Abstract The effect of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel and whole leaf extract on the permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers was determined. Solutions of gel and the whole leaf extract were applied to the cell monolayers, and the transepithelial electrical resistance was monitored for 2 hours, which was then continued for another 2 hours after removal of the test solutions to measure reversibility of the effect. The transport of insulin in the presence and absence of the A. vera gel and whole leaf extract solutionswas also investigated. Both the A. vera gel and whole leaf extract were able to significantly reduce the transepithelial electrical resistance of the Caco-2 cell monolayers at concentrations above 0.5% w/ v and thereby showed the ability to open tight junctions between adjacent cells. This effect was fully reversible, as the electrical resistance of the cell monolayers returned to the original value upon removal of the test solutions. The A. vera gel and whole leaf extract solutions significantly enhanced the transport of insulin across the Caco- 2 cell monolayers compared with the control. The results suggest that these plant products have a high potential to be used as absorption enhancers in novel dosage forms for drugs with poor bioavailabilities when administered orally. On the other hand, an uncontrolled increase in the bioavailability of drugs that are taken simultaneously with A. vera gel and whole leaf extract products may result in adverse effects, and the potential exists that toxic blood plasma levels may be reached.

Many of the health benefits associated with Aloe vera have been attributed to the polysaccharides contained in the gel of the leaves. These biological activities include promotion of wound healing, antifungal activity, hypoglycemic or antidiabetic effects antiinflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory and gastroprotective properties. While the known biological activities of A. vera will be briefly discussed, it is the aim of this review to further highlight recently discovered effects and applications of the leaf gel. These effects include the potential of whole leaf or inner fillet gel liquid preparations of A. vera to enhance the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of co-administered compounds as well as enhancement of skin permeation. In addition, important pharmaceutical applications such as the use of the dried A. vera gel powder as an excipient in sustained release pharmaceutical dosage forms will be outlined.

SANT'ANA, Rosane Oliveira de. Abordagens terapêuticas na mucosite oral experimental induzida por 5-Fluorouracil : papel dos extratos de Aloe barbadensis (Babosa) e de Myracrodruon urundeuva (Aroeira do sertão). 2006. 128 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Farmacologia) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, 2006. / Submitted by denise santos (denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2012-05-15T12:52:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_rosana.pdf: 2553871 bytes, checksum: 26d6b4bbe416fe40a8dbdcd54afca907 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Nascimento(elienegvn@hotmail.com) on 2012-05-15T16:29:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_rosana.pdf: 2553871 bytes, checksum: 26d6b4bbe416fe40a8dbdcd54afca907 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-15T16:29:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_rosana.pdf: 2553871 bytes, checksum: 26d6b4bbe416fe40a8dbdcd54afca907 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Oral mucositis (OM) is a frequent dose-limiting and costly complication of antineoplastic chemotherapy. It’s caractherized by ulcerative lesions and causes pain, restrict food and fluids oral intake and causes substancial risk for sepsis. In severe cases, hospitalization, parenteral nutrition and opiode analgesics are required. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effects of extracts of two herbal medicines, Aloe barbadensis Miller (Ab) and Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Mu) on 5-fluorouracil-induced OM in hamsters. To evaluate the possible mechanisms by the extracts act, it was performed analysis of intensity of activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and analysis of immunohistochemistry for TNF-alpha and iNOS in mucosa specimens. METHODS: Golden siriam hamsters were submitted to intra-peritoneal 60 and 40 mg/Kg injections of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in day 1 and 2, respectively. On day 4, animals were submitted to anaesthesia, followed by mecanic trauma with needle to potenciate the effect of 5-FU. After that, the mucosas were treated with topical gel containing Mu extracts at 5, 10 or 20%, Ab extracts at 25, 50 or 100% (experimental groups) or carbapol gel (control group). The treatments above were mantained twice daily until day 9. On day 10 the animals were sacrified. Diferent parameters were evaluated: macroscopic and microscopic scores of OM, body mass variation and immunohistochemistry for TNF-alpha e iNOS. RESULTS: Mu significantly inhibited macroscopic oral mucositis at 5 and 10% concentrations (5% Mu – Md 2; 10% Mu – Md 3; control – Md 4, p < 0,01). Ab also inhibited OM (25% Ab – Md 1; 50% Ab – Md 1,5; 100% Ab – Md 1; control – Md 4, p < 0,001). These results were confirmed by histological analysis (5% Mu – Md 1,5; 10% Mu – Md 1; 25% Ab – Md 1; 50% Ab – Md 1,5; 100% Ab – Md 1; control – Md 2, p < 0,01). MPO activity was significantly decreased by Mu and Ab compared to control animals. Both Mu and Ab decreased expression of TNF-alpha and iNOS on tissue. It was observed a decrease on ponderal lost in experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: Myracrodruon urundeuva and Aloe barbadensis cause important inhibitory effects in oral mucositis 5-FU induced probably by their antiinflamatory properties. / A mucosite oral (MO) é um efeito colateral frequente em pacientes sob tratamento oncológico, em especial à quimioterapia (QT). Caracteriza-se por hiperemia, edema e úlceras em toda a cavidade oral e faringe. A importância da MO é devido à dor, alterações do paladar e infecções locais. Surge incapacidade de alimentar-se, ingerir líquidos, risco de infecções sistêmicas, necessidade de interrupção da QT, necessidade de hospitalização, tornando o tratamento mórbido, dispendioso, doloroso e muitas vezes impossível ou ineficaz. Ainda não há terapêutica totalmente eficaz, com nível de evidência que torne a MO manejável. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos do tratamento tópico com duas plantas medicinais, a Myracrodruon urundeuva (aroeira) e a Aloe barbadensis (babosa) sobre o desfecho da MO experimental induzida por 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) em hamsters, através de escores macro e microscópicos e avaliação de perda ponderal. Investigar os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nesses efeitos, através de análise da atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO) e expressão tissular de TNF-alfa e iNOS. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Hamsters Goldem siriam receberam injeções i. p. de 60 e 40 mg/Kg de 5-FU, nos dias 1 e 2, respectivamente. No dia 4 os animais eram anestesiados, tinham suas mucosas jugais submetidas a trauma mecânico (TM) com agulha de ponta romba. Em seguida, eram tratadas com gel inerte (controle), gel de aroeira a 5, 10 ou 20% (AR) ou gel de babosa (ALOE) a 25, 50 e 100% . Tais tratamentos eram realizados 2xdia até o dia 9. Os animais eram pesados diariamente. No dia 10, ocorriam os sacrifícios para: 1. Análise macroscópica das mucosas; 2. Retiradas de amostras para histopatologia, imunohistoquímica para e dosagem de MPO. RESULTADOS: Na análise macroscópica, AR determinou inibição significativa da MO (AR 5% - Md 2; AR 10% - Md 3; Controle – Md 4), ALOE também inibiu a MO (ALOE 25% - Md 1; ALOE 50% - Md 1,5; ALOE 100% - Md 1; Controle – Md 4). À histopatologia confirmou-se inibição significativa da MO pela AR (p < 0,01) e pela ALOE a 50 e 100% ( p< 0,01). Houve também inibição dos níveis de MPO pelos extratos das duas drogas e a expressão de TNF-alfa e iNOS também foi reduzida. Houve uma tendência a uma menor perda ponderal nos grupos experimentais. CONCLUSÕES: Extratos de ALOE e AR foram capazes de inibir a MO experimental induzida por 5-FU através de aplicações tópicas e tal efeito pode ser modulado por suas atividades anti-inflamatórias sobre a produção de citocinas envolvidas com o processo e de NO.

Introducción: El acemanano presente en las hojas de Aloe vera, es un polisacárido que posee una gran actividad en la regeneración celular y modulación del sistema inmune. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto regenerador óseo del extracto acuoso liofilizado de hojas de Aloe vera (Sábila) sobre la osteotomía mandibular inducida en cobayo. Diseño: Experimental. Lugar: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Humana - UNMSM. Intervenciones: Se utilizó 40 cobayos machos con un peso corporal 1000±120g, se formó 5 grupos aleatoriamente de 8 animales; grupo I: Suero fisiológico al 0,9% (2mL/kg), grupo II: alendronato (0.5mg/kg), los grupos III, IV y V: extracto acuoso liofilizado de hojas de Aloe vera a dosis de 50mg/kg, 250mg/kg y 500mg/kg, respectivamente. Los cobayos fueron sometidos a osteotomía mandibular unilateral. Principales medidas de resultados: Recuento de células por campo, niveles de fosfatasa alcalina. Resultados: Se evidencia incremento significativo de fosfatasa alcalina, osteoclastos y osteocitos (p<0,05) a los 15 y 30 días en los grupos que recibieron alendronato y Aloe vera; también aumento de fibroblastos a los 15 días en los grupos III y IV; no se encontró diferencia significativa (p>0,05) en el recuento de linfocitos ni osteoblastos a los 15 y 30 días. Conclusiones: El extracto acuoso liofilizado de Aloe vera posee efecto regenerador óseo. Palabras clave: Regeneración ósea, Aloe vera, alendronato / --- Introduction: The acemannan present in the leaves of Aloe vera, is a polysaccharide having a high activity in cell regeneration and modulating the immune system. Objetive: To determine bone regenerative effect of the lyophilized aqueous extract of leaves of Aloe vera on the mandibular osteotomy induced in guinea pigs. Design: Experimental. Location: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Human Medicine - UNMSM. Interventions: 40 male guinea pigs was used with a 1000±120g body weight, 5 groups of 8 animals randomly formed; Group I: 0.9% physiological saline (2mL/kg), group II: Alendronate (0.5mg/kg), the groups III, IV and V: lyophilized aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaves at doses of 50mg/kg, 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg respectively. The guinea pigs were undergoing unilateral mandibular osteotomy. Main outcome measures: Count cells per field, and alkaline phosphatase levels. Results: Significant increase in alkaline phosphatase, osteoclasts and osteocytes (p <0.05) at 15 and 30 days in the groups receiving alendronate and Aloe vera is evident; fibroblasts also increased to 15 days in groups III and IV; no significant difference (p> 0.05) was found in the lymphocyte count or osteoblasts at 15 and 30 days. Conclusions: The dried aqueous extract of Aloe vera has bone regenerative effect. Keywords: Bone regeneration, Aloe vera, alendronate / Tesis

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Aloe vera is found in the Northern Africa and the Mediterranean areas while Aloe ferox is found in Southern Africa. Aloe ferox and Aloe vera prepared by different methods have been shown to possess the following properties: Stimulatory effects on different cell types (e.g human fibroblasts, rat adrenal cells, calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells etc.), wound healing, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetics etc. In this study solvent extracted gel powders and whole leaf juice of Aloe ferox and Aloe vera prepared specifically without bitter components were tested. The aim was to assess if the samples could be used orally for therapeutic purposes with regards to wound healing, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties avoiding the laxative effects of the bitter components. The following were used: Human lymphocytes cells to determine cytotoxicity effects, chicken fibroblasts cells for potential wound healing properties, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomona aeruginosa microorganisms for antimicrobial properties and ORAC, DPPH, TEAC and chemiluminescence assays for antioxidant properties. Most of the results obtained were contrary to the bulk of the literature available about these beneficial plants’ extract. Bitter components have been reported to stimulate different cell types and to have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Thus the removal has been suggested as the main reason why the effects of the tested extracts did not correspond to much of the reported literature. From the results obtained from various aspects of this study it could be concluded that the removal of bitter components contributed to the apparently contradictory results. From this study it might be concluded that the four Aloe extract samples tested could not be used therapeutically for wound healing, antimicrobial or antioxidant properties. However they could still be effective for cosmetics purposes as obtained from the literature. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Pharmacology / unrestricted

In this study I documented the convergence of five congeneric bird-pollinated plants (Aloe pluridens, A. lineata var. muirii, A. speciosa, A. africana, and A. ferox) into three functional groups based on size, shape, and the arrangements of flowers on the inflorescence, but also nectar rewards, pollen deposition sites on the bird-pollinators, and the degree to which bees play a role in their pollination. Individuals of similar functional groups were divergent in their peak flowering times and limited their degree of flowering overlap further by spatial aggregation and niche separation, within the Thicket of the Gamtoos River Valley. The nectar properties were especially useful in structuring the bird pollinator community, which resulted in greater ethological isolation and hence, greater reproductive assurance in the mixed co-flowering plant communities. Choice array experiments revealed that it was the fine scale aggregation of flowering individuals that ensured that bird-pollinators feed selectively, since when equal choice was available, interspecific visitation increased significantly compared to natural scenarios. Bird behaviour and the ecological intermediateness of one to the species explained its prominence in hybrid combinations. The spatial occurrence of hybrid individuals can be traced back to the energetics of foraging and its influence on bird floral constancy. The pollination ecology of similar South African Aloe species were extrapolated from these and recent findings by various authors, but emphasises the need for a robust natural phylogeny of the Aloaceae in order to draw comprehensive conclusions on the evolutionary radiation of this highly charismatic group.

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Pharmacie : Nantes : 2008. / Bibliogr.

Thesis (PhD.(Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references.

El vínculo que une la alimentación y la salud es un aspecto que desde hace algunos años marca la evolución de la industria de los alimentos. El origen de los alimentos funcionales, es fruto de esta preocupación, ampliando el concepto de alimentación a la posibilidad de mantener y/o mejorar la salud. Los alimentos funcionales que incluyen, según definición del ILSI, a cualquier alimento o ingrediente del mismo que pueda producir para la salud un beneficio adicional al del valor nutritivo de los nutrientes que contiene , son un reclamo vigente para lograr dicho propósito. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue el desarrollo de productos funcionales frescos, a partir de hortalizas, mediante técnicas de ingeniería de matrices. Se estudió y caracterizó tres matrices vegetales inéditas en este ámbito, como lo son: endibia (Cichorium intybus L.var. foliosum), brócoli (B. oleracea var. itálica) y coliflor (B. oleracea var. botrytis), además se usó zanahoria (Daucus carota L), cuyo comportamiento ha sido estudiado con anterioridad. En el presente estudio se planteó trabajar con diferentes tipos de tejido vegetal incluyendo en su estructura un producto natural con funcionalidad fisiológica, aloe vera, mediante aplicación de la técnica de impregnación a vacío. Analizando el efecto de las dispersiones o suspensiones y su interacción con las matrices estructurales estudiadas. Se realizó un estudio de los parámetros fisicoquímicos de las dispersiones de aloe, con el fin de obtener modelos empíricos que faciliten futuras determinaciones de sus principales características. Finalmente, se estudio la viabilidad de enriquecer las diferentes matrices vegetales en estudio con dispersiones de aloe, usando una concentración similar al gel natural de la planta y otra con una concentración mayor de sólidos, considerando siempre que el medio de impregnación fuese isotónico con el material vegetal. / Sanzana Ramos, SX. (2010). Viabilidad del desarrollo de alimentos funcionales frescos por incorporación de aloe vera a la matriz estructural de endibia (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum), brócoli (Brassica oleracea var. Itálica), coliflor (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis) y zanahoria (Daucus carota L.) mediante la técnica de impregnación a vacío [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8545