Inaug.-diss.--Basel. / Curriculum vitae. "Literatur": p. after p. 51.

Inaug.-diss.--Basel. / Curriculum vitae. "Literatur": p. after p. 51.

There is a definite need for uncomplicated analytical methods to determine the quality of aloe gel in commercially important species. The Aloe vera industry is a well-established, multi-billion dollar industry with well developed processing and quality control methods which are not directly applicable to the local Aloe ferox industry. There is a lack of suitable parameters and quality standards for gel products. Gels from Aloe ferox leaves (and several other species) were extensively sampled to collect a wide range of data points as part of a first exploration of possible quality control parameters. Only three species of Aloe (A. vera, A. arborescens and A. ferox) have been commercialised despite the fact that there are more than 400 species in the genus. This study involves an evaluation of variables and methods which could have potential for describing, identifying and standardising aloe gels from different species. All known topical uses reported in the ethnobotanical literature for aloe are recorded, showing that perhaps many other aloes could have commercial potential. Apart from A. vera, A. arborescens and A. ferox, other species included in this study were A. greatheadii var. davyana, A. striata, A speciosa and A. marlothii. Leaf dimensions, gel yields and gel compositions in these species were studied in detail. Parameters investigated included free and hydrolysed sugars, organic acids, conductivity, acidity, phenolic contaminants and gel discolouration potential. Free sugars are surprisingly uniform in the Aloe genus with glucose found to be the only free sugar present in the gel parenchyma. Glucose levels ranged from 0.1 mg/mL to 3.3 mg/mL. Hydrolysed sugars released after hydrolysis with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) have a gel fingerprinting potential. Commercially important gel from A. vera can be distinguished from the local A. ferox gel on the basis of hydrolysed sugars. Aloe vera gel contains mannose and A. ferox gel a combination of glucose, galactose and sometimes xylose. Further variation studies are however recommended for A. ferox gels as there appears to be three gel chemotypes. Organic acids currently used in the A. vera industry as markers of freshness are considered in other Aloe species.Seven species from 16 localities showed variation in their malic acid and lactic acid levels with lactic acid formation associated with older gel stored at room temperature. Lactic acid formation is a scribed to malolactic fermentation during which bacteria use malic acid and/or glucose to produce lactic acid. Conductivity proves to be a quality control variable with potential for quality control as it shows species-specific ranges in both fresh and aged gel. Seven species were analysed for conductivity level changes associated with storage. Aloe ferox gel shows aconductivity below 3000 ìS/cm in fresh gel and above 3100 ìS/cm in aged gel. In A. vera the values are 1670 ìS/cm in fresh gel and 1990 ìS/cm in older gel batches, while in A. arborescens the highest level is 3510 ìS/cm in fresh gel and above 4000 ìS/cm in aged gel. It is therefore possible to determine unknown commercial liquid gel batches using conductivity as a species-specific marker. Acidity (or pH) levels vary between acidic (4.7) and neutral (6.8) in fresh gel. Acidity (pH) was found to generally increase during ageing of gels but there is considerable variation with regard to species and gel age. Unwanted phenolic contaminants in aloe gel can easily be analysed by HPLC and shows some potential as a fingerprinting method for aloe gel products. The levels of these unwanted compounds in aloe gels can be reduced by treatment with activated charcoal. However, complete removal of aloin or aloesin proves difficult. The colour changing potential of various aloe gels (caused by unknown phenolic compounds which may turn an undesirable yellow or pink colour) can easily be determined using a crude sodium hydroxide test. The methods developed in this study can now be used to explore the full range of variability in commercial aloe gels and other species with commercial potential. Such studies will be necessary to set quality criteria and define standards for many species of Aloe. / Prof. B.E. van Wyk

Inaugural dissertation (Ph. D.)--Universität Bern. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1942. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Plant ecological studies at the population level on carefully selected single species provide key insights into their structural and functional ecology, but may also be extrapolated to enhance ecologists’ understanding of other similar taxa, which ultimately contributes to the conservation and management of the group as a whole. Long-lived, slow-growing plants such as succulents and cycads, which are popular among plant collectors and often threatened as a consequence, are prime candidates for research owing to the considerable benefits to their conservation and management. Aloe plicatilis is a unique and charismatic arborescent succulent monocot that is endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. It is restricted to mountainous areas in the Cape Winelands in the south-western Cape, and is the only tree aloe that occurs in the Cape fynbos. Aloe plicatilis is a prized species in the horticultural trade in succulent plants, and a recent spike in exports of the species from South Africa, including consignments of reportedly wild-collected plants, has raised concerns about its persistence in the wild. Potential threats to A. plicatilis combined with a dearth of knowledge on the species’ ecology prompted a broad-scale ecological study on the species, and an assessment of how potential threats may be affecting its survival in the wild. The primary aim of this study was to investigate three key elements of the ecology of A. plicatilis, viz. (1) demographic trends across the species’ distribution, (2) the reproductive ecology of the species, and (3) its fire ecology. The study was first contextualized by compiling a comprehensive review of the ecology of African aloes. The objectives specific to A. plicatilis then involved determining the species’ habitat profile, its geographical distribution, number of populations, and estimations of the sizes thereof. Further objectives entailed an assessment of the population size structure and density of a large proportion of A. plicatilis populations across the species’ distribution, studies of its pollination and seed ecology, and an investigation of the species’ fire survival and the impacts of fire on population structure. The study concludes with a synthesis that highlights and extrapolates the findings of the research and the implications these have for other Aloe species and similar long-lived, slow-growing plant taxa. Threats to the persistence of A. plicatilis in the wild are discussed, and recommendations are made for management, population monitoring and directions for future research. Several of the knowledge gaps in aloe ecology highlighted in the review were investigated for A. plicatilis in this study, notably seed ecology, resprouting and fire ecology. The demographic study on A. plicatilis uncovered 14 previously undocumented populations, bringing the total currently known to 30. Fifty percent of the 19 populations surveyed for size structure, density and spatial extent exhibited bell-shaped size class distributions (SCD), which are hypothesized to indicate an adult-persistence population survival strategy, typical of many long-lived, slow-growing plant taxa. This trend was reflected in the apparent lack of persistent seed banks in A. plicatilis, which suggests minimal ‘drib-drab’ recruitment over time as opposed to mass episodic recruitment. There appears to be a positive relationship between A. plicatilis population size and reproductive success. Quantification of natural fruit and seed set at three A. plicatilis populations revealed that large, dense populations exhibit higher seed production/plant relative to smaller and sparser ones, suggesting an Allee effect. Pollinators of the species (insects and specialist avian nectarivores) are probably attracted in greater numbers to large, dense populations where prolific food rewards and short inter-plant distances facilitate efficient floral visitation, and hence effective pollination. Recruitment in A. plicatilis appears to depend on the alignment of numerous biotic and abiotic factors such as slope, aspect, temperature, quantity and timing of rainfall, fire occurrence, and the availability of suitable rocky microsites. These sites are of particular importance as they serve as fire refugia and provide nurse objects (nurse plants and/or nurse rocks), which create cool, shady conditions, where organic matter and moisture may accumulate, all of which appear to be essential to germination and establishment in A. plicatilis. As with most plant species, the large majority of A. plicatilis seeds are dispersed close to parent plants (estimated 1.3 – 15.3m for 0.8 and 4.0m in height respectively). However, the occurrence of A. plicatilis on Paarl Mountain and the Paardeberg, which are completely isolated from other mountain ranges where the species occurs, suggests the possibility of long-distance dispersal by strong, persistent and gusty summer winds that blow during the peak seed dispersal season. Size structure analyses and detailed field observations suggest that A. plicatilis displays the ‘bonsai effect’, whereby plants growing in very rocky sites with restrictive rooting space and/or sites where they are exposed to persistent strong winds, are maintained as stunted individuals termed ‘suppressed juveniles’ or ‘reproductive dwarfs’. However, rocky sites also act as fire refugia and provide nurse rocks, both of which are necessary for recruitment and persistence. Hence, there appears to be a trade-off between plant size and fire survival probability: individuals in very rocky sites are well-protected from fire, but often remain stunted and unreproductive, while plants in less rocky sites with more rooting space can attain larger sizes but are more vulnerable to fire damage. Aloe plicatilis is unique in that it is the only Aloe species that possesses thick, corky bark, which affords it additional fire protection. Its stems, leaves and bark also contain large water reserves, which may act as a fire retardant. Fire survival is heavily reliant on the prevention of hydraulic failure by the thick insulating bark and the protection of apical meristems, which facilitates onward apical growth, since A. plicatilis is incapable of epicormic or basal resprouting post-fire. Despite the species’ fire survival adaptations, A. plicatilis population size structure may be dramatically altered by fires, especially at sites where they have been excluded for periods longer than appropriate for the vegetation type. The very recent name change from Aloe plicatilis to Kumara plicatilis has important conservation implications for the species. Recognition of the species’ uniqueness by ascribing it to a monotypic genus may result in greater conservation efforts to preserve its sole genetic lineage; nonetheless, the inadvertent and unwanted consequence may be increased perceived rarity and desirability, and concomitant threats to the species’ persistence in the wild. Illegal wild-harvesting of A. plicatilis does not appear to be posing a major threat to the species at present; however, monitoring of small and/or low-lying and easily-accessible populations is advised. The four smallest surveyed populations are also recommended for long-term monitoring due to poor or absent recent recruitment and vulnerability to climate change at the species’ distribution edge. Appropriate management actions are recommended for twelve A. plicatilis populations that are under potential threat by invasive alien plant species encroachment. The baseline data presented in this study serve as a foundation for future studies, which will build on current understanding of the ecology of A. plicatilis, other aloe species, and long-lived, slow-growing plant taxa in general. Opportunities for future research on A. plicatilis, (which also apply to other Aloe species) include: (1) a study on the long-term population dynamics of the species, which includes population modelling; (2) further studies on the species’ pollination ecology, seed dispersal and recruitment patterns; (3) investigations into the physiological role that bark properties and plant tissue water content play in fire survival and (4) a predictive species distribution modelling study that models the current distribution of A. plicatilis, and how this might change under different climate change scenarios. Modelling Cape fynbos species distributions using climate change predictions is vital for adaptation and mitigation in the south-western Cape, where severe climate change impacts are forecast. Furthermore, deepened insight into the ecology of long-lived, slow-growing and potentially threatened plant species will contribute to predicting and understanding their responses to threats including climate change, which will ultimately lead to better management and conservation practises.

The oral route of administration remains the preferred route of administrating drugs due to patient acceptance and compliance. Therapeutic proteins are currently mainly administered by means of the parenteral route because of its low intestinal epithelial permeation capability. The major challenges for oral delivery of proteins and peptides are pre-systemic enzymatic degradation and poor penetration of the intestinal mucosa. The latter can be overcome by including safe and effective absorption enhancers in dosage forms. Aloe vera, Aloe ferox and Aloe marlothii gel materials as well as N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) were shown to be capable of increasing peptide drug transport across in vitro models such as Caco-2 cell monolayers. The purpose of this study is to investigate binary combinations of chemical drug absorption enhancers and to determine if synergistic drug absorption enhancement effects exist. A. vera, A. ferox and A. marlothii leaf gel materials as well as with N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) were combined in different ratios and their effects on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) as well as the transport of FITC-dextran across Caco-2 cell monolayers were measured. The isobole method was applied to determine the type of interaction that exists between the absorption enhancers combinations. The TEER results showed synergism existed for the combinations between A. vera and A. marlothii, A. marlothii and A. ferox as well as A. vera and TMC. Antagonism interactions also occurred and can probably be explained by chemical reactions between the chemical permeation enhancers such as complex formation. In terms of FITC-dextran transport, synergism was found for combinations between A. vera and A. marlothii, A. marlothii and A. ferox, A. vera and TMC, A. ferox and TMC and A. marlothii and TMC, whereas antagonism was observed for A. vera and A. ferox. The combinations where synergism was obtained have the potential to be used as effective drug absorption enhancers at lower concentrations compared to single components. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The oral route of administration remains the preferred route of administrating drugs due to patient acceptance and compliance. Therapeutic proteins are currently mainly administered by means of the parenteral route because of its low intestinal epithelial permeation capability. The major challenges for oral delivery of proteins and peptides are pre-systemic enzymatic degradation and poor penetration of the intestinal mucosa. The latter can be overcome by including safe and effective absorption enhancers in dosage forms. Aloe vera, Aloe ferox and Aloe marlothii gel materials as well as N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) were shown to be capable of increasing peptide drug transport across in vitro models such as Caco-2 cell monolayers. The purpose of this study is to investigate binary combinations of chemical drug absorption enhancers and to determine if synergistic drug absorption enhancement effects exist. A. vera, A. ferox and A. marlothii leaf gel materials as well as with N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) were combined in different ratios and their effects on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) as well as the transport of FITC-dextran across Caco-2 cell monolayers were measured. The isobole method was applied to determine the type of interaction that exists between the absorption enhancers combinations. The TEER results showed synergism existed for the combinations between A. vera and A. marlothii, A. marlothii and A. ferox as well as A. vera and TMC. Antagonism interactions also occurred and can probably be explained by chemical reactions between the chemical permeation enhancers such as complex formation. In terms of FITC-dextran transport, synergism was found for combinations between A. vera and A. marlothii, A. marlothii and A. ferox, A. vera and TMC, A. ferox and TMC and A. marlothii and TMC, whereas antagonism was observed for A. vera and A. ferox. The combinations where synergism was obtained have the potential to be used as effective drug absorption enhancers at lower concentrations compared to single components. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1941. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.