The ever-increasing interest in recreation and its part in preventing juvenile delinquency has attracted the attention of many service clubs and has offered them an opportunity to turn their efforts towards this new-development. This study was undertaken with a view to ascertaining the extent and type of recreational projects aided or sponsored by such clubs, the role they are playing, and their potential contribution to community recreation. Service clubs have in the past few years grown tremendously in numbers and membership. They raise large sums of money to be expended on community welfare work and with the increasing complexity of living, it appears important to consider their position and how they can make their best contribution in this area. Particular emphasis has been placed on the years since the end of the war, which is a natural dividing line since, during this time, most service clubs spent their energies and funds on some type of war work. Material used in this study has been gathered by several methods and from several sources. First, simple questionnaires and a covering letter were sent to all service clubs. In some cases these were returned, but in no case was the information sufficient, so a follow-up was made by telephone. In all but two cases personal interviews with officers resulted, varying in number from one to twenty, depending on the size and number of projects carried out by each particular club. Newspaper accounts, club magazines and reports provided further information. In some instances, where the project developed into an organization in itself, was closely allied to an existing agency or had dealings with the Community Chest and Council, the groups concerned were co-operative in making available correspondence, minutes, reports and records. This survey clearly shows the lack of any overall planning body for public and private recreational agencies in Vancouver. The Group Work Division of the Community Chest and Council offers same opportunity for joint planning and co-ordination, but these are not yet sufficiently used. To facilitate this further, it is most important to revise the constitution of the Community Chest and Council to allow for more purposeful representation. There is considerable lack of knowledge on the part of many service club members of the need for this measure of community planning. The philosophy of social group work and community organization is generally unfamiliar to them. There is a broad field for interpretation open to professional social workers and agencies to enlighten those who are interested in providing recreational services. Service clubs have made a contribution in this area, and are able to do so to a greater extent Citizens participation is basic, if recreation is to be part and parcel of a progressive, democratic society. If service clubs' interest in and conviction about their recreational contributions can be allied to efficient community planning and organizations, the projects sponsored by them will immeasurably enrich the community. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

It was the purpose of this study to determine the nature of the policies governing community use of school facilities for recreational purposes in a selected sample of communities; and further, to identify the problems relating thereto. The sample was composed off our urban communities situated in "the lower mainland area of British Columbia". All were within a twenty-mile radius of the University of British Columbia campus. The communities themselves were Coquitlam, North Vancouver, Richmond, and Vancouver as defined by the irrespective school district boundaries. The required date, were obtained as a result of interviews conducted with both education and community recreation personnel. In addition, copies of the actual written policy statements of the respective school boards were acquired. The relevant data for each community were separately analyzed, classified, and discussed on the basis often principal topics. These were: philosophies held; obstacles encountered in implementing or promoting community use; administrative methods used; use of written policies; facilities used and restrictions or priorities there in involved; supervision; liability; financial aspects; and a summary of progress attained to date as well as proposed plans for the future. Interviews were also conducted with the officials of several provincial organizations having possible interest, or influence, in the problem area. These interviews indicate a general consensus of agreement with the policies presently in effect in the sample communities. The results of the study indicated that a number of factors were hampering the attainment of an optimal degree of community use of school facilities for recreational purposes . These factors were evidenced in various restrictions and limitations incorporated into the school boards' policies. One of the most important factors was the lack of communication evident between educators and recreators. This was based primarily on the failure of educators to recognize both the place of recreation in today's society, and its relationships with education. Additional factors were: (1) the need for increased provincial financial aid; (2) the need for more reciprocal sharing of available community educational and recreational facilities; and (3) a need for a broader basis than local experience only from which to derive school board policies in this area. Progress towards the solution of these problems was evident in all four communities. There was, nevertheless, also evidence that plans, for future community use of school facilities for recreational purposes, would continue to be relatively limited and narrow in scope. This was particularly true when such plans were viewed with anticipated future community needs and desires in recreation in mind. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Framed by the perspectives of symbolic interactionism and feminist theory, my dissertation examines kids' constructions of gender and athletic identities in a youth recreational basketball league. This project involved participant observation of two boys' and two girls' teams, grades fourth through eighth, over the course of a basketball season, as well as semi-structured interviews with individual players. A fundamental premise in my research is that children are agentic actors, constructing identities and making sense of situations in what can be complex, if not contradictory, environments. I examine the micro-level interactions of kids within the macro-context of institutional structures and cultural imagery, capturing the essence of both agency and constraint that shape the process of gender. Specific questions emerged as significant and were used to frame the chapters of this dissertation. What types of gender ideals did kids confront in their everyday lives, and how well did these ideals fit with their participation in basketball? What happened when peers challenged kids' presentations of gendered and athletic selves? How did kids go about constructing gender differences, and what impact did these difference have on status and gender relations? What were the rewards and potential costs of kids' continued preference to play on gender-segregated teams? Was the league moving towards the more inclusive, egalitarian environment, or were players simply engaged in a more complicated, round-about construction of the same types of gender asymmetries? Within the league, gender was quite salient and intimately linked with the production of athletic identities and status. Ideals of gender equality, which reflected the dominate egalitarian discourse of the community, confronted kids' lived experiences of inequality, leading to an ongoing and unresolved tension between the two. Despite evidence of ideals of gender equality, a growing presence of girls in the league, and behavioral challenges to stereotypical ideas about girls and boys, a gender hierarchy that positions some boys in a superior position to other boys and all girls remained entrenched in the basketball league. In “doing gender” (West and Zimmerman, 1987), gender differences were actively constructed and served as the basis for the distribution of reward and status.

Customer Relationship Marketing (CRM) is an effective tool for building long-term and mutually beneficial relationships between suppliers and consumers, especially in competitive and saturated markets (Morris, Brunyee, and Page, 1998; Sharma and Sheth, 1997; Peterson, 1995; Evans and Laskin, 1994). Sport studies in this area have primarily focused on relationships between fans and teams and between sport properties and corporate sponsors (Chadwick, 2002; Cousens, Babiak, and Slack, 2001; Lachowetz et al. 2002; Sutton et al. 1997; Rohm, 1997; McDonald and Milne, 1997). The purpose of this study is to determine whether the strength of the relationship between the sport property and its fans positively affects the fans' evaluation of the property's corporate sponsors. The proposed model includes three antecedent constructs (overall satisfaction, communication effectiveness, community involvement) and two mediating constructs (trust and commitment) to consumers' sponsorship evaluation. These are used to measure sports fans' relationship value with a sport property. Based on the literature, these five constructs are crucial for creating and maintaining relationships (Garbarino and Johnson, 1999; Sharma, Niedrich and Dobins, 1999; Duncan and Moriarty, 1998; Rodwell, Kienzle, and Shadur, 1998; Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh, 1987; Steers, 1977). Additionally, three dependent variables (favorable attitude, interest in other marketing communications, and actual purchasing intention) are used to assess fans' evaluation of sponsors. Data were collected from 148 season ticket holders for a team of the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA). Structural equation modeling was conducted to understand the relationship among the three groups of variables. The results of testing research hypotheses indicated that fans' overall satisfaction and perceived communication effectiveness with a sport property cause fans' trust and commitment to the sport property. In addition, only commitment mediated the three constructs—overall satisfaction, effective communication, and trust to be positively related with the evaluation of a sponsor. These results clearly suggest that fans' committed relationship to the sport property is the most important factor not only in building fan loyalty but also in creating and maintaining continuous support for corporate sponsors.

The purpose of this study is to construct and validate a wall type test of badminton short serve skill by comparison with the French Short Serve test and to determine the effect of changing the distance through which the serve must pass on scores made on tests with and without a restraining line.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements degree of Masters of Recreation and Tourism in the Centre for Recreation and Tourism, at the University of Zululand, 2005. / Recreation is an emotional experience within an individual, resulting in a very personal reaction and attitude from the recreationist. The recreation activity is intended to deliver to the recreationist a sense of pleasure and personal worth. One such recreation activity is gambling. Gambling, according to Magi (2002), is the intentional act of betting with the sole purpose of winning or gaming. For many centuries gambling has been a form of recreation, however, it has always been and still is a controversial issue. This study has attempted to investigate the spending patterns of patrons at the Sun Coast Casino and Entertainment World with special reference to responsible gambling. This study examines the spending patterns of patrons, especially on the gaming floor with responsible gambling forming the core of the investigation. Some of the objectives of this study are: • To establish the main reasons why patrons visit the Sun Coast Casino and Entertainment World. • To evaluate the extent to which the level of education of patrons influences responsible gaming. • To establish the extent to which gaming patrons are aware of and practise responsible gambling. • To investigate the spending patterns of patrons at the Sun Coast Casino and Entertainment World in terms of the amount spent on gaming, entertainment, dining out, movies and the games room. • To reveal the socio-economic levels of patrons who frequent the Sun Coast Casino and Entertainment World. • To determine whether the patrons would frequent the casino more often if more entertainment and care was available for children. Utilising a sample of 116 respondents, this study revealed that only a moderate number of 42.2 percent of the patrons who were interviewed between the ages of 18 and above indicated that gaming was the main reason for visiting the Sun Coast Casino and Entertainment World. Approximately 38 percent of the patrons indicated that recreation was their main reason for visiting. Less than 8 percent of the patrons indicated that they preferred to watch movies and 11,2 percent indicated that dining was their main preference. A significant majority [75%] of the patrons indicated that they are aware of responsible gambling and only 6 percent gambled more than 75 percent of the money that they had with them during a single visit. Approximately 60 percent of the patrons acquired their knowledge on responsible gambling from the media and 23,3 percent indicated that they have no knowledge of responsible gambling. According to about 52 percent of the patrons the government should shoulder the responsibility of being responsible for the promotion of responsible gambling and a further 35 percent of the patrons felt that the casinos should be responsible for the promotion of responsible gambling. With regard to educational levels, those patrons with matriculation and above gambled more in each of the spending categories. Approximately less than half [46%] of the patrons indicated that they earn more than RIO 000 a month. However there is a significant number [8%] of the patrons at the Sun Coast Casino and Entertainment World that belong to the less than R3 000 a month category. The age group that frequents the Sun Coast Casino and Entertainment world the most is the 26 - 45 year age group and the below 25 year age group visits in smaller numbers. Below 10 percent of the patrons are from Durban and the surrounding areas. Approximately 15 percent of the patrons come from provinces outside KwaZulu-Natal. The largest percentage (35,6 percent) of the patrons are from the Durban North (Kwa Mashu, Inanda, Phoenix, Mount Edgecombe) area. The majority of patrons also felt that they would definitely visit the Sun Coast Casino and Entertainment World more often if more entertainment was available for the children. Generally the below 45 year age group felt more strongly about the need for more entertainment for children than the patrons who fell into the above 46 year age group. This study makes several recommendations, some of which are: • Organizations that assist problem gamblers need more funding. • Free drinks, free slot machine vouchers and most valued guest cards should be banned. • The general public must be informed of responsible gambling. • Marketing in the gaming industry should be minimal or banned. • More research should be undertaken in the field of tourism gaming. It is very important to mention that this study has revealed that literature and information on responsible gambling is very scarce and that there is a need to make such information available to the gaming people. Literature that combines recreation and gaining is also very scarce and there is a need for additional research in this field of study. A recommendation that stands out very clearly is the need to educate the general public on the concept and meaning of responsible gambling, as well as all related benefits of notion.

Environmental protection and the conservation of the natural resources gained great impetus in the 1990s after the introduction of the concept of sustainable development by the integration of economic, social and environmental considerations into development activities (Lim & McAleer, 2004:1). Recreation and tourism development, as economic activities, are no exception to this process, and invariably would exert some impacts on the natural recreation resources of any tourism destination (Lim & McAleer, 2004:1). In South Africa, the development of legislative frameworks associated with the environment, recreation and tourism have ushered in a new awareness, conception and interpretation of these fields of interest (DEAT, 1996; DEAT, 1997). Furthermore, the management of natural resources or outdoor recreation facilities in the context of responsible and sustainable tourism have been highlighted in recent studies {DEAT, 2000, 2002; Spenceley et al 2002; Spenceley, 2003; DEAT, 2006). In the context of the principles cited above, this research study seeks to investigate the management strategies in place towards promoting outdoor recreation resources in the Maphelane environment also called Maphelane-KwaMbonambi. The ultimate goal in this study is to emphasise the conservation of the natural resources and environmental services and products, as a pre-condition for optimal socio-economic development, and thereby promoting sustainable development (Neto, 2003: 212). The main purpose of this study is to provide valuable information about the natural resources and how these are perceived by the local community. In trying to meet these goals the following objectives have been formulated: (a) To find out the extent to which the Maphelane community understands the meaning and importance of outdoor recreation resources. (b) To establish the types of outdoor recreation facilities and services which are existing and available in the study area. (c) To reveal the participation patterns of the respondents in outdoor recreation facilities and activities in the study area. (d) To identify the outdoor recreation management practices that are carried out in the study area. (e) To ascertain the outdoor recreation benefits that are available for the community as well as community beneficiation. The support of these objectives would suggest that the community of Maphelane knows and understands the value of the outdoor recreation resources, as well as appreciate the participation, management and benefits associated with the recreation resources. The research methodology used in the analysis of the data involved usage of a sfratified sample size of 127 respondents, who were categorised in the Maphelane-KwaMbonambi area as follows: outdoor recreation officials [12], tourists [19], tour operators [ 15] and local community [81]. Data were analysed using the statistical package for the social sciences [SPSS] programme, available at the University of Zululand. The findings of the study revealed that there was a positive perception towards understanding the the meaning and importance of outdoor recreation resources. The community indicated that they participated to a less extent in outdoor recreation facihties than the tourists in the study area. The findings also indicated that recreation facilities and activities were inadequately provided and unsatisfactorily managed. The outdoor recreation management practices in the study area were found to be ineffective and inadequate for encouraging community beneficiation. It was further discovered that, notwithstanding that the local community was aware of outdoor recreation activities and facilities in the study area, there were indirect benefits for the local community. The community members tend to be sceptical, where there are no identifiable and observable improvements in their lifestyle. Finally, the study has offered some recommendations, mainly pertaining to the formulation of policies and strategies that seek to introduce the understanding of a conservation-based ecotourism. Some of these recommendations include: the authorities of the Maphelane-KwaMbonambi area, improving the delivery of outdoor recreation facilities; the established of a strategy for the inculcation of the respect and love for conservation in the area; encouragement of more community participation in outdoor recreation activities; improvement of accessibility of various stakeholders to recreation facilities; and initiating a range of skills development and training programmes related to outdoor recreation facilities, activities and practices in the study area.

Relationship marketing advocates point toward increased customer loyalty as their ultimate goal. While loyalty has been defined as having both attitudinal and behavioral components (Jacoby & Chestnut, 1978), what is most important for the professional franchise sport manager is the behavioral component; in other words, the purchase of tickets. In the professional sport setting, the consumers' displaying the highest degree of behavioral loyalty are ticket package holders. To that end, factors impacting behavioral loyalty in this consumer segment were created. The factors are: trust; service; product experience; value; success; pride in place; and, flexibility. In order to evaluate these factors, logistic and linear regression analyses were run using primary data about three groups of ticket package holders of a National Basketball Association franchise. The analyses examined the impact of the factors on these ticket package holder groups by years of package ownership. The analyses also examined the impact of the factors between the different ticket package groups. Results support the notion that if franchises initiate programs to build a relationship with their package holders, the importance of franchise-controlled factors become greater to ticket package holders. As years of package ownership increase, factors such as trust and product experience may have greater impact on ticket package holders' intent to renew their packages, while less importance is placed on the success of the franchise and the value of the ticket package. The results of this study suggest that sport managers must use different relationship building strategies to the different segments of ticket package holders. While full season package are at a higher level of the relationship than 7 game package holders; therefore, the franchise must implement relationship marketing strategies to increase the level of behavioral loyalty in the package holders with less than a full season ticket package.

The concept of leadership has intrigued the interest of researchers over the decades. As more and more studies have been performed in various organizational environments using a variety of different research techniques, conflicting information has been found. This dissertation consists of a comparison between two schools of thought surrounding leadership: an analysis of Kanter's (1977) organizational role theory and Sargent's (1981) androgynous manager theme is compared to Gutek and Morasch's (1982) gender-role spillover theory and Eagly and Johnson's (1990) meta-analysis research on sex differences in leadership. This was a nationwide study of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (N = 144) and Division III (N = 220) collegiate athletic directors. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) developed by Hemphill and Coons (1957) through their work with the Ohio State Leadership Studies, along with the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) developed by Bem (1974). As predicted, male and female athletic directors did not differ significantly as to their leadership styles and sex-types regardless of NCAA division classification. Division I and Division III female athletic directors also were found to possess no difference in their leadership styles and sex-types. An interesting finding from the study, though, was that the leadership style and sex-types were affected by the type of institution and athletic department variable. Female athletic directors who led both men and women possessed a more initiating structure leadership style than female athletic directors of just women. Also, female athletic directors possessed a more Masculine sex-type than male athletic directors. The college athletic department as an organization is finding itself in congruence with the majority of management organizational studies regarding leadership style--that of no differences in leadership styles between men and women. Kanter's (1977) organizational role theory seemed to be upheld. The androgynous category, though, contrary to Sargent's (1981) androgynous manager theme, was not one of the dominant sex-types among the college athletic directors.

No description available.