Hydroamination reactions are very attractive to form new C-N bonds, though broadly applicable synthetic methods do not exist. The hydroamination of unactivated alkenes is especially difficult to accomplish given its negative reaction entropy, as well as potentially being a thermodynamically unfavourable transformation with some substrates. Thus, previously reported systems have often consisted of biased intramolecular systems or metal-catalyzed intermolecular variations operating at low temperatures. Recently, our group discovered that intermolecular Cope-type hydroamination of unactivated alkenes is achievable through the use of aldehydes as catalysts. These organocatalysts act solely through promoting the pre-association of reacting partners, hydroxylamines and allyl amines, in order to induce temporary intramolecularity; thus allowing for very mild reaction conditions and access to important 1,2-Diamine motifs. This thesis presents studies expanding upon initial reports of aldehyde-catalyzed Cope-type intermolecular hydroamination. In the scope of these studies standard conditions were developed to compare aldehyde catalytic activity. These evaluations led to further strengthening our understanding of hypothesized trends in aldehydes’ catalytic efficiencies, notably the impact of electronic, steric and solvent effects. Furthermore, the possibility of using a catalytic precursor species for hydroamination was evaluated. While this symmetrical hydroxylamine dimer precursor did not result in increased hydroamination yields, it did allow for easier manipulations as well as allow preliminary kinetic isotope effect studies to study formaldehyde as a precatalyst. These KIE studies allowed to reconfirm that hydroamination was highly likely the rate determining step of our proposed catalytic cycle. Derivatization of hydroamination products was also accomplished to access important 1,2 Diamine motifs from simple starting materials, also allowing to access difficult hydroamination products through the application of quantitative amounts of aldehyde, followed by hydrolysis of the formed heterocycles. Additional studies into nitrone reactivity led us to access a novel synthesis of enantiomerically enriched chiral cyclic nitrones through a sequence of nucleophilic addition, Cope-type hydroamination and Cope elimination. However, this sequence proved unpractical and of very narrow applicability, while affording only modest enantioselectivities (up to 78% ee), therefore further exploration was not warranted. A collaborative study was also undertaken in collaboration with the Wennemers group from ETH Zurich. This exploratory study had the goal of examining the potential for combining small peptide catalysis with aldehyde catalysis inducing temporary intramolecularity. It was hypothesized that the combination of both catalytic systems could improve upon the conjugate addition of nucleophiles to certain electrophiles, such as nitroolefins; in a potentially stereoselective manner. Although initial trials did not yield productive reactions, evidence for potential new mixed aminals with formaldehyde and various nucleophiles was found. Furthermore, the background reactivity of various nucleophile and electrophile pairings was assessed, allowing for better calibration of future efforts in studying such systems.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19518号 / 理博第4178号 / 新制||理||1600(附属図書館) / 32554 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 丸岡 啓二, 教授 時任 宣博, 教授 大須賀 篤弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The development of enantioselective reaction methodology has been at the forefront of research in both academic and industrial research laboratories due to the importance of chiral molecules in biological systems. An emerging area of research in the development of enantioselective reaction methodology has been the development of organocatalytic reactions. Organocatalysis, the use of small, chiral organic molecules as catalysts, has the advantage over traditional Lewis acid catalysis in that the reactions in general produce less toxic by-products. One recent breakthrough in the development of enantioselective methodology has been the development of chiral phosphoric acids as organocatalysts. Chiral phosphoric acids have been shown to be excellent catalysts for a wide variety of reactions. In this thesis chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective reaction methodologies have been developed for the addition of sulfonamides and indoles to imines. The development of Bronsted acid-catalyzed amidation of imines allows for an expedient route for the synthesis of N,N-aminals, which have been incorporated into a wide variety of biologically active compounds. Initial studies were undertaken to determine the practicality of a Bronsted acid-catalyzed method for the addition of amides to N-Boc protected imines. Over 20 achiral Bronsted acids were screened, and it was found that phenylphosphinic acid and trifluoromethanesulfinimide were both excellent catalysts for the addition of amides to a variety of imines giving the respective products in excellent yield. The methodology was extended to the development of an enantioselective method for the addition of sulfonamides to imines. It was found that a chiral phosphoric acid derived from the VAPOL ligand was suitable for this purpose. The developed methodology is capable of tolerating a wide variety of functional groups allowing for the preparation of the N, N-aminal products in excellent yield and enantioselectivities. An enantioselective phosphoric acid-catalyzed aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction between N-benzylindoles derivatives and N-benzoyl protected imines has been developed. A catalyst derived from the BINOL backbone was found to be the optimum catalyst for the enantioselective transformation. The developed methodology was capable of tolerating a wide variety of functional groups and provides an expedient route for the synthesis of chiral 3-indolylmethanamines.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第17773号 / 理博第3896号 / 新制||理||1562(附属図書館) / 30580 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 丸岡 啓二, 教授 大須賀 篤弘, 教授 時任 宣博 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

O Brasil possui o maior rebanho bovino comercial do mundo com sua produção baseada, predominantemente, em animais de origem zebuína (Bos indicus), com níveis do potencial genético de produção inferiores aos animais Bos taurus. Com a possibilidade de emprego de técnicas de genética molecular, a seleção de indivíduos melhoradores para acasalamento e multiplicação repercutem nos índices de produtividade e produção. A utilização de melhores métodos de estudo da variação genética no nível mole cular representa benefícios especialmente nos casos de resistência a doenças, já que essas características apresentam baixa herdabilidade e são afetadas pelo ambiente. O estudo da genética molecular visando o aumento da saúde da glândula mamária de bovinos apresenta a vantagem de poder selecionar animais em idades precoces, antes da produção, para ambos os sexos e, no caso dos machos reprodutores, sem a necessidade de aguardar por informações da saúde da glândula mamária observada somente na descendência dos animais. Para identificar genes com responsabilidade de conferir resistência à mastite bovina, a doença mais importante da bovinocultura, foram realizados diversos experimentos que envolveram um gene do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC – Major Histocompatibility Complex). Os experimentos com o gene BoLA-DRB3, do MHC, permitiram identificar um alelo novo, desenvolver uma técnica mais eficiente de genotipagem de animais e verificar a distribuição dos alelos em animais da raça Gir Leiteira. Foram também construídas biliotecas de cDNA utilizando a metodologia de ORESTES e tecido de glândula mamária de animais europeus e zebuínos infectados com Staphylococcus aureus . 6.481 sequências expressas (ESTs), obtidas por meio da metodologia de ORESTES, foram depositadas em bases públicas como o GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nih.nlm.gov/) e TIGR (http://www.tigr.org), sendo 5.950 provenientes de animais Bos indicus, o que significou um aumento de vinte vezes no volume de informações disponíveis sobre o transcriptoma de bovinos zebuínos ao tempo deste estudo. / Brazil is the largest cattle commercial herd in the world, mainly based in zebu (Bos indicus) with lower genetic potential than taurus-derived animals. Molecular genetics brought the possibility of better selection of animals for breeding, which increases production levels. The use of molecular methods for studying genetic variation is especially advantageous for disease resistance because of low herdability and envir onment effects. Selection by means of molecular genetics in dairy cattle can be done before production, for males and females. To identify genes responsible for conferring resistance to Mastitis, the most important cattle disease, we studied one gene from the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex). The experiments with this MHC gene (BoLA-DRB3) identified a new allele in cattle, developed a genotyping technique, and estimate allelic frequencies for Dairy Gir cows (Bos indicus). CDNA libraries from mammary gland tissues infected with Staphylococcus aureus were also constructed and characterized. 6,481 ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) were deposited in GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nih.nlm.gov/) and TIGR (http://www.tigr.org), being 5,950 from Bos indicus cows, which increased by 20-fold the volume of sequence data from the zebu transcriptome, at the time when this study was conducted.

O Brasil possui o maior rebanho bovino comercial do mundo com sua produção baseada, predominantemente, em animais de origem zebuína (Bos indicus), com níveis do potencial genético de produção inferiores aos animais Bos taurus. Com a possibilidade de emprego de técnicas de genética molecular, a seleção de indivíduos melhoradores para acasalamento e multiplicação repercutem nos índices de produtividade e produção. A utilização de melhores métodos de estudo da variação genética no nível mole cular representa benefícios especialmente nos casos de resistência a doenças, já que essas características apresentam baixa herdabilidade e são afetadas pelo ambiente. O estudo da genética molecular visando o aumento da saúde da glândula mamária de bovinos apresenta a vantagem de poder selecionar animais em idades precoces, antes da produção, para ambos os sexos e, no caso dos machos reprodutores, sem a necessidade de aguardar por informações da saúde da glândula mamária observada somente na descendência dos animais. Para identificar genes com responsabilidade de conferir resistência à mastite bovina, a doença mais importante da bovinocultura, foram realizados diversos experimentos que envolveram um gene do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC – Major Histocompatibility Complex). Os experimentos com o gene BoLA-DRB3, do MHC, permitiram identificar um alelo novo, desenvolver uma técnica mais eficiente de genotipagem de animais e verificar a distribuição dos alelos em animais da raça Gir Leiteira. Foram também construídas biliotecas de cDNA utilizando a metodologia de ORESTES e tecido de glândula mamária de animais europeus e zebuínos infectados com Staphylococcus aureus . 6.481 sequências expressas (ESTs), obtidas por meio da metodologia de ORESTES, foram depositadas em bases públicas como o GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nih.nlm.gov/) e TIGR (http://www.tigr.org), sendo 5.950 provenientes de animais Bos indicus, o que significou um aumento de vinte vezes no volume de informações disponíveis sobre o transcriptoma de bovinos zebuínos ao tempo deste estudo. / Brazil is the largest cattle commercial herd in the world, mainly based in zebu (Bos indicus) with lower genetic potential than taurus-derived animals. Molecular genetics brought the possibility of better selection of animals for breeding, which increases production levels. The use of molecular methods for studying genetic variation is especially advantageous for disease resistance because of low herdability and envir onment effects. Selection by means of molecular genetics in dairy cattle can be done before production, for males and females. To identify genes responsible for conferring resistance to Mastitis, the most important cattle disease, we studied one gene from the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex). The experiments with this MHC gene (BoLA-DRB3) identified a new allele in cattle, developed a genotyping technique, and estimate allelic frequencies for Dairy Gir cows (Bos indicus). CDNA libraries from mammary gland tissues infected with Staphylococcus aureus were also constructed and characterized. 6,481 ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) were deposited in GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nih.nlm.gov/) and TIGR (http://www.tigr.org), being 5,950 from Bos indicus cows, which increased by 20-fold the volume of sequence data from the zebu transcriptome, at the time when this study was conducted.