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La présence de défauts sur les surfaces des failles tectoniques peut modifier le comportement de la rupture sur ces interfaces. Cependant, le rôle de ces hétérogénéités reste difficile à quantifier du fait de la résolution limitée de l’imagerie des failles en profondeur. Une approche analogique permettant de préciser l’impact des hétérogénéités dans la propagation de la fracture est présentée ici. Cette analyse repose, tout d’abord, sur l’utilisation d’un montage expérimental assurant le suivi de la propagation d’une fracture sous contrainte de traction normale au plan de rupture (mode I). Le dispositif utilisé, mettant en jeu un suivi acoustique et optique de l’avancée du front de fracture, nous amène à déterminer l’impact des aspérités sur le partitionnement de l’énergie entre processus sismiques et asismiques. Nous faisons le lien entre efficacité de radiation et vitesse de rupture, localement perturbée par la présence de microstructures le long de l’interface. Afin d’étendre nos résultats à d’autres modes de rupture, plus fréquemment observés lors de ruptures le long de failles tectoniques, nous nous intéressons à l’adaptation de notre montage expérimental pour l’observation d’une fracture se propageant en mode de cisaillement (mode III). L’analyse des propriétés morphologiques et dynamiques de l’avancée d’un front de rupture en mode III révèle des résultats semblables à ceux obtenus en mode I. Cela suggère que les résultats obtenus en mode I peuvent être étendus aux autres modes de ruptures. / The presence of defaults on the surface of tectonic faults can affect the behaviour of the rupture along those interfaces. However, because of the limited resolution of the faults imaging at depth, the implication of these heterogeneities remains hard to quantify. We present here an analogic approach enabling the precision of the impact of the heterogeneities on the fracture propagation. On one hand, this analysis lays on the use of an experimental setup ensuring the monitoring of a fracture propagating under an imposed stress, normal to the rupture interface (mode I). The used model, implying an acoustic and an optical monitoring of the fracture front advance, leads us to the determination of the impact of asperities on the energy partitioning between seismic and aseismic processes. We make the link between radiation efficiency and rupture velocity, locally affected by the presence of microstructures along the interface. On another hand, to extend our results to other rupture modes, which are observed more often during rupture on tectonic faults, we get interested in the adaptation of our experimental setup for the observation of a fracture propagating under shear stress (mode III). The analysis of morphologic and dynamic properties of the mode III crack advance shows results similar to those obtained for mode I. This suggests eventually that the results observed in mode I can be extended to other rupture modes.

[pt] A presente dissertação avalia um software médico através de parâmetros e critérios ergonômicos. Primeiramente descrevem- se os conceitos relativos a Tecnologia da Informação e conceitua-se o software como um dos subsistemas de qualquer sistema de Tecnologia da Informação. A partir de então, verificou-se as etapas de desenvolvimento de software, relacionados ao contexto de usabilidade. Levantaram-se também os principais problemas de interação encontrados no software. A segunda parte da pesquisa, um estudo de caso, inclui a realização de heurística, entrevistas, grupo de foco e técnica de eliciação do conhecimento (card sorting), para que os usuários pudessem expressar sua opinião com relação ao software, às dificuldades encontradas e à utilização de menus. / [en] This thesis evaluates a medical software according to ergonomic criteria and parameters. Firstly, the concepts related to Information technology were described and the software was defined as one of the subsystems together whith the presentation of Information Technology. After that, the stages of software design were determined: context of usability. The main problems related to software interfaces were also described. The second part of this research, a case study, included heuristic approach, interview, focus groups and a knowledge elicitation (card sorting). So that users would have the opportunity to express their opinions in relation to the difficulties faced with its use.

Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2016-06-23T19:39:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Claudia Bucceroni Guerra - Doutorado - 2013.pdf: 2441445 bytes, checksum: 82bcd296a68442b8ca859ea6e0dc3e1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T19:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Claudia Bucceroni Guerra - Doutorado - 2013.pdf: 2441445 bytes, checksum: 82bcd296a68442b8ca859ea6e0dc3e1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pesquisa cujo objetivo principal é a formulação de um conceito de informação fotográfica digital, tendo por fundamentos teóricos os estudos e conceitos de documento e informação, na Ciência da Informação. Tanto a fotografia analógica quanto a digital são analisadas na sua gênese, evolução técnica e tecnológica, nos marcos de sua historicidade e considerando os atributos extrínsecos e intrínsecos. As discussões sobre imagem, analógica e digital, constituem também pilares teóricos da pesquisa, na amplitude de aplicações da imagem, da pesquisa científica aos usos domésticos. Em parte substantiva da tese sã aprofundados a percepção visual em relação á Arte e à estética, especialmente na informação semântica e informação em Arte, além dos paradigmas da objetividade e o índice peirciano. A formulação do conceito de informação fotográfica digital é sustentada pelo diferencial entre fotografia analógica e digital, relativo á captura da imagem, estética da veracidade, manipulações de imagem e protocolos que norteiam conteúdo semântico e estético da imagem fotográfica digital. / Research with the main goal to formulate a concept for digital photographic information, under the theoretical bases of concepts and studies of document and information within Information Science. Both the analogical and the digital photograph are analyzed from its origin, technical and technological evolution, and also its historicity, considering the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of photographs. Debates about both types of images are also theoretical support for the research, as well as its broad application range, from scholarly research to home use. Visual perception related to the Arts and Aesthetics, especially in what regards semantic information and information in the Arts, besides the objective paradigm and the peircean signs theory are subjects of thorough exploration. The construction of a conception for digital photographic information is supported by the differential between analogic photography and digital photography, related to the image capture, aesthetic accuracy, manipulations of image, and protocols that aim towards semantic and aesthetics content of the digital photographic image.

The thesis examines a sign and its theory, focusing on the function of sign in art, particularly in theatre. Both communication conditions and meaning production are covered. The practical part analyzes particular theatrical signs in 'The Education of Little Tree' performance. Selected parts of the performance are examined in detail with regards to the theatrical signs and generating meaning in terms of work with gesture. Further it studies changes of actors' characters and as well as analogue and digital communication. It deals with the question how to create a wide range of characters and settings while using only a very limited selection of props, coulisses and costumes. The results of nonverbal communication analysis are presented in the conclusion of the thesis.

L’Himalaya est un prisme orogénique cylindrique, répondant dans son ensemble aux caractéristiques du prisme de Coulomb. Ainsi, la localisation de la déformation s’effectue principalement au front du prisme et les chevauchements transportés ne sont affectés que par de faibles réactivations hors séquence. Cependant, la terminaison ouest de la chaîne himalayenne, appelée syntaxe nord-ouest himalayenne, apparaît comme une singularité. Cette région correspond à une zone d’interaction entre différentes directions de déformation, avec, d’est en ouest, la chaîne du Pir Panjal au sud du bassin du Cachemire orientée NW-SE, la syntaxe d’Hazara-Kashmir et la chaîne des Salt Range orientée E-W, et la chaîne des Sulaiman Range orientée NE-SW. La séquence normale de déformation dans la syntaxe nord-ouest himalayenne n’est pas respectée : une activité hors séquence importante, caractérisée par une déformation accommodée sur des structures internes au front de la chaîne, a été mesurée dans la chaîne des Salt Range par l’étude structurale de la région. De plus, la chaîne du Pir Panjal présente une activité tectonique hors séquence à l’échelle du cycle sismique : le séisme du Kashmir de magnitude Mw = 7.6 du 8 octobre 2005 s’est produit sur la faille de Balakot-Bagh (extrémité nord-ouest du Medlicott Wadia Thrust, MWT) située à plus de 100 km du front de la chaîne. Ces observations posent deux interrogations : (i) la déformation hors séquence observée dans la syntaxe nord-ouest himalayenne à l’échelle du cycle sismique et à l’échelle long terme existe-t-elle à l’échelle intermédiaire ? (ii) la configuration géométrique de la syntaxe nord-ouest himalayenne favorise-t-elle la déformation hors séquence observée ? Pour répondre à ces questions nous avons entrepris une étude de terrain morphotectonique afin de caractériser la déformation dans la chaîne du Pir Panjal. Pour cela, nous avons cartographié le long de la rivière Chenab 7 niveaux de terrasses d’abrasion au toit du MWT, et trois événements d’aggradation régionaux que nous avons datés grâce à trois méthodes (53 échantillons 10Be, 6 OSL et 4 14C). Ces remplissages se terminent aux environs de 35 ka, 15 ka et 3.5 ka à la fin d’épisodes de moussons intenses. La topographie de ces terrasses a été mesurée grâce au GPS cinématique et une station totale, et leur déformation montre qu’il existe actuellement deux structures actives dans cette région : la structure frontale qui conduit au développement d’un anticlinal, et un grand chevauchement situé 20 km en position interne : le Riasi Thrust (portion du MWT). La majorité du raccourcissement, qui atteint 16 mm/an dans la région, est accommodée par le Riasi Thrust avec un déplacement sur la faille compris entre 10 et 14 mm/an. Le reste étant principalement accommodé sur la structure frontale. L’étude du chevauchement situé encore en position interne, le Main Boundary Thrust, a montré que cette structure n’est plus active depuis 15 ka. En parallèle, nous avons réalisé une série de 24 expériences analogiques en utilisant une boîte à sable dont la géométrie des bordures reproduit la partie externe de la syntaxe nord-ouest himalayenne et en faisant varier la rhéologie basale et les épaisseurs de matériaux. Ces expériences ont montré un important raccourcissement perpendiculaire à la direction de convergence, et une influence de cette géométrie des conditions aux limites sur la séquence de déformation : le pourcentage de déformation hors séquence est plus important dans ce cas que dans celui d’un prisme cylindrique. Notre étude montre donc que la déformation hors séquence dans la syntaxe nord-ouest himalayenne existe aussi sur une échelle de temps intermédiaire entre le cycle sismique et le long terme. Nous l’expliquons en partie comme une caractéristique de la déformation d’une forme en syntaxe. D’autres mécanismes tels que l’érosion due à de fortes précipitations locales et un héritage structural pourraient également être envisagés. / Himalaya is a mountain range that follows globally characteristics of the Coulomb prism. Upon them, the deformation is globally localized at the front of the range, and transported thrusts show few out of sequence activity. The northern western Himalayan syntax is different from the rest of the range. In this area, several ranges with different orientations interact; from east to west the Pir Panjal Range, orientated NW-SE, the Salt Range globally orientated E-W and the Sulaiman Range orientated NE-SW. The normal sequence of deformation in the syntax is not respected: an important out of sequence deformation has been measured in the Salt Range by structural studies. Moreover, Pir Panjal Range also presents out of sequence deformation as illustrated by the Mw 7.6 earthquake on 8th October 2005. It occurred on the Balakot-Bagh fault (northern extremity of the Medlicott Wadia Thrust, MWT), located more than 100 km from the front. These observations arise two questions: (i) does out of sequence deformation observed in the syntax at seismic and long term time scale exists at intermediate time scale? (ii) does the geometry of the syntax favor the observed out of sequence deformation? To address these questions we characterized the deformation in the Pir Panjal Range through a morphotectonic study. Along the Chenab River, we mapped 7 strath terraces at the hanging wall of the MWT, and dated 3 regional alluviation events using 3 methods (53 10Be samples, 6 OSL and 4 14C). These events correspond to the end of maximum monsoon phases. We measured the topography of alluvial terraces with kinematic GPS and total station and their deformation revealed that in the Pir Panjal Range deformation is localized along two structures: the frontal one that leads to a growing anticline, and a major thrust situated 20 km in internal position, called the Riasi Thrust (segment of the MWT). Most of the 16 mm/yr convergence in the area is absorbed by the Riasi Thrust which fault displacement rate is comprised between 10 and 14 mm/yr. The frontal structure absorbs the remaining part of the convergence. Also, we looked the more internal thrust called Main Boundary Thrust, and showed that this structure is not active since at least 15 kyr. In parallel, we designed a set of 24 analogic experiments using a sand box which borders geometry reproduced the external part of the northern western Himalayan syntax and changing the basal rheology and thickness of materials. These experiments showed an important shortening perpendicular to the convergence direction, and an influence of this geometry on the deformation sequence: the out of sequence deformation percentage is higher than in cylindrical prism. Our study shows that in the northern western Himalayan syntax, out of sequence deformation also exists at intermediate time scale between seismic cycle and long term time scale. It can be partly explained by the geometry of the syntax. Other mechanism such as erosion, due to intense local precipitations and structural heritage could also be considered.

This is a study of coming to know what it is to be Paamese. The work seeks to present an anthropological understanding of ontological concerns that constitute a Paamese perception of subjectivities. I take my lead from Paamese perceptions that the internal capacities of subjects or “things” (e.g. persons, villages, islands, and movement itself) are revealed through relations with others. This correlates with anthropology’s methodology of testing its analytical strategies through the ethnographic practices of others in order to reach more accurate representations. Paamese, as is common elsewhere in Vanuatu and Melanesia, have an extremely fluid attitude towards sociality and easily accommodate urban dwelling without leaving Paama behind. I suggest that a nuanced multi-positioned approach in which several aspects of Paamese sociality are considered from a point of limitation employed by Paamese to focus an event, such as a marriage exchange, will present a better understanding of how these subjectivities, that is Paamese people and Paama Island, adhere such that they do not part company wherever they go. Paamese suggest that each event should be considered as if following a single branch in the canopy of a tree – a scalable perception that offers the promise that a multi-faceted approach will reveal a replicable form. I take this approach to specificity seriously and employ a looping aesthetic, measi, adapted from Paamese sand-drawing in order to consider the shifting concerns expressed by Paamese perceptions of out (place), āmal (agnatic clans), sise (road), vatte (origin), ara (blood) and asi (bone). I suggest that these, parts, can be considered together as a holography for how to come to know what it is to be Paamese.

xiv, 234 p. : ill. / The twentieth-century project of American rhetorician Kenneth Burke, grounded in a magic-based theory of language, reveals a path to the origins of what I am going to call occult invention. The occult, which I define as a symbol set of natural terms derived from supernatural terms, employs a method of heuresis based on a metaphor-like process I call analogic extension. Traditional invention fell from use shortly after the Liberal Arts reforms of Peter Ramus, around 1550. Occult invention emerged nearly simultaneously, when Early Modern British authors began using occult symbols as tropes in what I refer to as the Occult Mode. I use six of these authors--George Chapman, William Shakespeare, John Donne, Abraham Cowley, John Dryden, and Jonathan Swift--as examples of how occult invention arises. In appropriating occult symbolism, authors in the Occult Mode began using the invention methods of the occult arts of magic, alchemy, astrology, and cabala to derive new meanings, transform language, develop characters and plots, and reorient social perspectives. As we learn in tracking Burke's project, occult invention combines the principles of Aristotle's rhetoric and metaphysics with the techniques and principles of the occult arts. Occult invention fell from use around the end of the eighteenth century, but its rhetorical influence reemerged through the work of Burke. In this study I seek to contextualize and explicate some of the literary sources and rhetorical implications of occult invention as an emergent field for further research. / Committee in charge: Dianne Dugaw， Co-Chairperson； John T. Gage， Co-Chairperson； Kenneth Calhoon， Member； Steven Shankman， Member； Jeffrey Librett，Outside Member

L'intégration de nombreuses fonctions complexes dans les systèmes embarqués, tels que les téléphones portables, conduit à optimiser la consommation d'énergie pour maintenir l'autonomie de fonctionnement. Concernant la chaine de reproduction sonore, la consommation a été réduite par l'utilisation d'amplificateurs de classe D analogique, mais la nature numérique de la source audio impose encore un convertisseur numérique analogique en amont. La forte consommation de ce CAN et la qualité de reproduction sonore de l'amplificateur sont actuellement les principales limitations de cette approche. Ce travail de recherche, réalisé en quatre phases, a donc pour objectifs d'apporter des améliorations et de proposer de nouvelles architectures pour réduire ces limitations. Concernant l'amplificateur de classe D analogique, une boucle d'asservissement analogique basée sur un modulateur auto-oscillant à hystérésis a été développée pour réduire la consommation et augmenter sa qualité de reproduction. Cette étude a été validée par la réalisation d'un circuit en technologie CMOS 130 nm. La possibilité de piloter l'amplificateur de classe D directement par un signal de commande numérique a ensuite été envisagée. Le train d'impulsions nécessaire à la commande de l'étage de puissance est obtenu par modulation numérique de la source audio. L'utilisation en boucle ouverte de l'étage de puissance ne permet néanmoins pas d'obtenir un signal audio de sortie insensible aux variations de l'alimentation. Un asservissement analogique local autour de l'étage de puissance est donc nécessaire. La réalisation en technologie CMOS 130 nm de cette architecture a permis la validation des études effectuées (fonctionnement, stabilité, bande passante, modélisations des éléments non linéaires,...). / The integration of many complex functions in embedded systems such as mobile phones, led to optimize energy consumption to maintain operational autonomy. Concerning the chain of sound reproduction, consumption was reduced by the use of analog Class D amplifiers, but the nature of the digital audio source requires a digital to analog converter further upstream. The high consumption of the ADC and the quality of sound reproduction of the amplifier are currently the main limitations of this approach. This research, conducted in four phases, thus aims to make improvements and propose new architectures to reduce these limitations. Regarding the Class D amplifier analog control loop an analog modulator based on a self-oscillating hysteresis has been developed to reduce consumption and increase its quality of reproduction. This study was validated by the realization of a circuit in CMOS 130 nm. The ability to control the class D amplifier directly from a digital control signal was then considered. The train of pulses needed to control the power stage is obtained by digital modulation of the audio source. The use of open-loop output stage, however, does not produce an audio signal output insensitive to variations in the diet. A local analog servo around the power stage is required. Realization in CMOS 130 nm of this architecture has allowed the validation studies (operation, stability, bandwidth, modeling non-linear elements ,...). The interface between the digital modulator and the analog part is very sensitive to disturbance. A digital control overall Class D amplifier with digital control has been studied to control the interface. A prototype of this control is in progress.

Soft soil reinforcement by inclusion is a growing technique caracterized by a pile grid and a granular embankment introduced between the reinforced soil and the structure. Unlike traditionnal methods, the load is partially transferred to the pile heads by arching in the embankment. The application area of this research focuses on the shallow foundations case, in which the thickness of the embankment is small. The litterature review shows that only a few studies were dedicated to that case, and that fundamental questions remains concerning the load transfer in the embankment. Chosen method for this research consists in two-dimensionnal physical modelling, analysis of the conducted simulations, and development of an analytical model in order to predict the load transfer to the piles by arching in the embankment. The results of this PhD thesis provide original elements of evidence of the load transfer in the studied system, proposes an analytical model based on block division of the granular embankment by shear bands - which is in good agreement with experimental data - and lead to a better understanding of arching in soils.