Our aim in this thesis has been to look at the foreign citizens’ share of costs and benefits associated to the society in Sweden. We have compared Sweden on the national level to Jönköping County on the regional level to see if there are any deviations. We have conducted a new calculation approach in order to present the contributions given by immigrants and the associated costs. Figures are to a large extent viewed in relative terms in the thesis, and specified in concrete terms in the appendix. We have selected a series of four costs and one benefit in order to show how an estimation of the costs or benefits could be made. We have found that immigrants tend to work harder than the natives, but at a lower wage level. Even so they do not compensate for the costs to the society applied to immigrants. / Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på hur stor del av kostnaderna för samhället som går att förknippa till invandrarna i Sverige. Sverige har jämförts med Jönköpings Län för att hitta eventuella avvikelser. Vi har försökt skapa ett beräkningssätt för att kunna visa hur mycket som går ut till invandrarna och hur mycket de ger tillbaka. Vi utrycker oss till största del i relativa termer i uppsatsen, för absoluta tal hänvisas till appendix. För att visa hur vårat beräkningssätt kan användas har vi gjort beräkningar på fyra kostnadsgrupper och en inkomstgrupp. Vi har kommit fram till att invandrare tenderar att arbeta mer än den inhemska befolkningen, men till en lägre lön. Trots detta så kompenseras inte kostnaderna för samhället av dess intäkter när man jämför de som är direkt kopplade till invandrarna.

<p>Our aim in this thesis has been to look at the foreign citizens’ share of costs and benefits associated to the society in Sweden. We have compared Sweden on the national level to Jönköping County on the regional level to see if there are any deviations. We have conducted a new calculation approach in order to present the contributions given by immigrants and the associated costs. Figures are to a large extent viewed in relative terms in the thesis, and specified in concrete terms in the appendix. We have selected a series of four costs and one benefit in order to show how an estimation of the costs or benefits could be made. We have found that immigrants tend to work harder than the natives, but at a lower wage level. Even so they do not compensate for the costs to the society applied to immigrants.</p> / <p>Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på hur stor del av kostnaderna för samhället som går att förknippa till invandrarna i Sverige. Sverige har jämförts med Jönköpings Län för att hitta eventuella avvikelser. Vi har försökt skapa ett beräkningssätt för att kunna visa hur mycket som går ut till invandrarna och hur mycket de ger tillbaka. Vi utrycker oss till största del i relativa termer i uppsatsen, för absoluta tal hänvisas till appendix. För att visa hur vårat beräkningssätt kan användas har vi gjort beräkningar på fyra kostnadsgrupper och en inkomstgrupp. Vi har kommit fram till att invandrare tenderar att arbeta mer än den inhemska befolkningen, men till en lägre lön. Trots detta så kompenseras inte kostnaderna för samhället av dess intäkter när man jämför de som är direkt kopplade till invandrarna.</p>

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser, sammanbundna med avhandlingen.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1993. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-115). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Climate change is a reality. It is evident in the changes in the weather patterns and the consequences thereof. The South African government seems to be committed to sustainability and has a number of market instruments in place to reach the targets that were set at the Kyoto Protocol. However, considerable transformation is needed to change the behaviour of businesses, to green the economy and to encourage sustainability. This study examined the different market instruments available by the government to promote/enforce sustainability. It came in the form of environmental taxes and incentives. The aim was to understand the mechanism behind these instruments by reviewing other literature. A conclusion was reached that neither would drive the change that is required to address the problem of sustainable behaviour of businesses. A local listed company was selected and researched to identify ways in which the business uses by-products in a resourceful way that is both good profitability as well as the environment. The study was extended to a similar foreign company and further innovative ways of greening the economy were identified. A conclusion was reached that greening the economy can be economically viable as well as sustainable. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Taxation / unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to revise the industry's reported depreciation allowances to a current replacement cost basis; to measure the industry's real profits and profitability; to assess the relationships between depreciation shortfall and real financial performance; and to evaluate the implications of depreciation shortfall for the steel industry.

Descriptive studies of family living were part of many of the classic "social surveys" and there was a revival of such studies during the depression years. Today, statistical "minimum budget" studies continue, and there are many professional studies of aspects of family case work: but post-war prosperity has obscured the need for up-to-date descriptive accounts, seen from the family's point of view, of actual living-conditions among families on social assistance and mothers' allowance, and the physical and emotional effects, especially on children, of years of such marginal living. The study begins with a brief survey of previous poverty studies, chiefly those made during the depression. To obtain the material for a local descriptive study, twelve families were visited who had been on public assistance in Vancouver City for periods ranging from three-and-a-half to fifteen years. All were families with children, and four families had both parents in the home. The families were interviewed, and sizeable questionnaires completed giving information on housing, food clothing, education, recreation, health, budgeting, and general feelings about the situation. City Social Service files were read for pertinent information about the families and social workers' knowledge of them. School nurses and a Metropolitan Health nutritionist were also consulted. Although all the families were having difficulties in managing on the allowance, it became apparent that some were managing better than others. For convenience of analysis (not because the line of division is sharp), the families were divided into two groups. Each group is discussed in a separate chapter, and an attempt has been made to assess the factors involved in good and poor adjustment. Many of the effects found in previous poverty studies were found in these families. Housing is often very poor, especially among tenant families, who are worse off than home-owners. Clothing is difficult to obtain, and much of it is second-hand or received as gifts. It is difficult for children over the age of sixteen to continue their education. Recreation is restricted and life tends to be drab and monotonous. There is some feeling of humiliation on the part of most of the families. On the other hand, the regularity of the income provides more security than many families had during the depression. The provision of medical services has apparently prevented the health of public assistance recipients from deterorating as it sometimes did in depression families. As each family was interviewed only once or twice, this study is not extensive. Nevertheless it offers a realistic picture of life on public assistance, and indicates some lacks in the present program. The fact that none of the twelve families studied was living on the allowance without help from friends, relatives, or some organization or social agency is among the evidence that the allowances are too low. The case for study of the situation with regard to clothing and dental care is particularly indicated among needs inadequately provided for. It is clear that the person-to-person quality of case work can prove helpful; but also that material deprivation can limit the response. More thorough and long-term study would be necessary to assess more accurately the personality factors which are the most important variables in adjustment to marginal living. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Finanzas / Los Allowances o Futuros de Carbono son activos financieros comercializados en la Unión Europea desde el año 2005, que surgen como respuesta a los compromisos suscritos en 1997 en el Protocolo de Kioto, y han sido catalogados en la literatura como un activo commodity con fines de diversificación. Este trabajo evalúa el impacto de los shocks macroeconómicos en los precios de los Futuros de Carbono que se transan en el Sistema de Comercialización de Emisiones de la Unión Europea (EU ETS) en su Fase III (2013 a 2020), basado en el estudio de Chevallier 2009 que evaluó la Fase II de comercialización de emisiones. Se utilizaron distintas técnicas econométricas para evaluar la estacionariedad de las series, como los modelos econométricos de heterocedasticidad condicional autorregresiva ARCH y sus distintas especificaciones para el modelamiento de la volatilidad. En la ecuación de la media se incluyeron variables que incorporan factores del riesgo sistemático asociados al mercado de activos financieros y commodities, variables específicas del mercado de carbono estudiadas previamente en la literatura, además se evalúo un Garch en Media, ARIMA e impacto del Brexit. A diferencia de la Fase II (Chevallier, 2009), La Fase III de comercialización de emisiones se caracteriza por el alineamiento con los factores de riesgo macroeconómico, poca relevancia en la gestión de carteras con propósitos de diversificación respecto a los demás commodities. Se encuentra evidencia de la transmisión de los shocks macroeconómicos al mercado del carbono a través de los efectos directos e indirectos de la volatilidad entre lo macro y lo energético, los resultados fueron robustos para para las seis regresiones.