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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Optimization of wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) in robust cementitious systems / Optimisation des cendres des boues de désencrages (CBD) dans des systèmes cimentaires robustes

Xie, Ailing January 2016 (has links)
Abstract : Wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) is generated by a cogeneration station by burning wastepaper sludge. It mainly consists of amorphous aluminosilicate phase, anhydrite, gehlenite, calcite, lime, C2S, C3A, quartz, anorthite, traces of mayenite. Because of its free lime content (~10%), WSA suspension has a high pH (13). Previous researchers have found that the WSA composition has poor robustness and the variations lead to some unsoundness for Portland cement (PC) blended WSA concrete. This thesis focused on the use of WSA in different types of concrete mixes to avoid the deleterious effect of the expansion due to the WSA hydration. As a result, WSA were used in making alkali-activated materials (AAMs) as a precursor source and as a potential activator in consideration of its amorphous content and the high alkaline nature. Moreover, the autogenous shrinkage behavior of PC concrete at low w/b ratio was used in order to compensate the expansion effect due to WSA. The concrete properties as well as the volume change were investigated for the modified WSA blended concrete. The reaction mechanism and microstructure of newly formed binder were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). When WSA was used as precursor, the results showed incompatible reaction between WSA and alkaline solution. The mixtures were not workable and provided very low compressive strength no matter what kinds of chemical activators were used. This was due to the metallic aluminum in WSA, which releases abundant hydrogen gas when WSA reacts with strong alkaline solution. Besides, the results of this thesis showed that WSA can activate the glassy phase contained in slag, glass powder (GP) and class F fly ash (FFA) with an optimum blended ratio of 50:50. The WSA/slag (mass ratio of 50:50) mortar (w/b of 0.47) attained 46 MPa at 28 days without heat curing assistance. A significant fast setting was noticed for the WSA-activated binder due to the C3A phase, free lime and metallic aluminum contained in the WSA. Adding 5% of gypsum can delay the fast setting, but this greatly increased the potential risk of intern sulfate attack. The XRD, TGA and calorimetry analyses demonstrated the formation of ettringite, C-S-H, portlandite, hydrogarnet and calcium carboaluminate in the hydrated binder. The mechanical performance of different binder was closely related to the microstructure of corresponding binder which was proved by the SEM observation. The hydrated WSA/slag and WSA/FFA binder formed a C-A-S-H type of gel with lower Ca/Si ratio (0.47~1.6). A hybrid gel (i.e. C-N-A-S-H) was observed for the WSA/GP binder with a very low Ca/Si ratio (0.26) and Na/Si ratio (0.03). The SEM/EDX analyses displayed the formation of expansive gel (ettringite and thaumasite) in the gypsum added WSA/slag concrete. The gradual emission of hydrogen gas due to the reaction of WSA with alkaline environment significantly increased the porosity and degraded the microstructure of hydrated matrix after the setting. In the last phase of this research WSA-PC blended binder was tailored to form a high autogenous shrinkage concrete in order to compensate the initial expansion. Different binders were proportioned with PC, WSA, silica fume or slag. The microstructure and mechanical properties of concrete can be improved by decreasing w/b ratios and by incorporating silica fume or slag. The 28-day compressive strength of WSA-blended concrete was above 22 MPa and reached 45 MPa when silica fume was added. The PC concrete incorporating silica fume or slag tended to develop higher autogenous shrinkage at low w/b ratios, and thus the ternary binder with the addition of WSA inhibited the long term shrinkage due to the initial expansion property to WSA. In the restrained shrinkage test, the concrete ring incorporating the ternary binder (PC/WSA/slag) revealed negligible potential to cracking up to 96 days as a result of the offset effect by WSA expansion. The WSA blended regular concrete could be produced for potential applications with reduced expansion, good mechanical property and lower permeability. / Résumé : Les cendres de boues de désencrage (CBD) sont générées par une centrale de cogénération par combustion boues de désencrage. Ils se composent principalement de phase amorphe d'aluminosilicate, anhydrite, gehlenite, calcite, chaux, C2S, C3A, quartz, anorthite, des traces de mayénite. En raison de leur teneur en chaux libre (~ 10%), CBD ont un pH élevé (13). Les chercheurs précédents ont montré que la composition des CDB a une mauvaise robustesse et les variations conduisent à une certaine inconsistance pour le béton avec un mélange de ciment Portland (CP) et des CBD. Cette thèse a porté sur l'utilisation des CBD dans différents types de mélanges de béton pour éviter l'effet délétère de l'expansion due à l'hydratation des CBD. Par conséquent, les CBD ont été utilisées dans la fabrication des matériaux à activation alcaline (MAA), en tant que source précurseur et comme activateur potentiel en tenant compte de sa teneur en matière amorphe et la nature très alcaline des CBD. De plus, le retrait endogène du béton avec CP à faible rapport E/L a été utilisé afin de compenser l'effet d'expansion en raison des CBD. Les propriétés du béton ainsi que le changement de volume ont été étudiés pour le béton mélangé avec des CBD modifiés. Le mécanisme réactionnel et la microstructure du liant nouvellement formé a été évaluée par la diffraction aux rayons X diffraction (DRX), calorimétrie, l'analyse thermogravimétrique (ATG), microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) et spectroscopie à dispersion d'énergie aux rayons X (DEX). Quand les CBD ont été utilisés comme précurseur, les résultats ont montré des réactions incompatibles entre CBD et une solution alcaline. Les mélanges ne sont pas maniables et donnent de très faibles résistances en compression, peu importe le type d'activateurs chimiques utilisés. Cela est dû à l'aluminium métallique dans les CBD, qui permet de libérer de l'hydrogène gazeux en abondance quand les CBD réagissent avec une solution alcaline forte. D'ailleurs, les résultats de ces recherches ont montré que les CBD peuvent activer la phase amorphe contenue dans le laitier, poudre de verre (PV) et les cendres volantes de classe F (CVF) avec un rapport de mélange optimal de 50:50. Un mortier avec un rapport massique 50:50 de CBD et de laitier (E/L de 0,47) atteint 46 MPa à 28 jours sans l’aide d’un murissement à chaud. Une prise rapide significative a été notée pour le liant CBD activé en raison de la phase C3A, chaux libre et l’aluminium métallique impliqué dans les CBD. L’ajout de 5% de gypse peut retarder la prise rapide, mais augmente grandement le risque potentiel de l’attaque au sulfate interne. Le DRX, ATG et l’analyse calorimétrique ont démontré la formation d'ettringite, C-S-H, la portlandite, hydrogrenat et carboaluminate de calcium dans le liant hydraté. Les différentes performances mécaniques du liant ont été étroitement liées à la microstructure correspondante qui a été prouvée par le MEB. Les liants hydratés CBD/laitier et CBD/CVF ont formé un type de gel C-A-S-H avec un faible rapport Ca/Si (0,47 ~ 1,6). On a observé un gel hybride (à savoir C-N-A-S-H) pour le liant CBD/PV avec un des très faibles rapports Ca/Si (0,26) et Na/Si (0,03). Les analyses MEB/DRX ont montré une formation de gel expansive (d’ettringite et de thaumasite) dans le gypse ajouté au béton avec les CBD et le laitier. L'émission progressive de l'hydrogène gazeux en raison de la réaction des CBD dans un environnement alcaline a augmenté la porosité et la dégradation de la microstructure de matrice hydratée après la prise. Dans la dernière phase de cette recherche, le liant avec un mélange de CBD et de CP a été développé pour former un retrait autogène élevé, afin de compenser l'expansion initiale. Différents liants ont été préparés avec le CP, CBD, la fumée de silice ou du laitier. La microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques du béton peuvent être améliorées en diminuant les rapports E/L et en incorporant la fumée de silice ou du laitier. La résistance en compression à 28 jours du béton aux CBD était supérieure à 22 MPa et atteint 45MPa lorsqu'on a ajouté de la fumée de silice. Le béton avec du CP incorporant de la fumée de silice ou du laitier ont tendance à développer un retrait endogène plus élevée à de faibles rapports E/L, et donc le liant ternaire avec l'ajout des CBD réduit le retrait à long terme en raison de la propriété d’expansion initiale des CBD. Dans l'essai de retrait empêché, l'anneau en béton incorporant le liant ternaire (CP/CBD/laitier) a révélé un potentiel négligeable à la fissuration jusqu'à 96 jours en raison de l'effet de décalage de l'expansion des CBD. Des liants modifiés avec des CBD peuvent être utilisés dans des mélanges de béton ordinaire pour des applications potentielles avec des expansions réduites, des bonnes propriétés mécaniques et une faible perméabilité.
12

Využití čedičových vláken v alkalicky aktivovaných materiálech / Utilization of basalt fibers in alkali activated materials

Hrubý, Petr January 2018 (has links)
Alkali activated materials (AAMs) represent construction materials with a huge potential especially because of environmental and economic aspects but sufficient mechanical properties as well. A fibre or fabric reinforcement of the AAMs could support more widespread application potential due to the mechanical properties, fracture toughness or composite durability improvement. Various alkaline activators were used for a blast furnace slag (BFS) activation to produce a suitable matrix for basalt fibres (BF) implementation in this thesis. The BFs represent applicable reinforcing material because of its favourable mechanical and thermal properties. Still, the utilization of BFs in the AAMs is quite limited due to the fibres low chemical stability under the alkaline conditions. Accelerated leaching tests with a determination of basalt fibres chemical composition same as tensile strength change using various analytical techniques (XRD, XPS, SEM-EDX, ICP-OES) have confirmed these assumptions. An influence of basalt fabric reinforcement in one or more layers on the mechanical properties was determined with the meaning of the compressive and flexural strengths. The fibre/matrix adhesion and transition zone properties were studied using SEM-EDX and pull-out tests as well because they are crucial parameters for the composite material reinforcement efficiency.
13

Low-Cost Filtration Barriers for Ultrafine Particles Separation / Low-Cost Filtration Barriers for Ultrafine Particles Separation

Kejík, Pavel January 2019 (has links)
V mnoha oborech jsou stále využívána anorganická filtrační media založená na materiálech, jejichž výroba využívá primární suroviny. Jejich výroba je tedy energeticky náročná a v důsledku nákladná a neohleduplná k životnímu prostředí. Cílem této práce je ověřit možnost využití alkalicky aktivovaných materiálů na bázi sekundárních surovin, především vysokopecních strusek (BFS) a popílků z uhelných elektráren (FA), pro výrobu porézních médií schopných v budoucnosti nahradit keramické a jiné anorganické filtry. Výzkum je rozvinut skrze experimentální design založený na výpočetním schématu samostatně vyvinutém s pomocí programu MATLAB. Toto schéma počítá vhodná složení směsí na základě poměrů obsahu nejdůležitějších oxidů ve vstupních surovinách. Tak je zajištěno zohlednění proměnlivého složení vstupních surovin a práce je tím hodnotnější, že její výsledky jsou skrze početní nástroj zohledňující základní oxidové složení surovin zobecnitelné. Zároveň byly však pro srovnání a lepší názornost závislostí vlastností na složení navrhnuty a připraveny i série vzorků založené vždy pouze na jedné ze surovin. Z výsledků vyplývá, že pevnost vzorků z těchto směsí (vytvrzených 24 hodin při 70 °C) ve čtyřbodové ohybové zkoušce dle ČSN EN 12390 5 může přesáhnout 7,6 MPa. Dosažením co možná nejvyšší porozity však zákonitě negativně ovlivňuje pevnost materiálu a výsledný materiál tedy dosahuje pevnosti těsně nad hranicí 6,3 MPa. Výsledky obecně dokazují, že nejvíce je pevnost materiálů ovlivněna poměrem SiO2/Al2O3 a množstvím alkalického aktivátoru. Z výsledků vyplývá, že alkalicky aktivované materiály (AAM) na bázi strusky dosahují i více než dvojnásobné pevnosti analogických materiálů na bázi elektrárenského popílku. Velikost pórů materiálů připravených z tříděných surovin s velikostí zrna od desítek po lehce přes sto mikronů se ve většině případů pohybuje v rozmezí desetin ž jednotek mikronů, v případě výsledného materiálu je to pak přibližně 0,2 mikronu. Celková porozita lisovaných těles se pohybuje těsně pod 40 %, což je v tomto případě téměř dvojnásobek ve srovnání s totožnými materiály na bázi netříděných surovin. Výsledky rovněž ukazují, že materiály na bázi strusky vykazují nižší porozitu než ty na bázi popílku, což je patrně způsobeno rozdílnou morfologií částic obou materiálů – částice strusky jsou nepravidelně hranaté a částice popílku kulaté. V průběhu experimentální činnosti byla pozorována tvorba výkvětů u materiálů na bázi elektrárenských popílků. Pomocí Energo-disperzní spektroskopické analýzy (EDS) byly výkvěty identifikovány jako hydroxid sodný procházející karbonatací za účasti vzdušného CO2. Test permeability vyžadoval, kvůli velmi jemné povaze porézní struktury, přípravu asymetrických filtračních přepážek. Tyto přepážky dosáhli propustnosti 138 L/h.m2.bar pro vodu a 1320 L/h.m2.bar pro vzduch.
14

Vliv iontů na účinnost přísad redukující smrštění v alkalicky aktivovaných systémech / Influence of ionts on the efficiency of shrinkage reducing admixtures in alkali activated systems

Vašíčková, Kateřina January 2017 (has links)
Alkali activated materials, especially when activated with waterglass, are subjected to substantial drying shrinkage that hinders their broader industrial application. The effect of shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA), based on poly(propylene glycol), on drying shrinkage of alkali activated blast furnace slag (BFS) mortars was studied. The aim of this thesis is to determine the efficiency of SRA as well as the influence of different type of alkali activator with varying silicate modulus on drying shrinkage characteristics. It was observed that the high amount of alkalis positively influenced the effect of SRA. The higher the amount of alkalis, the lower the drying shrinkage was. It also caused more water to be incorporated in the alkali activated structure and prevent it from evaporation. Thus, the weight change of such mortars was the lowest. Reduced effect of SRA on mechanical strength properties was observed in mortars with low amount of alkalis which was connected with delayed hydration resulting in insufficient amount of created C-S-H gel. The presented thesis further discussed and underlines the role of different kinds of alkali ions as well as their amount on the properties of alkali activated BFS systems.
15

Studium alkalicko křemičité reakce v hybridních systémech / Study of alkali-silica reaction in hybrid systems

Bradová, Lada January 2020 (has links)
This study evaluates question of alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in hybrid system, which was designed in the bachelor's thesis, to meet the requirements of EN 197-1 and classified to the Blastfurnace CEM III/C cements. The durability of this system is a great unknown. For this reason, the same methods (ASTM C1260, ASTM C289 and ASTM C856) were used to observer the ASR effects as the ones used to observer the Portland cement based concrete. Supplementary methods include determination of compressive strengths according to EN 196-2 and scanning electron microscopy to observe the microstructure. Hybrid system results were compared to two different types of cements, CEM I and CEM III/B. From the results of the ASR evaluation assays, it was found that the hybrid system (CEM III/C-HB) and CEM III/B showed the lowest tendency to ASR. The results of the supplementary methods showed that CEM III/C-HB compressive strength increases after 14 days within NaOH by 43 % in comparison to 28 days strength. Based on those results, it is sure that the CEM III/C-HB shows little susceptibility to ASR.
16

Vývoj kompozitů na bázi alkalicky aktivovaných matric odolných vůči působení extrémních teplot / The development of composites based on alkali-activated matrices resistant to extreme temperatures

Ševčík, Marek January 2021 (has links)
The diploma thesis is focused on the development of composites from alkali activated materials (AAM) and their resistance to extreme temperatures. The theoretical part describes alkaline activation and precursors for the production of AAM. Furthermore, the problem of the effect of extreme temperatures on these materials is described. In the experimental part, the optimal silicate modulus with respect to the properties of AAM was gradually determined, and the effect of extreme temperatures on the AAM matrix was verified. In the next stage, the effect of the filler with respect to the behavior at extreme temperatures was tested and then the final formulation was optimized.
17

Možnosti využití odpadních písků z výroby vodního skla ve stavebnictví / Possibilities of the utilization of the waste sand from the water glass production in building industry

Bílek, Vlastimil January 2013 (has links)
Nowadays, the waste sands from the water glass production have no utilization and due to high alkali content are considered as a dangerous waste. So the aim of this thesis is to find and study some possibilities of their utilization in the building industry. First of all, some necessary analysis of these sands were performed and then some advantages and disadvantages of their application for production of materials based on portland cement and alkali activated materials were studied. Characteristics of fresh and hardened pastes, mortars and concretes containing these waste sands were determined. The most tested properties were their workability and their compressive and flexural strength. Close attention for the risks of alkali-silica reaction and for options of its suppressing by the mineral admixtures was paid.
18

Vývoj kompozitů na bázi anorganických pojiv určených pro extrémní aplikace / The development of composites based on inorganic binders designed for the extreme applications

Janoušek, Petr January 2013 (has links)
The topic of this master's thesis is the development of composite materials based on inorganic binders for use in extreme conditions. It means especially geopolymeric or alkali activated materials (AAM) based composites. The theoretical part of this thesis summarizes knowledges about the development and use of alkali-activated materials, their structure and mechanisms of their formation. It also deals with the applicable raw materials for AAM and their exciters, which are in particular water glass and sodium hydroxide. There also have been a summary of the effects of high temperatures and chemicals on the mechanical properties of AAM and the requirements of standard EN 1504-3 for repairing materials. The task of the practical part was to develop a repair mortar for concrete structures based on AAM so that its production was as simple as possible, ie one-component materials. Gradually six recipes have been develeoped. Test specimens made from these recipes have been putted to selected tests according to the requirements of ČSN EN 1504-3.

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