No description available.

Fibroblasts are the principal cellular component of the connective tissue. They are a heterogeneous group of cells which contribute to the structure of connective tissue and wound healing by their ability to produce extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibroblasts and cells derived from them are involved in many pathological processes such as formation of malignant tumors and fibrosis. Tumor progression which finally leads to metastasis is a serious biomedical problem. There is a growing body of the recent evidence showing an important role of the tumor stroma and its interaction with cancer cells in cancer progression. Tumor stroma comprises mainly of myofibroblasts and their products, namely ECM, soluble factors, and enzymes. Myofibroblasts contribute more or less to all steps of cancer progression. Furthermore myofibroblasts play a key role in fibrosis, another serious human disease which is not efficiently treatable and which is associated with cancer progression. These facts made us to search for molecular means capable of eliminating the myofibroblastic phenotype. We succeeded to entirely dedifferentiate primary myofibroblasts by concomitant inhibition of TGFβ signaling and perturbation of MAPK signaling in a chick model that we have introduced. Malignant fibroblasts form sarcomas. ECM is the first...

La capacité des leucocytes à se déplacer dans tout l’organisme est indispensable pour une réponse immunitaire rapide et efficace. Leur migration, dite amiboïde, est caractérisée par une vitesse importante (10-20 μm/min) et une grande adaptabilité face aux divers environnements qu’ils rencontrent, qu’ils soient bidimensionnels comme la paroi luminale endothéliale ou tridimensionnels (3D) comme les tissus. Telle qu'actuellement décrite, la migration amiboïde requiert de l’adhésion ou de la friction avec un support solide. Nous avons ici montré que les lymphocytes T effecteurs sont capables de nager sans interaction avec un support solide. Le mécanisme de propulsion est basé sur le flux rétrograde d’actine qui entraine une brosse protéique de molécules transmembranaires liées au cytosquelette entrant en interaction avec le medium. Par ailleurs, lors de leur migration sur la surface luminale des parois endothéliales, les leucocytes sont soumis à un flux important et s’orientent par rapport au flux via des mécanismes mal déterminés. Nous avons montré que l’orientation des lymphocytes et des neutrophiles respectivement dans le sens ou à contresens d’un flux peut s’expliquer sans détection moléculaire du stress hydrodynamique. Le lamellipode pour les neutrophiles et l’uropode pour les lymphocytes est non-adhérent et s’oriente dans le flux comme une girouette dans le vent. La polarisation avant-arrière réaligne l’ensemble de la cellule dans le même sens que l’extrémité orientée par le flux. Le mécanotactisme des leucocytes sous flux repose ainsi sur des mécanismes passifs, c’est-à-dire sans mécanotransduction. / A fast and efficient immunity response needs leukocytes’ability to migrate within the entire organism. Their migration, called amoeboid, is characterized by a high speed (10-20 μm.min-1) and a great adaptability to move through various environment, either two-dimensional as luminal endothelial surface or tri-dimensional (3D) environment as tissue. Since the observation of leukocytes migrating without adhesion through solid 3D medium, amoeboid migration is described as requiring either adhesion or friction with solid support to permit motility. We showed here that effector T lymphocytes are able to swim without any interaction with solid substrate. Propulsion is based on actin retrograde flow coupled with transmembrane proteins linked to cytoskeleton (like integrins) which drag a brush of polymeric molecules in interaction with the medium. Furthermore, cell guidance is required for many crucial functions as organism growth or immune system. However, when crawling on luminal endothelial surfaces, cells are exposed to blood flow and they robustly orient either with or against the flow with unknown mechanisms. We showed that lymphocytes and neutrophils flow orientation can be explain without any molecular flow sensor of shear stress. Lamellipodium for neutrophils and uropod for lymphocytes is non-adherent and orients in the direction of flow like a wind vane. Front-rear cell polarization aligns the axis of the whole cell with the non-adherent pole oriented by flow. Flow mechanotaxis of leukocytes relies on passive mechanisms without mechanotransduction.

The ability of cancer cells to adopt various invasive modes (the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness) represents a significant obstacle in the treatment of cancer metastasis. Cancer invasiveness involves various modes of migration. Cells can move together (with the preserved intercellular junctions; collective invasiveness) or individually. Within individual invasiveness, we distinguish two principal invasive modes - mesenchymal and amoeboid. The mesenchymal mode of migration is characterized by an elongated shape, proteolytic degradation of the fibres of the extracellular matrix, and the formation of strong contacts with the extracellular matrix. The amoeboid mode of migration is not dependent on proteolytic activity, the cells are characterized by a round shape and increased contractility, which they use to squeeze themselves through the pores of the extracellular matrix. This thesis deals with the analysis of the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness, specifically the transitions between individual amoeboid and mesenchymal migration modes, in the 3D environment of the collagen gel as a model of extracellular matrix. The work presents models of mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT), which include BLM, HT1080 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, in which MAT is induced by the expression of...

NG2 is a transmembrane glycoprotein mainly expressed in developing tissue, and often re-expressed in tumor cells. NG2 glycoprotein is an important regulator of cell migration and adhesion. Increased expression of NG2 enhances the metastatic potential of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of these processes are still not fully understood. An increasing number of evidences, in recent years, have shown that NG2 can be responsible for Rho/ROCK activation, which is essential for effective amoeboid invasiveness. In this thesis, we analysed the role of NG2 glycoprotein, especially the role of its PDZ- binding motif on amoeboid phenotype induction, and activation of Rho/ROCK signaling. Our results demonstrate the importance of the NG2 PDZ-binding motif on mesenchymal- amoeboid transition of cells in a 3D environment. Surprisingly, they show that the expression of both the NG2 cytoplasmatic domain and the truncated version, lacking the PDZ-binding motif, do not change the amount of Rho-GTP or the activation of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway in 2D.

Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), exist in a process-bearing, ramified/surveying phenotype under resting conditions. Upon activation by cell-damaging factors, they get transformed into an amoeboid phenotype releasing various cell products including pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and the excytotoxic ATP and glutamate. In addition, they engulf pathogenic bacteria or cell debris and phagocytose them. However, already resting/surveying microglia have a number of important physiological functions in the CNS; for example, they shield small disruptions of the blood–brain barrier by their processes, dynamically interact with synaptic structures, and clear surplus synapses during development. In neurodegenerative illnesses, they aggravate the original disease by a microglia-based compulsory neuroinflammatory reaction. Therefore, the blockade of this reaction improves the outcome of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. The function of microglia is regulated by a whole array of purinergic receptors classified as P2Y12, P2Y6, P2Y4, P2X4, P2X7, A2A, and A3, as targets of endogenous ATP, ADP, or adenosine. ATP is sequentially degraded by the ecto-nucleotidases and 5′-nucleotidase enzymes to the almost inactive inosine as an end product. The appropriate selective agonists/antagonists for purinergic receptors as well as the respective enzyme inhibitors may profoundly interfere with microglial functions and reconstitute the homeostasis of the CNS disturbed by neuroinflammation.

No description available.

7 Abstract Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) is a serine/threonine protein kinase. PKCα is an important protein regulating cell polarity, protein secretion, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation and tumorogenesis. Previous research has shown a role of PKCα also in a cancer cell migration and cancer cell invasion. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) played in amoeboid mode of cancer cell invasion. We showed that higher expression of PKCα resulted in mesenchymal-amoeboid transition of K2 and MDA mesenchymal cancer cell lines, which was accompanied with decreased cancer cell invasive capability in 3D collage matrix. PKCα overexpression had no effect on the cell morphology of A375m2, however, the results showed a trend in increased invasive potential of A375m2 cells. Conversely, the expression of dominant-negative PKCα resulted in amoeboid-mesenchymal transition of A375m2 cells, and it was associated with decreased invasive potential of K2 and MDA cell lines. Furthermore, a linkage between PKCα and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) was tested. The results revealed that increased activity of PKCα was accompanied with decreased level of active Akt in K2 cell line. To summarize, our results suggest a probable role of PKCα in regulation of amoeboid...

1. Abstract Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a serine/threonine protein kinase regulating many different signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of PKCα in amoeboid morphology and invasion of cancer cells. It was observed, that expression of PKCα as well as its phosphorylation on Thr497 remained unchanged upon amoeboid-mesenchymal transition of A375m2 cells (induced by inhibition of ROCK kinase) both in 3D and in 2D environment. However, activation of PKCα by PKC activator treatment resulted in mesenchymal- amoeboid transition of K2 and MDA-MB-231 mesenchymal cell lines, although it did not change overall invasivity ability of cells to invade 3D collagen. Notably, PKCα activation significantly reduced matrix degrading abilities of A375m2 cells. Conversely, inhibition of PKCα by PKCα inhibitor treatment caused amoeboid-mesenchymal transition of amoeboid A375m2 cells and it was associated with decreased invasiveness of all three cell lines used. PKCα inhibitor did not have any effect on gelatin degradation area of A375m2 cells. Consistently, specific siRNA mediated downregulation of PKCα lead to transition from amoeboid to mesenchymal morphology of A375m2 cells and reduced invasiveness of cells into 3D collagen. Moreover, gelatin degrading abilities of A375m2 cells were...

Les métastases sont la principale cause de décès chez les patients atteints d’un cancer. Lors du développement métastatique, les cellules tumorales disséminées (CTD) doivent franchir certaines étapes clés avant de coloniser des organes distants de la tumeur primaire. Notre hypothèse est que la TNC pourrait jouer différents rôles dans la migration des cellules cancéreuses et par conséquent dans le développement métastatique. Considérant l’actine comme un réservoir de facteurs de croissance, la TNC pourrait induire la TEM ainsi que la survie et l’extravasation des cellules tumorales. Cependant, des cellules cancéreuses individualisées localement pourraient répondre à la TNC en initiant des changements rapides menant à un phénotype migratoire de type amiboïde. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier comment la TNC stimule le développement métastatique dans le cancer du sein au niveau cellulaire et moléculaire en utilisant des modèles tumoraux et cellulaires. / A high TNC expression correlates with lung metastagenicity and was shown to promote experimental lung metastasis, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The results of my thesis have provided insight into the roles of TNC in metastasis suggesting that TNC contributes to extravasation by impacting on survival, endothelialization, EMT and migration. Moreover, I have identified TGF-β signaling and integrin α9β1 as important pathway and molecule, respectively to be employed by TNC. Whether both molecule/pathway play a similar role in the investigated models of breast cancer, osteosarcoma and glioblastoma remains to be seen.