This dissertation describes the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel CDK5/p25 small molecule inhibitors. Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a proline directed serine/threonine kinase which plays an important role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). CDK5/p25 has been implicated in hyperphosphorylation of tau protein which forms neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a contributing factor to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on the deposited X-ray crystal structure of CDK5/p25 with a non-selective CDK inhibitor R-Roscovitine (PDB ID: 1UNL), eight series of novel compounds with a benzimidazole core were designed, synthesized and tested as inhibitors of CDK5/p25. An efficient synthesis of trisubtituted benzimidazoles was developed to explore the SAR at the 1-, 4-, and 6- positions of the benzimidazole core. X-ray crystal structure verification of an intermediate confirmed selective alkylation of the N-1 position of the benzimidazole scaffold. Synthesis of N-1, N-4, C6-O, C6-N, C6-C and C-2 substituted benzimidazoles were achieved via Mitsunobu coupling, Suzuki Miyaura coupling, Buchwald coupling and reductive alkylation strategies. Aminothiazole scaffolds are an established class of CDK inhibitors including CDK5. A molecular hybridization technique was applied to the design of a series of 2-, 5- disubstituted aminothiazoles incorporating structural features of both the Meriolins, natural product CDK inhibitors, and known aminothiazole scaffolds. Synthetic techniques employed included aryl lithiation, deoxygenation and acylation. / Mylan School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Medicinal Chemistry / PhD / Dissertation

This dissertation describes the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel CDK5/p25 small molecule inhibitors. Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a proline directed serine/threonine kinase which plays an important role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). CDK5/p25 has been implicated in hyperphosphorylation of tau protein which forms neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a contributing factor to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on the deposited X-ray crystal structure of CDK5/p25 with a non-selective CDK inhibitor R-Roscovitine (PDB ID: 1UNL), eight series of novel compounds with a benzimidazole core were designed, synthesized and tested as inhibitors of CDK5/p25. An efficient synthesis of trisubtituted benzimidazoles was developed to explore the SAR at the 1-, 4-, and 6- positions of the benzimidazole core. X-ray crystal structure verification of an intermediate confirmed selective alkylation of the N-1 position of the benzimidazole scaffold. Synthesis of N-1, N-4, C6-O, C6-N, C6-C and C-2 substituted benzimidazoles were achieved via Mitsunobu coupling, Suzuki Miyaura coupling, Buchwald coupling and reductive alkylation strategies. Aminothiazole scaffolds are an established class of CDK inhibitors including CDK5. A molecular hybridization technique was applied to the design of a series of 2-, 5- disubstituted aminothiazoles incorporating structural features of both the Meriolins, natural product CDK inhibitors, and known aminothiazole scaffolds. Synthetic techniques employed included aryl lithiation, deoxygenation and acylation. / Mylan School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; / Medicinal Chemistry / PhD; / Dissertation;

In drug discovery there are several approaches to lead generation and one traditional approach involves the synthesis and screening of a structurally diverse compound library against a number of biological targets to identify high affinity lead compounds. The use of a `privileged' structure-based compound library represents a viable approach that could lead to drug like lead compounds. Privileged structures are defined as those ligand substructures that may be used to generate high affinity leads for more than one type of receptor. Examples of privileged structures include phenyl substituted monocycles such as biphenyls, diphenyl methane derivatives, 1,4-dihydropyridines, fused ring systems such as chromones, quinoxalines, quinazolines, 2-benzoxazolones, indoles, benzimidazoles and benzofurans. There are several instances in the literature describing the development of compound libraries based on privileged structures with reportedly high hit rates. Privileged structure based approaches has been used with notable success in the identification of high affinity ligands especially for G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The scaffold 2-aminothiazole (fused and non-fused) may be considered a privileged structure because of its occurrence in a wide variety of pharmaceuticals. The scaffold is found in antibacterials, anti-inflammatory agents, glutamate transporter (GLT-1) modulators, serotonin and muscarinic ligands. The present study involves the synthesis of a 2-aminothiazole (fused and non-fused) based compound library (60 compounds) by incorporating bioactive fragments shown to produce hits in the biological targets of interest. Microwave assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) has been employed at key steps of scaffold synthesis as well as in Suzuki coupling to generate the target aminothiazoles. Preliminary biological screening has resulted in the identification of some promising lead compounds. Trifluoromethoxy substituted aminothiazoles were found to be potent antimicrobials with MIC values in the range of 4-16 microgram/ml. Furanone based aminothiazoles showed affinity for muscarinic receptors. Piperidine based aminothiazoles showed greater than 90% of control (8-OH-DPAT) specific agonist response at the 5-HT1A receptor subtype. The Clog P values of the most potent antimicrobials were found to be in the range of 4.5-6.2 indicating the high lipophilicity of the compounds. High lipophilicity is known to cause solubility issues that may hamper future development. Therefore in an effort to make compounds with intermediate lipophilicity, the phenyl core of the potent aminothiazoles will be replaced with pyridine core using literature procedures (Pyridine core containing aminothiazoles showed Clog P < 4). Future plans include expanding the library, improving the yields of compounds and to evaluate the compounds as modulators of glutamate transporter (GLT-1). The work could be extended to include other privileged structures such as 2-aminooxazole, 2-aminobenzoxazole, 2-aminoimidazole and 2-aminobenzimidazole. These mono and bicyclic heterocyles may be considered bioisosteres of 2-aminothiazole. / Pharmaceutical Sciences

Zur Herstellung Organischer Leuchtdioden (OLED) auf der Basis kleiner Moleküle werden geeignete Verbindungen als Ladungstransport- und Emittermaterialien benötigt. Die Arbeit beschreibt die Darstellung heteroaromatischer Triarylamine durch Ringschlussreaktion. Ausgehend von N,N-diarylsubstituierten Thioharnstoffen und -Thiocarbonsäureamiden sowie von geeigneten 2-Halogencarbonylverbindungen wurden arylsubstituierte 2-Aminothiazole und 2-Aminothiophene dargestellt. Durch den Einsatz von bifunktionellen Edukten erhält man so auch 5,5´-verknüpfte, 4,4´-verknüpfte und aminoverknüpfte Hetarensysteme. Die Einführung geeigneter Elektronenakzeptorgruppen in die 5-Stellung des Hetarens gestattet die Darstellung längerwellig absorbierender Farbstoffe, die Fluoreszenz im Festkörper zeigen können. Dabei wurden sowohl 2-Aminothiazole und 2-Aminothiophene durch Substitution am Heterocyclus in Farbstoffe überführt, als auch die Farbstoffe durch die Kondensation von 2,N,N-Triaryl-3-morpholino-thioacrylsäureamiden beziehungsweise von 2-Aza-N,N-diaryl-3-morpholino-thioacrylsäureamiden mit 2-Halogen-carbonylverbindungen und 2-Halogenheterocarbonylverbindungen dargestellt. Die symmetrievermindernden Eigenschaften der dargestellten Hetarene gegenüber der Phenylgruppe erhöhen die für die Stabilität der OLED-Elemente wichtige Glasbildungstendenz und vermindern weiterhin die Fluoreszenzlöschung im Festkörper der dargestellten Farbstoffe. Der beschriebene Verzicht auf metallkatalysierte Bindungsknüpfungsreaktionen ermöglicht eine einfachere Produktreinigung und trägt durch den Wegfall eventueller Fluoreszenzlöschungsprozesse an Schwermetallatomen zu einer höheren Effizienz der Elektrolumineszenzbauelemente bei.

Zur Herstellung Organischer Leuchtdioden (OLED) auf der Basis kleiner Moleküle werden geeignete Verbindungen als Ladungstransport- und Emittermaterialien benötigt. Die Arbeit beschreibt die Darstellung heteroaromatischer Triarylamine durch Ringschlussreaktion. Ausgehend von N,N-diarylsubstituierten Thioharnstoffen und -Thiocarbonsäureamiden sowie von geeigneten 2-Halogencarbonylverbindungen wurden arylsubstituierte 2-Aminothiazole und 2-Aminothiophene dargestellt. Durch den Einsatz von bifunktionellen Edukten erhält man so auch 5,5´-verknüpfte, 4,4´-verknüpfte und aminoverknüpfte Hetarensysteme. Die Einführung geeigneter Elektronenakzeptorgruppen in die 5-Stellung des Hetarens gestattet die Darstellung längerwellig absorbierender Farbstoffe, die Fluoreszenz im Festkörper zeigen können. Dabei wurden sowohl 2-Aminothiazole und 2-Aminothiophene durch Substitution am Heterocyclus in Farbstoffe überführt, als auch die Farbstoffe durch die Kondensation von 2,N,N-Triaryl-3-morpholino-thioacrylsäureamiden beziehungsweise von 2-Aza-N,N-diaryl-3-morpholino-thioacrylsäureamiden mit 2-Halogen-carbonylverbindungen und 2-Halogenheterocarbonylverbindungen dargestellt. Die symmetrievermindernden Eigenschaften der dargestellten Hetarene gegenüber der Phenylgruppe erhöhen die für die Stabilität der OLED-Elemente wichtige Glasbildungstendenz und vermindern weiterhin die Fluoreszenzlöschung im Festkörper der dargestellten Farbstoffe. Der beschriebene Verzicht auf metallkatalysierte Bindungsknüpfungsreaktionen ermöglicht eine einfachere Produktreinigung und trägt durch den Wegfall eventueller Fluoreszenzlöschungsprozesse an Schwermetallatomen zu einer höheren Effizienz der Elektrolumineszenzbauelemente bei.

Orientador: Newton Luiz Dias Filho / Resumo: No presente trabalho, a 3-cloropropil sílica gel (SG) foi preparada e organofuncionalizada com dois grupos funcionais, 2-aminotiazol (SATZ) e 5-amino-1,3,4-tiadiazol-2-tiol (SATT). Com o objetivo de produzir novos materiais através da modificação química da superfície da sílica gel, com aplicabilidade na remoção de íons metálicos em meio etanólico, tendo a possibilidade de serem aplicados na remoção de metais pesados em combustível etanol e aguardente. Esses novos materiais também podem ser trabalhados como novos eletrodos quimicamente modificados na detecção de nitrito encontrado na urina e em águas naturais. Esses materiais foram caracterizados por técnicas de espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho (FTIR), ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Posteriormente foram realizados estudos de adsorção de íons metálicos (Cu+2, Cd+2 e Zn+2) para o SATZ e SATT em solvente etanólico (99%). Para testar a capacidade de adsorção de íons metálicos, determinou-se a cinática de adsorção para todos íons Cu+2, Cd+2 e Zn+2 (40 minutos), determinou-se a capacidade de adsorção (Nf) através de isotermas com diferentes concentrações molares dos íons metálicos. Ambos os adsorventes tiveram uma capacidade máxima de adsorção maior para os íons Zn2+ do que para os íons Cd2+ e Cu2+, de acordo com a seguinte ordem: Zn2+>Cd2+>Cu2+. Em uma segunda etapa do trabalho após a adsorção dos íons cúpricos (Cu2+) pelo SATT, reagiu-se o SATT com hexacianoferrato (III) ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the present work, 3-chloropropyl silica gel (SG) was prepared and organofunctionalized with two functional groups, 2-aminothiazole (SATZ) and 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (SATT). With the objective of producing new materials through the chemical modification of the silica gel surface, with applicability in the removal of metallic ions in ethanolic medium, having the possibility of being applied in the removal of heavy metals in fuel ethanol and brandy. These new materials can also be worked as new chemically modified electrodes in the detection of nitrite found in urine and in natural waters. These materials were characterized by Infrared Region Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. Subsequently, adsorption studies of metal ions (Cu + 2, Cd + 2 and Zn + 2) were performed for SATZ and SATT in ethanolic solvent (99%). The adsorption kinetics were determined for all metal ions Cu + 2, Cd + 2 and Zn + 2 (40 minutes), the adsorption capacity (Nf) was determined through isotherms with different molar concentrations of the metal ions. Both adsorbents had a maximum adsorption capacity it was higher for Zn2 + ions than for Cd2 + and Cu2 + ions, according to the following order: Zn2 +> Cd2 + > Cu2+ . In a second step of the work after the copper ions (Cu2+) adsorption by SATT, the SATT was reacted with potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), thus forming the CuSATTH complex. The graphite paste electrode chemically mod... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre