No description available.

Les bactéries magnétotactiques (MTB) ont la particularité de s’orienter le long des lignes de champ magnétique terrestre. Ce comportement est lié à la présence d’organites intracellulaires appelés magnétosomes, constitués d’un nanocristal de fer magnétique enveloppé d’une membrane biologique. L’un des obstacles majeurs rencontrés dans l’étude des MTB microaérophiles réside dans la difficulté à les cultiver, notamment du fait de leur extrême sensibilité à l’oxygène, nécessaire pour la croissance mais qui en même temps inhibe fortement la synthèse des magnétosomes. Dans ce travail, un protocole d’incubation en bioréacteur d’une MTB marine récemment isolée, Magnetospira sp. (QH-2), a été développé. Le contrôle précis des conditions de croissance a permis de déterminer finement la gamme de sensibilité de la souche à la pression partielle d’oxygène (pO2) et de préciser son métabolisme hétérotrophe, basé sur la consommation concomitante du succinate et de l’histidine. Dans un autre volet, l’analyse par RT-qPCR du niveau d’expression des gènes impliqués dans la synthèse des magnétosomes a permis de démontrer chez QH-2 une régulation extrêmement fine de ce processus de biominéralisation, dépendante de la présence de fer et des conditions d’oxygénation. Nos résultats mettent en évidence un lien indirect entre la synthèse des magnétosomes et le métabolisme général du fer chez QH-2. La mise au point d’un nouveau dispositif de culture a permis de multiplier le taux de croissance de QH-2 par cinq comparé aux cultures traditionnelles réalisées en flacons. Cet outil pourra être utilisé à l’avenir pour isoler et cultiver d’autres microorganismes ayant des besoins en oxygène spécifiques. / Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have the ability to orient themselves along geomagnetic field lines. This behavior is linked to the presence of intracellular organelles called magnetosomes, which are membrane-enclosed magnetic iron minerals. One of the major obstacles to the study of microaerophilic MTB is their fastidiousness with regard to their growth, due to their extreme sensitivity to oxygen that is required for cell growth but also strongly inhibits magnetosome synthesis. In this thesis, a method for the incubation in a bioreactor of a newly isolated marine MTB, Magnetospira sp. (strain QH-2), has been developed. The precise control of the growing conditions allowed us to determine the pO2 (oxygen partial pressure) range tolerated by the strain and to clarify its heterotrophic metabolism based on the concomitant consumption of succinate and histidine. In another part, the expression of the genes involved in magnetosome synthesis based on RT-qPCR analysis revealed a tight regulation of the biomineralization process, depending on the availability of iron and oxygen concentration. Our findings highlight the existence of an indirect link between magnetosome biosynthesis and the general iron metabolism in QH-2. The development of a new culture device has increased the growth rate of QH-2 by a factor of five compared to the traditional incubation using flasks. In the future, this tool could also be used to grow other microorganisms that have specific low but constant O2-requirements, and should facilitate the isolation and the development of new microaerophilic microbial models.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The first part of the study describes the development of a microCT based engineering model to study orthodontic responses. The second part investigated the relationship between orthodontic stimulus, root resorption and bone modeling. It was hypothesized that stress magnitudes are insufficient to portray the mechanical environment and explain the clinical response; directions also play a role. An idealized tooth model was constructed for finite element analysis. The principal stress magnitudes and directions were calculated in tipping and translation. It was concluded that within the same region of root, PDL and bone, there can be compression in one structure, tension in another. At a given point in a structure, compression and tension can coexist in different directions. Magnitudes of compression or tension are typically different in different directions. Previously published data presenting only stress magnitude plots can be confusing, perhaps impossible to understand and/or correlate with biological responses. To avoid ambiguities, a reference to a principal stress should include its predominant direction. Combined stress magnitude/direction results suggest that the PDL is the initiator of mechanotransduction. The third part of this project tested the role of the P2X7 receptor in the dentoalveolar morphology of C57B/6 mice. P2X7R KO (knockout) mice were compared to C57B/6 WT to identify differences in a maxillary molar and bone. Tooth dimensions were measured and 3D bone morphometry was conducted. No statistically significant differences were found between the two mouse types. P2X7R does not have a major effect on alveolar bone or tooth morphology. The final part examines the role of the P2X7 receptor in a controlled biomechanical model. Orthodontic mechanotransduction was compared in wild-type (WT) and P2X7R knock-out (KO) mice. Using Finite Element Analysis, mouse mechanics were scaled to produce typical human stress levels. Relationships between the biological responses and the calculated stresses were statistically tested and compared. There were direct relationships between certain stress magnitudes and root resorption and bone formation. Hyalinization and root and bone resorption were different in WT and KO. Orthodontic responses are related to the principal stress patterns in the PDL and the P2X7 receptor plays a significant role in their mechanotransduction.