Plant nematodes belong to a large group of invertebrates known as round worms, They derive their name from the Greek word "nema," meaning thread. In literature some authors refer to nematodes as nemas. In England and many parts of the United States, plant-parasitic nematodes are called eelworms. While some damage to plants results from mechanical injury, salivary secretions injected by the nematode into the plant are usually the major cause of damage. Experiments conducted in the first part of the present century have demonstrated large differences in plant growth in soil infested with nematodes and soil freed of nematodes by chemicals. Any plant subjected to nematode attack is reduced in growth. The most important nematode which attacks and retards the growth of alfalfa in Utah is the stem nematode. This parasite has been reported in most of the major alfalfa-producing counties of the state. In certain areas the nematode is prevalent to such a degree that only resistant varieties can be grown if the crop is to remain for more than two or three years. In other areas stands and yields are reduced in varying degrees. In many additional areas it is not known if the stem nematode is present, since a complete survey of the state has never been made. The objectives of this investigation were to determine the distribution of the stem nematode of alfalfa through a complete survey of the state. The physical factors of the plant and soil which may be correlated with the presence of the nematode were likewise surveyed.

No description available.

No description available.

Acid soils limit the growth of aluminum-(Al) sensitive crops such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Management of acid subsoils can be difficult due to physical and economic constraints. Field experiments were conducted at two locations to evaluate the effectiveness of surface-applied gypsum and a flue gas desulfurization by-product for reducing the toxic effects of acid subsoils on alfalfa. The materials were applied at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha-1. In addition, a glasshouse experiment was conducted that used 0, 5, and 10 Mg ha-1 of gypsum only. Field studies were concluded 41 and 45 months after treatment application at the two locations. No effect of material on alfalfa yield or tissue mineral concentration was observed. Also, rate did not affect yield. However, there were differences in plant tissue mineral concentration in several harvests that were related to rate. Soil was sampled periodically to 120 cm and indicated movement of Ca and S into the soil profile to depths of 60 and 120 cm, respectively. Subsoil pHH2O and pHCaCl2 were not affected by treatment. Extractable and exchangeable Al were not reduced by movement of Ca and S into the soil. In the glasshouse study, alfalfa yields and root growth were not affected by gypsum rate. As gypsum rate increased, plant tissue S increased, but K and Mg decreased. Alfalfa roots did not grow below 60 cm, even though there was indication of material movement to 90 cm in the soil. Although sulfur moved to 75 cm, no effect on soil Al was observed. Leachate collected from the bottoms of columns indicated that soil cations were leached as a result of gypsum application. Gypsum and the flue gas desulfurization by-product did not significantly affect the acid soils used in these studies or improve alfalfa growth.

Debido a sus características particulares fenotípicas y taxonómicas, los rizobios tipo Oregon han atraído la atención de los rizobiólogos desde su aislamiento original por Eardly et al. (1985) en Oregon, USA. Estos rizobios son tolerantes a la acidez, tienen un rango de hospedadores amplio (nodulan varias leguminosas), son muy competitivos para la nodulación de alfalfa en suelos ácidos y son ineficientes para la fijación de nitrógeno en asociación con la alfalfa. Todos estos factores señalan a este grupo de rizobios como un potencial factor de riesgo en los suelos agrícolas en los que coexisten y compiten con E. meliloti, el simbionte eficiente de alfalfa. Nueva información sobre la genética y fisiología de las bacterias tipo Oregon es necesaria para desarrollar mejores estrategias y herramientas (moleculares) para su detección, para comprender de modo más acabado su ecología en suelos de cultivo, y para minimizar los impactos sobre la simbiosis eficiente entre alfalfa y E. meliloti. Objetivos Generales: Abordar estudios genómicos y caracterizar funcionalmente a los rizobios tipo Oregon, noduladores de alfalfa y otras leguminosas, tolerantes a la acidez e ineficientes en la fijación biológica de nitrógeno. Objetivos Específicos: - Obtener el genoma completo de la cepa Rhizobium sp. LPU83, como el representante mejor caracterizado de los rizobios tipo Oregon. - Realizar el análisis funcional in silico del nuevo genoma y evaluar, comparativamente, marcadores cromosomales y plasmídicos respecto de sus homólogos en otros rizobios con el fin de establecer relaciones funcionales y filogenéticas con otras rizobacterias. - Analizar la información contenida en plásmidos, y su transmisibilidad por vía conjugativa. - Determinar la estructura de los factores de nodulación de las rizobios tipo Oregon como determinantes de especificidad para la nodulación de alfalfa. Explorar las relaciones estructurales de los factores de nodulación con los de otros rizobios, especialmente los noduladores de Medicago spp. y Phaseolus vulgaris.

Graduation date: 1992

Acid soils limit the growth of aluminum-(Al) sensitive crops such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Management of acid subsoils can be difficult due to physical and economic constraints. Field experiments were conducted at two locations to evaluate the effectiveness of surface-applied gypsum and a flue gas desulfurization by-product for reducing the toxic effects of acid subsoils on alfalfa. The materials were applied at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha-1. In addition, a glasshouse experiment was conducted that used 0, 5, and 10 Mg ha-1 of gypsum only. Field studies were concluded 41 and 45 months after treatment application at the two locations. No effect of material on alfalfa yield or tissue mineral concentration was observed. Also, rate did not affect yield. However, there were differences in plant tissue mineral concentration in several harvests that were related to rate. Soil was sampled periodically to 120 cm and indicated movement of Ca and S into the soil profile to depths of 60 and 120 cm, respectively. Subsoil pHH2O and pHCaCl2 were not affected by treatment. Extractable and exchangeable Al were not reduced by movement of Ca and S into the soil. In the glasshouse study, alfalfa yields and root growth were not affected by gypsum rate. As gypsum rate increased, plant tissue S increased, but K and Mg decreased. Alfalfa roots did not grow below 60 cm, even though there was indication of material movement to 90 cm in the soil. Although sulfur moved to 75 cm, no effect on soil Al was observed. Leachate collected from the bottoms of columns indicated that soil cations were leached as a result of gypsum application. Gypsum and the flue gas desulfurization by-product did not significantly affect the acid soils used in these studies or improve alfalfa growth.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.