Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AugustoCFW_DISSERT.pdf: 4069800 bytes, checksum: c488b0f09f064b7a5254eca8a4fff499 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / The generation of electricity in Brazil is predominantly renewable, with internal hydraulic generation being more than 70% of its energy matrix. The electricity rationing occurred in 2001 due to lack of rain, led the country to increase the participation of alternative energy sources. This need for new sources of energy makes the regional potential to be exploited, which configures the change of generation model from centralized generation to distributed generation. Among the alternative sources of energy, the solar energy is presented as very promising for Brazil, given that most of its territory is located near to the equator line, which implies days with greater number of hours of solar radiation. The state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) has one of the highest levels of solar irradiation of the Brazilian territory, making it eligible to receive investments for the installation of photovoltaic solar plants. This thesis will present the state-of-the-art in solar photovoltaic power generation and will examine the potential for generation of solar photovoltaic power in Brazil and RN, based on solarimetrics measurements conducted by various institutions and also measurements performed in Natal, the state capital / A gera??o de energia el?trica no Brasil ? predominantemente renov?vel, com a gera??o interna hidr?ulica sendo superior a 70% do total de sua matriz energ?tica. O racionamento de energia el?trica ocorrido em 2001, devido ? falta de chuvas, levou o pa?s a incrementar a participa??o de fontes alternativas de energia. Esta necessidade por novas fontes de energia faz com que as potencialidades regionais sejam aproveitadas, o que configura a mudan?a do modelo de gera??o, passando de gera??o centralizada para gera??o distribu?da. Dentre as fontes alternativas de energia, a solar apresenta-se como uma fonte bastante promissora para o Brasil, tendo em vista que a maior parte do seu territ?rio est? localizada pr?ximo ? linha do equador, o que implica em dias com maior quantidade de horas de radia??o solar. O Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) tem um dos maiores ?ndices de incid?ncia solar do territ?rio brasileiro, o que o torna apto a receber investimentos para a instala??o de usinas solares fotovoltaicas. Esta disserta??o apresentar? o estado da arte em gera??o de energia solar fotovoltaica e analisar? o potencial de gera??o da energia solar fotovoltaica no Brasil e no RN, baseando-se em medi??es solarim?tricas realizadas por diversas institui??es e tamb?m em medi??es realizadas em Natal

A utilização de conversores multiníveis tem sido uma importante alternativa para aplicações de alta potência e média tensão, graças aos altos níveis de potência alcançáveis por estas estruturas. Recentemente, esta topologia de conversores foi aplicada em sistemas com fontes alternativas para alimentar um sistema de geração distribuída, nos quais diferentes fontes de energia eram utilizadas. Com base nas características dos conversores multinível e sua potencial aplicabilidade em sistemas de geração distribuída, este trabalho tem como objetivo construir um sistema multinível conectado a rede de distribuição para utilização de fontes alternativas de energia como fontes primárias. Considerando que a energia fornecida pelas fontes alternativas pode sofrer variações, propõe-se a integração de sistemas armazenadores de energia, como capacitores, ao sistema multinível. Por isso, este trabalho desenvolve uma estratégia de controle para máxima transferência de potência ativa entregue à rede a fim de obter um fluxo ótimo. A topologia multinível deste trabalho possui em sua configuração dois módulos inversores conectados em série. Neste caso, é possível que pelo menos um desses inversores funcione com uma modulação em baixa frequência processando a maior parcela de potência. Assim, duas estratégias de controle modulação de fase e modulação de amplitude para a transferência de potência realizada pelo inversor de baixa frequência são analisadas. As vantagens e desvantagens de cada um dos métodos são expostas e então a estratégia mais adequada, no caso a modulação de amplitude, é utilizada na operação do conversor multinível. Além disso, são apresentados a modelagem das plantas e o projeto dos controladores de cada um dos módulos inversores. Por fim, a validação da proposta é feita através dos resultados de simulações e experimentais que mostram a capacidade do sistema de geração em transferir potência constante para a rede de distribuição e manter a corrente quase sem distorções em fase com a tensão. / The utilization of multilevel converters has been an important alternative for medium voltage applications with high power and power quality demand, thanks to the high power levels achievable for this kind of structure. Recently, this converter topology was proposed as a new possibility in renewable energy source applications, mainly in system delivering power to the grid, where different renewable energy resources may be used. Based on the characteristics of multilevel converters, and their potential applicability in distributed generation systems, this study aims to build a multilevel system that could be powered by renewable energy sources as primary sources and then connect them to a distribution grid. However, considering the energy produced by alternative sources can vary, it is analyzed the integration of a storage energy system in this multilevel topology. Taking into account this ends, the main concern of this study is related to the development of a control strategy to maximize the active power transferred to the grid. The multilevel topology employed in this study has two H-bridge inverter modules connected in series forming a cascaded configuration. Therefore, it is possible that at least one of these inverters, operating with a low frequency of modulation, process the majority of power with lower amount of losses. On this way, two control strategies for power transfer are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are presented, and the most appropriated strategy is used in the operation of the multilevel converter system. In addition, it has been presented the design criteria for each controller and finally the validation of the proposed approach is done by mains of simulations and experimental results which show the ability of the converter to transfer constant active power to the grid and keep the grid current in phase with the grid voltage.

The dissertation is an publication summary focused on the field of management processes in renewable energy systems, mathematical models and optimization possibilities for large and small scale photovoltaic systems. The articles were published in foreign impacted and reviewd journals and indexed proceedings of foreign and domestic conferences. The main results of the dissertation are the design, configuration and realization of the hybrid energy system with subsequent optimization. Using the data from the laboratory system, a mathematical model was compiled and subsequently validated in the Matlab/Simulink environment for a hybrid energy system with accumulation. The options for power production optimization with photovoltaic sources are based on both operational measurements (for commercial applications) and on the analysis of power flow controllers to optimize the~energy balance (for small scale applications in private buildings).

The thesis evaluates present situation on the market with electricity in the East and the South-East of Europe. It is focused on the firm Coal Energy that operated and operates in the Czech Republic and abroad. It suggests eventual possible solutions in complicated market atmosphere nowadays.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Maria Riquelme.pdf: 3664410 bytes, checksum: f671a6b4378f17885fbd022301cd8f41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-03 / This present work has the intention to present the environment as a diffuse good belonging to an undetermined plurality of subjects, which are undividable in relation to its holders and their protection is responsibility of Public Power and also the collectivity. Therefore, when we deal with sustainable energy consumption, which is in the present case the alternative energy sources, we are preserving the current environment for us and for the future generations, respecting ourselves as citizens and the legal norms / A presente dissertação pretende demonstrar que o meio ambiente é um bem difuso pertencente a uma pluralidade indeterminada de sujeitos, indivisíveis em relação aos seus titulares e cuja defesa incumbe tanto ao Poder Público quanto a coletividade. Desta forma, quando nos preocupamos com o consumo consciente da energia, no caso presente das fontes alternativas de energia, estamos cuidando do meio em que vivemos, tanto para nós quanto para as futuras gerações respeitando, assim, nós mesmos como cidadãos e, as normas legais

O uso contínuo de combustíveis fósseis já se mostrou deletério há anos, além de ser um meio energético finito. Por este motivo, a demanda atual e futura por sistemas de energia limpa é grande. Muito embora já existam diversas estruturas dedicadas a extrair energia do mar, o conceito em que se pretende trabalhar é inovador e de tecnologia nacional. Este tema foi desenvolvido inicialmente em uma abordagem teórica pelo então aluno de engenharia naval Daniel Prata Vieira e sua colega Ana Luísa Orsolini, como Trabalho Final do curso de Engenharia Naval e Oceânica da Escola Politécnica da USP, orientados pelo Prof. Dr. André Luis Condino Fujarra. Vieira & Orsolini (2011) [1] abordaram de uma forma diferente o tema de geração de energia por ondas do mar, trazendo à tona o uso da já consagrada plataforma monocoluna - protótipo que rendeu diversos prêmios de inventor do ano da Petrobrás, além de patente, ao Tanque de Provas Numérico, laboratório do departamento de engenharia naval da POLI-USP. O trabalho dos alunos Daniel e Ana também foi reconhecido nacionalmente recebendo o Prêmio Petrobras de Tecnologia 2011 no tema de Tecnologia de Energia. A continuação do trabalho consiste em levar a fundo alguns pontos importantes relacionados ao dimensionamento da plataforma para otimizar a geração de energia através do movimento relativo entre ela e um corpo flutuante interno ao seu moonpool. O objetivo do trabalho é definir melhores geometrias através da parametrização das dimensões principais e da utilização de métodos numéricos num estudo mais detalhado e aprofundado. O método de desenvolvimento leva em conta todos os fatores que influenciam na dinâmica do sistema como a hidrodinâmica de dois corpos (plataforma e corpo interno flutuante) e a dinâmica do gerador de energia (tipo de gerador e seu impacto no amortecimento do sistema global). / The continued use of fossil fuels has proved harmful for years, besides being a means finite energy. For this reason, the current and future demand for clean energy systems are great. Although there are already several structures dedicated to extracting energy from the sea, the concept on which it intends to work is innovative and with local technology. This theme has been already developed in a theoretical approach by the student of naval engineering Daniel Prata Vieira and his classmate Ana Luisa Orsolini, such as Final Paper Course of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering from the Escola Politécnica of USP, directed by Prof. Dr. André Luis Condino Fujarra. Vieira \\& Orsolini (2010) [1] studied in a different way the theme of energy generation from ocean waves, bringing up the use of already established monocolumn platform - prototype that earned several inventor of the year from Petrobras awards, besides patent, to the Numerical Offshore Tank, laboratory of the Naval Engineering Department of Poli - USP. The work of students Daniel and Ana was also recognized nationally getting the Petrobras Technology Award 2011 in the Energy Technology theme. The continuation of this work is to bring the background some important points related to platform design to optimize power generation through the relative motion between it and an internal floating body into moonpool. The objective is to define best geometries through the parameterization of the key dimensions and the use of numerical methods in a more detailed and in-depth study. The development method takes into account all the factors that influence the dynamics of the system such as the hydrodynamics of two bodies (platform and floating internal body) and the dynamics of the generator (type of generator and its impact on the damping of the global system).

O uso contínuo de combustíveis fósseis já se mostrou deletério há anos, além de ser um meio energético finito. Por este motivo, a demanda atual e futura por sistemas de energia limpa é grande. Muito embora já existam diversas estruturas dedicadas a extrair energia do mar, o conceito em que se pretende trabalhar é inovador e de tecnologia nacional. Este tema foi desenvolvido inicialmente em uma abordagem teórica pelo então aluno de engenharia naval Daniel Prata Vieira e sua colega Ana Luísa Orsolini, como Trabalho Final do curso de Engenharia Naval e Oceânica da Escola Politécnica da USP, orientados pelo Prof. Dr. André Luis Condino Fujarra. Vieira & Orsolini (2011) [1] abordaram de uma forma diferente o tema de geração de energia por ondas do mar, trazendo à tona o uso da já consagrada plataforma monocoluna - protótipo que rendeu diversos prêmios de inventor do ano da Petrobrás, além de patente, ao Tanque de Provas Numérico, laboratório do departamento de engenharia naval da POLI-USP. O trabalho dos alunos Daniel e Ana também foi reconhecido nacionalmente recebendo o Prêmio Petrobras de Tecnologia 2011 no tema de Tecnologia de Energia. A continuação do trabalho consiste em levar a fundo alguns pontos importantes relacionados ao dimensionamento da plataforma para otimizar a geração de energia através do movimento relativo entre ela e um corpo flutuante interno ao seu moonpool. O objetivo do trabalho é definir melhores geometrias através da parametrização das dimensões principais e da utilização de métodos numéricos num estudo mais detalhado e aprofundado. O método de desenvolvimento leva em conta todos os fatores que influenciam na dinâmica do sistema como a hidrodinâmica de dois corpos (plataforma e corpo interno flutuante) e a dinâmica do gerador de energia (tipo de gerador e seu impacto no amortecimento do sistema global). / The continued use of fossil fuels has proved harmful for years, besides being a means finite energy. For this reason, the current and future demand for clean energy systems are great. Although there are already several structures dedicated to extracting energy from the sea, the concept on which it intends to work is innovative and with local technology. This theme has been already developed in a theoretical approach by the student of naval engineering Daniel Prata Vieira and his classmate Ana Luisa Orsolini, such as Final Paper Course of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering from the Escola Politécnica of USP, directed by Prof. Dr. André Luis Condino Fujarra. Vieira \\& Orsolini (2010) [1] studied in a different way the theme of energy generation from ocean waves, bringing up the use of already established monocolumn platform - prototype that earned several inventor of the year from Petrobras awards, besides patent, to the Numerical Offshore Tank, laboratory of the Naval Engineering Department of Poli - USP. The work of students Daniel and Ana was also recognized nationally getting the Petrobras Technology Award 2011 in the Energy Technology theme. The continuation of this work is to bring the background some important points related to platform design to optimize power generation through the relative motion between it and an internal floating body into moonpool. The objective is to define best geometries through the parameterization of the key dimensions and the use of numerical methods in a more detailed and in-depth study. The development method takes into account all the factors that influence the dynamics of the system such as the hydrodynamics of two bodies (platform and floating internal body) and the dynamics of the generator (type of generator and its impact on the damping of the global system).

This diploma thesis deals with the design of a small family house, which construction uses alternative building materials. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the world, European and Czech legislation related to sustainable development. The concept of ecological construction, which focuses on the possibilities of reducing the negative impacts of construction production on the environment at various stages of construction and on energy, material, water and waste management, is also presented. The thesis also describes advantages and disadvantages of particular solutions. In the second part of the thesis, which based on theoretical knowledge, is the design of a family house from alternative materials worked out. The design of the study in the scale of 1:100 consists of measured floor plan drawings of all storeys, characteristic measured section drawings, layout plans with displayed furniture and equipment, elevation drawings of particular facades, roof drawings and situation design. The drawing part is accompanied by a text part. The processed design is compared to the reference building and then evaluated from the point of view of functional, economic, environmental and social requirements.

The thesis concerns of the possibility by using alternative decentralized sources of energy. The first chapter describes current energy situation in the Czech Republic and consideration of future electrical energy consumption and the coverage by the renewable sources. Another part of this chapter describes each types of renewable energy with their advantages and disadvantages related to the Czech Republic. In the second chapter are introduced inputs which are appropriate for the plan of energetic system. The following theoretical chapter deals with each types of alternative energy sources using renewable source including the possibility of the installation and plan for the building. These alternative sources are sorted out by the way of using renewable sources of energy. The theoretical-practical fourth chapter concerns of the heating by the heat pump. For the detailed description was chosen the heat pump which is currently denote as appropriate alternative source of heat in household. With appropriate plan, which the thesis deals with, is this alternative source considered as proper investment. In the last chapter was assembled programme for creating models of energetic flux and calculation for the plan of heating by the heating pump air/water. This model is taken for concrete buildings related to exact outdoor temperature from previous years in concrete locality. In the end was realized validation of the software with the real measurement in concrete building.

This thesis is focused on the creation of measuring workplace for remote power supply system. This is the measuring of the workplace, engaged in the processing of measured data, the production of electrical energy made by a photovoltaic panel and wind turbines. In the theoretical part, the reader is familiar with the issue of renewable energy sources. The first chapter is about the energy of the wind. Here is described the emergence of the wind, the basic division of wind power, through the production of electrical energy to the measurement itself. The second chapter deals with the solar energy. This chapter describes the emergence of the solar energy, photoelectric effect, description of characteristic features and related evaluation of the photovoltaic panel. The reader learns the basic distribution photovoltaic panels here and their manufacturing. The third chapter is devoted to measurement methods and specifying the basic conditions for the evaluation of the operation of wind turbines and photovoltaic panel. In the fourth chapter describes the basic data on individual facilities, which have been selected for this thesis and the involvement of the measuring site. There is also included wind power JPT-100 photovoltaic panels A-130 anemometer TX20ETH, pyranometer SG420 and temperature sensor PT100. Measuring software is described in the fifth chapter. In the last chapter, contains the experimental measurements in the selected time interval and the actual evaluation.