual criteria priorities, while revealing conflictive points of views among the stakeholders. The outranking-facilitated participatory assessment, when compared to the unaided baseline assessment, proved useful in making stakeholder preferences explicit in the form of evaluation criteria and weights, while incorporating data and uncertainty. The specific MCDA outranking integration model used, ELECTRE IS, proved to be simple and systematically synthetic, helping stakeholders structure and re-evaluate their unaided assessments. The results of this study provide insights in how stakeholders' knowledge and views can be elicited, explored and effectively incorporated to assess and learn from past land management and restoration actions implemented in drylands.

Cette thèse s'appuie sur deux axes. L'un appliqué traite de la création d'un indicateur dont le but est d'évaluer la gravité attendue des conséquences d'un scénario de pollution accidentelle. J'ai choisi d'utiliser des outils méthodologiques appartenant au domaine de l'aide multi-critères à la décision pour traiter ce premier sujet. Ce problème impliquant plusieurs disciplines scientifiques, j'ai choisi de le diviser en plusieurs sous-problèmes à travers une arborescence de critères. J'ai également impliqué plusieurs experts, notamment en toxicologie et en écologie afin de mieux prendre en compte les aspects liés à ces deux disciplines dans la création de cet indicateur.L'étude des méthodes de tri multicritère effectuée lors des recherches sur le premier axe m'a amené à en proposer une nouvelle que j'ai nommé algorithme du Dominance Based Monte Carlo (DBMC). Cet algorithme a comme particularités de n'être pas fondé sur un modèle et de fonctionner de manière stochastique. Nous avons étudié ses propriétés théoriques, en particulier nous avons démontré qu'en dépit de sa nature stochastique, le résultat de l'algorithme Dominance Based Monte Carlo converge presque sûrement. Nous avons également étudié son comportement et ses performances pratiques à travers un test nommé k-fold cross validation et les avons comparés aux performances d'autres algorithmes d'élicitation des préférences pour le tri multi-critères. / This thesis is based on two main axes. The first one deals with the creation of an indicator that aims at evaluating the expected severity of the consequences of a scenario of accidental pollution. In order to create this methodology ofevaluation, I chose to use methodological tools from multi-criteria decision aiding. So as to deal with the complexity of this problem, i decided to split it into several sub-problems using a hierarchy of criteria, being mainly inspired by the "value focused thinking approach". In this work, I interacted with several experts in toxicology and in ecology in order to betterdeal with every aspect of this problem.While studying several elicitation methods for the multi-criteria sorting problem, I proposed a new one that I named Dominance Based Monte Carlo algorithm (DBMC), which brings me to the secons axis of this thesis. This elicitation algorithm has two main specificities: being model free and a stochastic functionning. In this thesis, we study its theoretical properties. In particular, we prove that despite its stochastic nature, the result of the Dominance Based Monte Carlo algorithm converges almost surely. We also study its practical performances through a test named k-fold validation and we compared these performances to those of other elicitation algorithms for the sorting problem.

Sous nos latitudes, l’usage des bâtiments existants et les consommations énergétiques associées (chauffage, climatisation, ventilation, eau chaude sanitaire, éclairage et autres usages) sont responsables d’impacts considérables sur l’Environnement. De plus, le renouvellement du parc existant étant inférieur à 1% par an, dans la plupart des pays développés, la réhabilitation des bâtiments constitue un levier majeur de réduction des consommations d’énergie et des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Cependant, l’identification de stratégies optimales de réhabilitation énergétique, incluant la planification des actions dans le temps, demeure une problématique complexe pour les acteurs de la Construction. Ces travaux de thèse visent à produire des connaissances afin de contribuer à l’aide à la décision pour l’identification de programmes efficaces de réhabilitation énergétique, à partir de méthodes d’optimisation multicritères. Les solutions (programmes séquentiels de réhabilitation énergétique) sont optimisées en termes de composition et de phasage. La composition est définie par la combinaison de mesures de réhabilitation mise en oeuvre. Celles-ci concernent l’enveloppe des bâtiments (isolation thermique, remplacement des fenêtres, surfaces de fenêtres) et le remplacement des équipements de chauffage, ventilation et production d’ECS. Pour chacune des mesures, plusieurs alternatives sont envisagées. Le phasage correspond à la permutation de ces mesures, définissant la séquence de mise en oeuvre. Les solutions sont évaluées sur une base multicritère et sur le cycle de vie. Les fonctions objectifs ciblent les impacts environnementaux de l’ACV (Analyse de Cycle de Vie), des indicateurs économiques, le bien-être des occupants par le confort thermique adaptatif en été. Des modèles d’ACV et d’analyse du coût du cycle de vie, utilisant la simulation thermique dynamique pour le calcul des besoins de chauffage et des températures intérieures, ont été développés pour l’évaluation des performances des solutions. Etant donnée la nature mathématique du problème (multicritère, combinatoire, à variables discrètes et à fonctions objectifs implicites non-linéaires), deux méthodes d’optimisation multicritères sont étudiées : les algorithmes génétiques (NSGA II) et la programmation dynamique. Dans l’approche génétique, la modélisation des solutions, sous la forme d’un couple de chromosomes, permet d’identifier des programmes séquentiels efficaces de réhabilitation énergétique et d’analyser les surfaces de compromis, en termes de définition et performances des solutions, de compromis entre les critères de décision. A partir de la représentation du problème par un graphe séquentiel, la programmation dynamique permet alors de comparer les solutions approchées issues de l’algorithme génétique, ou d’approches court-termistes, au front de Pareto exact. L’optimisation exacte a également été exploitée pour analyser la sensibilité des solutions à différents paramètres de modélisation dont le comportement des occupants, l’évolution des prix de l’énergie, la durée de vie des composants de réhabilitation. Les contraintes budgétaires s’appliquant au projet de réhabilitation ont été ensuite intégrées dans un algorithme génétique multicritère sous contraintes, adapté à l’étude des stratégies de réhabilitation sous la contrainte d’un plan de financement. Enfin, l’approche génétique a été étendue depuis l’échelle du bâtiment à celle du par cet l’optimisation exacte a été utilisée pour caractériser les typologies de bâtiment en réhabilitation. L’intérêt des différentes méthodes est illustré sur une étude de cas (…) / Under our latitudes, existing buildings energy consumptions, related to heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water (DHW), lighting and other uses, are responsible for significant environmental burdens. Moreover, existing buildings annual replacement rate being lower than 1%, in most developed countries, existing stock retrofit represents a major lever to reach commitments on climate change and non-renewable energy consumption mitigation. However, the identification of optimal sustainable retrofit programs, including actions planning over a time period, is still a difficult task for professionals.This thesis aims at producing knowledge in order to contribute to decision support for efficient energy retrofit programs identification, through the application of different multi-criteria optimization techniques. The solutions (sequential building energy retrofit programs) are optimized both on their content and planning. The content refers to the combination of retrofit measures considered. These address holistically building envelopes (thermal insulation, windows replacement, window to wall ratios), and the replacement of equipment for ventilation, heating and DHW production. For each of these measures, various options are considered. The planning corresponds to the permutation of these measures, defining a time sequence for implementation. The solutions are evaluated on a multi-criteria and life cycle basis. The objective functions considered target environmental impacts evaluated using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), some financial indicators and occupants' well-being through thermal comfort in summer. Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost models, using building dynamic thermal simulation for heating load and thermal comfort evaluation, are implemented to assess solutions performances.Considering the problem mathematical nature (multi-criteria, combinatorial, discrete variables, implicit non-linear objective functions), two suitable multi-criteria optimization techniques have been studied: multi-criteria genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and dynamic programming. In the genetic approach, the modelling of each solution by a pair of chromosomes allowed to identify efficient sequential energy retrofit programs and analyse Pareto compromise surfaces, in terms of solutions features, performances and relationships in between criteria. Then, the representation of the problem on a sequential graph enabled us to apply dynamic programming, to compare both the genetic approximate solutions, and the results of some short- term approaches to the exact Pareto frontier. The search for exact solutions also been exploited to perform sensitivity analysis on different modelling parameters such as heating temperature setting, energy prices evolution or materials lifespan. Real life budget constraints have been incorporated to build a constrained multi-criteria genetic optimisation method, suitable to study retrofit strategies under financing plans. At the end, the genetic approach has been extended from building scale to stock scale and exact optimization has been used to characterize building types in terms of energy retrofit.The benefits of these methods have been illustrated on case studies. Knowledge has been produced in terms of multi criteria optimization methodology, applied to sequential energy retrofit, and understanding of building stocks evolution. These developments contribute to decision aiding; providing decision makers with efficient energy retrofit strategies and a description of the comprise surface, at the building or building stock scale, on a multi- criteria basis, over life cycle

La prise en compte accrue de l’environnement et des nuisances dues à l’usage massif de l’automobile influence les politiques de mobilité des agglomérations françaises. De plus en plus, celles-ci se dotent d’un réseau de transport en commun en site propre ; l’idée est de rendre les transports collectifs plus attractifs pour les usagers et donc plus compétitifs par rapport à la voiture particulière. Pour toutes ces villes se pose alors la question de l’insertion de ces lignes de transport en commun à deux échelles spatiales : au niveau de la ville avec la détermination du tracé de la ligne de transport et au niveau de la voirie avec la position du site propre au sein de l’espace public et la répartition des autres usagers au sein de cet espace. Les projets de transport suscitent de l’intérêt de la part de la population locale et nombreux sont les acteurs qui souhaitent y participer. La multiplicité des acteurs concernés par le projet, et surtout la différence de points de vue qu’ils défendent, peuvent alors engendrer des blocages dans le déroulement du projet, allant parfois jusqu’à sa suspension. L’objectif de notre recherche est d’élaborer un processus permettant de déterminer d'une part le tracé de la ligne de transport et d'autre part l’implantation de la plateforme de transport et la répartition des usagers au sein de l’espace public. Ce processus doit prendre en compte les aspects liés au transport, ceux liés à l’urbanisme de l’agglomération ainsi que les points de vue des différents acteurs. La méthodologie alors développée repose sur l’utilisation de la méthode d’aide multicritère à la décision ELECTRE III comme support de la concertation. À partir de l’analyse historique des projets de transport qui se sont déroulés en France, les critères permettant de choisir l’implantation du tracé de la ligne et la répartition des différents usagers de l’espace public ont été déterminés. Dès lors, l’utilisation d’ELECTRE III constitue un support de débats avec les différents acteurs pour mettre en exergue les éléments du projet sur lesquels les points de vue divergent. Pour animer ces débats, un nouvel acteur, le facilitateur, est introduit au sein des projets de transport. À partir des recommandations issues de la phase de concertation, les élus, véritables décideurs du projet, peuvent prendre les mesures qui s’imposent, notamment en termes de communication, afin que le projet subisse le moins de retard possible et aboutisse à une variante acceptée par le plus grand nombre d’acteurs / Taking into account the environmental aspects and the nuisances due to the massive use of private cars use has an influence on the French agglomerations mobility policies. More and more, these agglomerations develop their own public transport network; the idea is to make public transport more attractive for the users than today and therefore more competitive than private cars. For all cities, the question of the public transport lines implementation is posed at two levels: that of the city to determinate the public transport layout and that of the street in order to choose the position of the transport platform and the distribution of users in the public space. Public transport projects arouse the interest from the local population, and a lot of stakeholders are thus encouraged to participate in them. The multiplicity of stakeholders concerned by the project, and especially the different points of view they defend, can also block the project progress, even leading to its end. Our research is aimed to develop a process to determine, on the one hand, the public transport line layout and on the other, the platform implementation and the public space users distribution. This process has to take into account the aspects linked to transport, those connected to the agglomeration urban design and the different stakeholders’ points of view. The methodology we have created is based on the use of ELECTRE III, a multicriteria decision aiding tool, as a support for "concertation"¹. From the historical analysis of the French public transport projects, the criteria used to choose the line layout and the public space users distribution have been determined. Then, the use of ELECTRE III is a support for the debates with the various stakeholders, to highlight the parts of the projects that are problematic because the different viewpoints are divergent. To conduct the debates, a new actor, the facilitator, is introduced in the transport project. From the recommendations stemmed from the concertation stage, the elected representatives, the real project decision makers, can take the necessary steps, notably in terms of communication, so that the project suffers from as fewer delays as possible and attains the acceptance of most stakeholders ¹ The French word “concertation” does not have any real equivalent in English. It designates a participative decision-making process in which the various stakeholders are able to express their point of view and have it taken into account in the decision-making process

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-11T12:41:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VICTOR VIDAL NEGREIROS BEZERRA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PROFIAP-CCJS) 2016.pdf: 3966281 bytes, checksum: 545852b43a64e3cdd977c00aa9db9066 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T12:41:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VICTOR VIDAL NEGREIROS BEZERRA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PROFIAP-CCJS) 2016.pdf: 3966281 bytes, checksum: 545852b43a64e3cdd977c00aa9db9066 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-19 / A avaliação de desempenho no contexto municipal tem se apresentado como uma importante ferramenta para o desenvolvimento e melhoria da gestão pública nesse nível federativo. Apesar disso, as avaliações do desempenho municipal têm se fundamentado em metodologias onde somente poucos critérios avaliativos são considerados e processados. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo buscou cooperar no desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de avalições de desempenho municipal através das técnicas multicritério de apoio a decisão. Tomando como base os indicadores de gasto per capita nas 28 funções de governo, este estudo teve como objetivo aplicar uma metodologia multicritério de avaliação de desempenho para medir a performance de 12 municípios do estado da Paraíba. Através da aplicação do método multicritério PROMETHEE II, foi possível identificar a aplicabilidade desse tipo de metodologia no contexto da avaliação de desempenho de municípios. A análise estatística dos dados obtidos para os anos de 2014 e 2015 mostram que algumas áreas de atuação governamental, a exemplo de Saneamento, Segurança Pública e Gestão Ambiental tem recebido menor ênfase na aplicação de recursos públicos, enquanto que áreas como Administração, Saúde e Educação tem recebido maior destaque na alocação desses recursos. Já na aplicação do método multicritério PROMETHEE II, foi possível identificar rankings de desempenho capazes de verificar e comparar de forma global a performance dos municípios estudados. / The performance measurement in the municipal context has emerged as an important tool for the development and improvement of public administration in a federal level. Nevertheless, assessments of municipal performance have been based on methodologies where only a few evaluative criteria are considered and processed. In this sense, this study sought to cooperate in the development and improvement of municipal performance measurement through Multi-Criteria Decision Aiding Techniques. Based on the per capita spending indicators in 28 functions of government, this study aimed to apply a multi-criteria methodology of performance evaluation to measure the performance of 12 municipalities in the state of Paraiba. By applying the multi-criteria method PROMETHEE II, it was possible to identify the applicability of this type of methodology in assessing the performance of municipalities. The statistical analysis of the data for the years 2014 and 2015 show that some areas of government action, such as Sanitation, Public Safety and Environmental Management have received less emphasis in the use of public funds, while areas such as administration, health and education have received the most attention in the allocation of these resources. In the application of the multi-criteria method PROMETHEE II, it was possible to identify performance rankings that were able to check and compare globally the performance of the studied municipalities.

Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2016-10-07T19:57:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disssert Leandro Peçanha de Souza.pdf: 11466487 bytes, checksum: 099df51af11e59887ad31dab009228a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-01-26T12:26:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disssert Leandro Peçanha de Souza.pdf: 11466487 bytes, checksum: 099df51af11e59887ad31dab009228a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T12:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disssert Leandro Peçanha de Souza.pdf: 11466487 bytes, checksum: 099df51af11e59887ad31dab009228a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-05 / A alta concorrência e a necessidade crescente de melhores resultados com recursos cada vez mais reduzidos impõem que as empresas selecionem e invistam em projetos que tenham maior potencial para gerar vantagem competitiva. O Comitê de TI (Tecnologia da Informação) é uma das estruturas de Governança de TI mais elementares e utilizadas nas organizações para potencializar o desempenho da TI, sendo que uma das suas principais atribuições consiste em priorizar os projetos de TI. Definir com clareza um portfólio alinhado aos objetivos estratégicos, não levando em conta somente fatores financeiros ou exclusivamente técnicos, é um problema de decisão multicritério complexo. Este estudo pretende demonstrar a utilização de uma metodologia de Apoio Multicritério à Decisão (AMD) através da aplicação de um método híbrido composto pelo AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) e TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), que permitirá ordenar (ranking) os projetos de investimento do portfólio da TI / The high competition and growing need for the best results with increasingly limited resources require companies to select and invest in projects that have the greatest potential to create a competitive advantage. The IT Committee (Information Technology) is one of the most basic IT Governance structures and is used in organizations to enhance IT performance, since one of its main attributes is prioritizing IT projects. Clearly defining a portfolio aligned to strategic objectives, taking into account not only financial or purely technical factors, is a complex multi-criteria problem for decision-making. This study aims to demonstrate the use of a Multi-criteria Decision Aid (MCDA) methodology, by applying a hybrid method composed of the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), which will allow for sorting (ranking) IT portfolio investment projects