Using a newly devised model, the in vitro behaviour of E. histolytica strains IP-106, NIH:200 and DKB has been measured. Behavioural differences between the three strains have been demonstrated which correlate with their virulence. Changes in some environmental conditions (e.g. low pH, high concentrations of bile) caused behavioural changes within the strains studied. The type of movement exhibited by trophozoites of E. histolytica have been characterized and the forces produced by a pseudopodium during penetration have been measured. A 'monopodial' form of E. histolytica has been described. This form comprising less than 1% of a normal amoebic population in culture, was found to increase in numbers in the presence of bile and also under conditions of fluctuating temperature. / Iron was found to be a necessary requirement for amoebic growth, having a direct effect on the growth rate of E. histolytica irrespective of the source of the iron (ferric or ferrous). The three strains of E. histolytica investigated exhibited different responses which correlated with their respective virulence.

No description available.

La transition cellulaire Mésenchymo-Amiboïde (MAT) est requise pour l’échappement métastasique, cependant elle n’a encore jamais été associée à une situation physiopathologique précise. PAI-1, l’inhibiteur de l’activateur du plasminogène de type-1, est une molécule du microenvironnement tumoral considérée comme facteur de mauvais pronostic et localisée en forte concentration autour des tumeurs les plus invasives. Nous montrons que, sous sa forme matricielle active, PAI-1 est capable d’entretenir, au cours du temps et de façon dose-dépendante, la morphologie amiboïde de cellules cancéreuses colorectales et mammaires, et que celle-ci est associée à une adhérence faible intégrines-indépendante, une migration de type amiboïde et à l’activation de la voie RhoA/ROCK-1/MLC-P. Le mécanisme moléculaire mis en jeu a partiellement été mis en évidence : nous montrons que l’immobilisation de PAI-1 et sa liaison à l’uPA sont indispensables, et nous suggérons la possibilité que le récepteur membranaire uPAR participe à la transmission de signaux maintenant la voie RhoA/ROCK-1/MLC-P active. La compatibilité des effets du PAI-1 matriciel vis-à-vis des principales voies de signalisation impliquées dans la régulation de la transition MAT est établie in silico grâce à une méthode fondée sur la modélisation de la dynamique des réseaux d’interactions. L’ensemble de ces résultats permet pour la première fois de caractériser une situation physiopathologique microenvironnementale favorable à la transition MAT ; et bien que la forme matricielle de PAI-1 n’ait pas encore livré tous ses secrets, elle semble être une cible thérapeutique intéressante. / The Mesenchymal-Amoeboid transition (MAT) is required for metastatic escape, however it has not been associated with a precise physiopathological requirement yet. PAI-1, type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor, is a tumor matrix molecule considered as marker of bad prognosis and found in high amount in the most aggressive tumors. We show that, in its activated matrix form, PAI-1 is able to maintain, in time and with concentration-dependence, the amoeboid morphology of colorectal and mammary cancer cells, and that this one is associated with a weak integrin-independant adhesion, an amoeboid migration and the activation of RhoA/ROCK-1/MLC-P pathway. The involved molecular mechanism has been partially underlined: we show that immobilization of PAI-1 and its link with uPA are essential, and we assume that the membrane receptor uPAR participates in the transmission of signals maintaining activated the RhoA/ROCK-1/MLC-P pathway. The compatibility of matrix PAI-1 effects towards the main signaling pathways involved in MAT regulation is established in silico with a method based on the modeling of interaction network dynamics. All this results enable for the first time to characterize a matrix physiopathological situation supporting MAT; and although the matrix form of PAI-1 has not been revealed all its secrets yet, it seems to be an interesting therapeutic target.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2003. / Advisor: Dr. Thomas M. Roberts, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biological Science. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Aug. 23, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

<p> Amoeboid Motion is thought to be due to the action of an actomyosin- like protein present in the cytoplasm of amoeba. A co-ordinated net- 0 work of microfilaments of the actomyosin-like protein, 70 A in diameter, may be the mechanical means of accomplishing amoeboid motion. The microfilaments formed of the actomyosin-like protein, may be capable of rapid association and dissociation in vivo. In this thesis, the cytoplasm of Naegleria gruberi amoeba has been shown to possess a protein similar to actomyosin. Characterization of the ATPase activity, superprecipitating ability, electrophoretic behaviour and microfilament producing ability reveal that the actomyosin-like protein of Naegleria gruberi amoeba is quite similar to the analogous protein in Physarum polycephalum. Naeqleria gruberi may be an ideal organism in which to study the interconversion of one form of a biologically active macromolecule to another., In different stages of the life cycle, amoeboid motion, flagellar beating and mitotic spindles are present. It is possible that the same contractile molecules in different forms may perform different functions. </P> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The invasion of cancer cells is an important aspect of cancer progression. Single tumor cells exhibit at least two types of invasion in 3D environment, mesenchymal and amoeboid invasion. Tumor cells can switch between these two modes of movement depending on cellular status and surrounding environment. Amoeboid-mesenchymal transition (AMT) is less explored then mesenchymal-amoeboid transition (MAT). We performed a proteomic analysis of amoeboid-mesenchymal transition of human melanoma cell line A375M2. We have induced amoeboid-mesenchymal transition by treatment with a ROCK inhibitor Y27632 in 3D matrigel matrices and in 2D environment. Induction of the amoeboid-mesenchymal transition has changed a level of expression of 92 proteins and a level of phosphorylation of 15 proteins. Expression of only 17 proteins and phosphorylation of 8 proteins was identically changed in both of these environments. We found that PKCα regulates amoeboid migration and that treatment of cells with a PKCα inhibitor Gö6976 induces amoeboid-mesenchymal transition. Analysis of the proteomics data have further shown that induction of AMT by the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 leads to activation of antiapoptotic signals and activation of signaling pathways involved in regulation of actin cytoskeleton especially regulation of focal...

La perte de l’expression de la sous-unité β4 des canaux sodiques dépendants du voltage NaV dans les tumeurs mammaires est associée à un grade cancéreux élevé et au développement des métastases. L’extinction de son expression dans les cellules MDA-MB-231 augmente de plus de deux fois leur invasivité. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons montré que la sous-expression de β4 favorise la transition mésenchymato-amoeboïde et augmente l’invasion cancéreuse indépendante de NaV. Cette transition se caractérise par l’acquisition d’une morphologie plus arrondie, par la présence de blebs à la surface cellulaire et par une augmentation de l’activité RhoA-GTPase. Cette transition est inhibée par la surexpression du domaine intracellulaire C-terminal de la sousunité β4. L’expression de β4 peut être augmentée par un apport en acide docosahexaènoïque (22:6n-3), qui augmente l’activité du promoteur de son gène SCN4B. Le DHA augmente également l’expression de β4 en modulant l’expression des récepteurs nucléaires PPAR, sensibles aux lipides. / The loss of voltage gated sodium channel NaVβ4 subunit expression in breast cancer biopsies is associated with high grade tumors and metastatic development. The inhibition of β4 expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells enhanced their invasiveness by two fold. During this thesis, we have shown that β4 underexpression promotes mesenchymal-amoeboid transition and increases NaV-independent invasion. This transition is characterized by rounded morphology, the presence of blebs at the cell surface and an increased RhoAGTPase activity. This transition is inhibited by β4 C-terminal intracellular domain overexpression. Expression of β4 can be enhanced by a DHA supplementation that increases the encoding SCN4B promoter activity. DHA also increases β4 expression through the modulation of PPARs lipid-sensitive nuclear receptors expression.

and keywords: During metastasis, cancer cells can invade the extracellular matrix using various strategies. When invading individually, they employ either the amoeboid invasion mode, during which the cell body dynamically deforms by enhanced contractility to squeeze through pores within the matrix, or protease dependent mesenchymal migration that takes advantage of the possibility to digest the surrounding matrix. Cells migrating in one mode can actively switch to the other by mesenchymal-amoeboid (MAT) or amoeboid-mesenchymal transitions (AMT). This enables escape mechanisms and considerably complicates anti-metastatic treatment. It is well known that Rho GTPases are master regulators of cytoskeleton re-arrangements and thus, unsurprisingly, play a major role in both invasion modes and can directly drive the transitions. However, upstream activation of these pathways is still largely unclear. This thesis aimed to optimize 3D conditions suitable for studying plasticity of cell invasion in vitro, establish AMT and MAT in melanoma cells based on manipulation of Rho GTPases and verify novel candidates regulating cell invasion plasticity based on previous RNA sequencing of cells before and after MAT. Last, by synthesis of published data, results from sequencing and new findings presented in this...

iii Abstract Cells have evolved multiple mechanisms of cellular motility ranging from the migration of large cell cohorts to specialized migration of individual cells. The wide range of invasion modes has been exploited by cancer cells to their advantage, which has rendered the metastatic process so difficult to defeat. To allow for a better understanding of cancer invasion plasticity, we have employed studies on cancer cells that adopt the proteolytically active, adhesion-dependent, elongated mesenchymal invasion mode, the protease-independent, low adhesion, rounded amoeboid invasion mode, or combination of both. To study invasion plasticity directly, we have established two model systems of the mesenchymal- amoeboid transition (MAT) that allow for regulated induction of MAT in 3D in vitro environments. Using these systems, MAT was induced in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells and the acquisition of a motile, invasive amoeboid phenotype was confirmed. We then observed the mesenchymal and amoeboid invasion strategies within 3D collagen in more detail using a digital holographic microscope. Further, HT1080 cells before and after MAT were subject to high throughput proteomic and transcriptomic studies. Comparison of gene expression and protein levels of mesenchymal and amoeboid cells disclosed an inflammatory-like...

Tumour cell invasion is one of the most critical steps in malignant progression. It includes a broad spectrum of mechanisms, including both individual and collective cell migration, which enables them to spread towards adjacent tissue, and form new metastases. Understanding the mechanisms of cell spreading, and invasion, is crucial for effective anticancer therapy. Two modes of individual migration of tumour cells have been established in a three-dimensional environment. Mesenchymally migrating cells use proteases to cleave collagen bundles, and thus overcome the ECM barriers. Recently described protease-independent amoeboid mode of invasion has been discovered in studies of cancer cells with protease inhibitors. During my PhD study, I have focused on determining the molecular mechanisms involved in amoeboid invasion of tumour cells. We have examined invasive abilities in non-metastatic K2 and highly metastatic A3 rat sarcoma cell lines. We have shown that even though highly metastatic A3 rat sarcoma cells are of mesenchymal origin, they have upregulated Rho/ROCK signalling pathway. Moreover, A3 cells generate actomyosin-based mechanical forces at their leading edges to physically squeeze through the collagen fibrils by adopting an amoeboid phenotype. Amoeboid invasiveness is also less dependent on...