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Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Isaac / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HernandezMacedo_SoniaGyssela_M.pdf: 2422289 bytes, checksum: 5de40cb025e10f34037267c1b5159a3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo obter um panorama geral da situação das comunidades intencionais denominadas "ecovilas" do mundo, no que se refere ao saneamento, especificamente, dos sistemas de abastecimento de água e de esgotamento sanitário. Estabeleceuse um recorte no amplo universo de comunidades existentes, segundo os seguintes critérios: premissa de sustentabilidade ambiental em sua origem, espaço próprio e mais de uma família, decisões tomadas por consenso, práticas voltadas ao convívio humano e aprimoramento individual, preocupação com a produção local de alimentos e que tivessem sistemas próprios de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário. Analisaram-se, uma a uma, as comunidades inseridas nas duas principais bases de comunidades intencionais disponíveis na Internet (i.e., Global Ecovillage Network -GEN e Intentional Communities Directory - ICD) . De um universo de 1.062 comunidades, apenas 170 (16%) atendiam aos quesitos pré-estabelecidos e foram convidadas a participar da pesquisa. Um questionário contendo 56 perguntas foi submetido, via correio eletrônico, para as 73 comunidades que sinalizaram positivamente, tendo retornado 51 respostas (30%). O primeiro objetivo foi de identificar e classificar as ecovilas quanto à localização geográfica e tamanho (número de moradores). A distribuição geográfica foi de 33 comunidades na América, 7 na Europa, 5 na Ásia e 6 na Oceania. Posteriormente, analisaram-se, em cinco grupos pré-estabelecidos (de 2 a 9, de 10 a 24, de 25 a 49, de 50 a 99 e com 100 ou mais moradores), os sistemas de saneamento quanto à tecnologia em si, ao processo de seleção da mesma e a alguns indicadores de sustentabilidade. Os sistemas de abastecimento de água são bastante simplificados, sendo que apenas 19 apresentam tratamento, destacando-se a filtração lenta. Dezessete comunidades captam de mananciais não protegidos e não fazem tratamento da água, com potencial risco à saúde. Nos sistemas de esgotamento sanitário predominam o tanque séptico (34 unidades), wetlands (18 unidades), privadas de compostagem (13 unidades) e tratamento no solo (11 unidades). A facilidade de acesso e de manipulação das técnicas e materiais permitiu que os membros das ecovilas pudessem participar ativamente da implantação, operação e manutenção dos seus sistemas. Observou-se que não existe nenhuma técnica inovadora. Quanto ao acesso à informação técnica e a implantação dos sistemas, 25 comunidades apontaram ter sido "fácil", outras 17 assinalaram ter sido "médio" e sete como "difícil". Comentários espontâneos dos representantes dessas comunidades denotaram a percepção de um distanciamento entre a sabedoria local e o conhecimento técnico-científico. Equívocos na concepção dos sistemas são relatados. O consumo de água per capita, em geral, condisse com o indicado na literatura. A elaboração conjunta de uma rede de pesquisa em saneamento com a colaboração de universidades representantes dos continentes e as redes de ecovilas já existentes é sugerida para criar uma ferramenta virtual de seleção de tecnologias de saneamento para ecovilas associada a um manual de saneamento / Abstract: Present work aimed to get a water supply and wastewater system panorama at intentional communities known as "ecovillages" around the world. Ecovillages were selected among the broad universe of existing communities, according to the following criteria: principle of environmental sustainability at creation, own property with more than one family, decision making by consensus, lifestyle focused on human sharing and individual improvement, concern with local food production and water supply and wastewater system owned by the community. One by one, the communities within the two main bases for intentional communities on the Internet (i.e., Global Ecovillage Network - GEN and Intentional Communities Directory - ICD) were analyzed. Just 170 (16.0%) out of 1,062 communities that met mentioned requirements were invited to take part. A survey containing 56 questions was sent via e-mail to 73 communities that agreed to make part of the research of which 51 (30%) completed it. The first objective was to identify and classify the ecovillage as to geographical location and size (by number of residents). Geographical distribution was 33 communities in America, 7 in Europe, 5 in Asia and 6 in Oceania. Systems were ranged and analyzed per five groups (i.e., 2-9, 10-24, 25- 49, 50-99, >99 residents), regarding adopted technology, technology selection process as well as some indicators of sustainability. Water supply systems are quite simplified. Only 19 of them include treatment, mostly slow sand filtration. Seventeen communities reported to take raw water from unprotected source without any treatment, meaning potential health risk. For wastewater system, occurrence obtained were septic tank (34), wetlands (18), composting toilets (13) and soil treatment (11). The ease of access and manipulation of materials and techniques allowed ecovillages residentes to work actively in the implementation, operation and maintenance of their own systems. There is no innovative technique being applied. Regarding access to technical information and construction of systems, 25 communities answered as "easy", another 17 reported "medium" and, finally, seven communities as "difficult." Free comments from community representatives denoted the perception of a gap between local knowledge and technical-scientific knowledge. Systems misconceptions were also reported. Water per capita consumption data fitted literature reference values. Development of a virtual tool for selection of technologies of water supply and wastewater systems for ecovillages associated with a sanitation handbook made cooperatively by regional representatives of those communities worldwide and an academic research network is suggested / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Jana Kerhartová Play, playfulness and humour in the practice of the Art Gallery H Abstract This thesis presents activities of an unofficial private art gallery which operated in Kostelec nad Černými lesy in the 1980s. The research for the paper combined the oral history method, work with visual and textual archives and (visual) semiotic analysis. The aim of the research was to describe the activities of The Art Gallery H and to verify the possibilities of didactic transformation of some chosen aspects into visual arts education. The data, especially interviews with witnesses, historical documents, artworks and school lessons have the character of utterances in the poststructuralist context. Memories of the time and the alternative community viewed through the lens of today bring us important information about the present as well. Clandestine culture arisen in the totalitarian regime brings a new perspective into issues such as freedom, focus of our activities, relation to the establishment, ethics. The main concept that interconnects the whole thesis is the relation between humour, play and art creation. This motive is also important for the context of visual arts education.The outputs of the research were presented in the book Humour and Play in The Art Gallery H and at the exhibition of the same name...