This study was undertaken in order to investigate the effect of different feedback variables on isometric strength performance. The variables studied were auditory EMG biofeedback, knowledge of results, and verbal cues. Nineteen normal adult women volunteered as subjects for the study. Each subject performed nine isometric contractions of the triceps brachii muscle against the resistance of a cable tensiometer. One of three different types of feedback was given during each contraction in order to motivate subjects to generate as much force as possible. Feedback variables were applied in random order; each variable was used three times. Peak force readings were recorded from the cable tensiometer at the end of each trial. Force readings were converted into pounds by matching than to a calibration curve. The actual force values underwent analysis of variance to determine if one type of feedback variable was more effective in motivating subjects to put forth a maximum effort during isometric muscle contraction. Results showed that the type of variable used during task performance had no differing effect on the amount of tension generated. Thus, the null hypothesis that the application of either EMG biofeedback, knowledge of results, or verbal cueing has no "differing effect on the amount of force that is exerted during isometric contraction of the triceps brachii muscle could not be rejected.

The purpose of this study was to determine in normal knees, and in knees with anterior cruciate ligament absence, what effect maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps has on translation of the tibia on the femur. Ten subjects with bilaterally normal knees, and nine subjects with one normal knee and the contralateral knee having an arthroscopic finding of absent anterior cruciate ligament were tested. Tibial translation was measured with a dial indicator at 15, 45 and 60 degrees of knee flexion. There was a measurable anterior translation of the tibia in all knees. An analysis of variance with post hoc testing of two weighted contrasts showed a significant increase from normal in anterior tibial translation in subjects with absence of the anterior cruciate ligament, P < 0.05. In subjects with normal knees, there was no significant difference in tibial translation between subject's right and left knees. Regardless of the status of the anterior cruciate ligament, there was no significant difference in translation between maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the quadriceps at 15, 45 or 60 degrees of knee flexion. It was concluded that in subjects with an absent anterior cruciate ligament, voluntary maximal isometric exercises of the quadriceps should be avoided through the range of 60 to 15 degrees of knee flexion. Another conclusion was that a valid comparison of anterior tibial translation during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps may be made between knees within the same subject. A third conclusion was that a difference of greater than 3.1 mm of anterior tibial translation between knees measured during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps may be a sign of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Suggestions for further research were proposed.

As physical therapists are becoming more involved with the pregnant population both in traditional patient care as well as in childbirth education, a better understanding of the influence of pregnancy on the pain system is needed. The purpose of this study was to determine if an endogenous analgesia system is present in pregnant humans as has been shown to be present in animals (Ginzler, 1980). Women's affective and intensity responses were measured during late pregnancy, labor and post-partum. Using a repeated measures design, fifteen women responded to thermal stimuli (43-52 degrees C) by marking a visual analogue scale. No significant difference was found to exist demonstrating that stages of pregnancy have no effect on subjects' responses to thermal stimuli. Additional research has shown that levels of endorphins in the cerebrospinal fluid also do not change with stages of pregnancy (Steinbrook et al, 1982). This study provides a behavioral measurement of pain perception that supports the clinical finding that no endogenous analgesia is present in humans during stages of pregnancy. Lastly, by reviewing research examining levels of endorphins present in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid during stages of pregnancy, this study also supports the growing body of knowledge which suggests that pain mediation by endorphins occurs centrally and not in the periphery.

The purpose of this research was to determine if there was a relationship between physical therapy students' personalities and their preferences in clinical education. Associated problems addressed by the research were to determine if there were differences in personality measures between the physical therapy students as well as differences from one another in how they rank ordered a list of clinical education methods and behaviors. Thirty-four senior physical therapy students who had completed the academic and clinical requirements of the curriculum rank ordered a list of twenty clinical education methods and behaviors which was compiled from factors cited in the literature. During the same session, they also completed the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientations-Behavior (FIRO-B) Questionnaire. A master list of the mean rank s of the clinical education preferences was calculated and examined for content. The students seemed to prefer behaviors which were passive and related to communication and security. Non-metric three-dimensional multidimensional scaling procedures were used to examine whether there were clusters of students near any of the clinical education behaviors and to interpret similarities and differences between the clinical education methods and behaviors. Continuums between active and passive behaviors, student or professional behaviors, and needs for security and communication were identified along with some clusters of related clinical behaviors; there were no different clusters of students. Multiple analysis of variance and canonical correlations computed showed no significant relationship between the manner by which the students rank ordered the list of behaviors and their FIRO-B scores. Profiles for the student group based on their FIRO-B scores in each of the need areas were described and discussed. The group demonstrated moderate to high needs for affection and inclusion and low needs in control. Describing the entire group based on the mean scores was potentially misleading as there was much variability between students except in the area of control. The implications of the personality profiles was discussed related to stability and normative scores, the admissions process, and professional development.

The purpose of this dissertation was to examine voice and vocal motor control in school-age children (5 – 12 years of age) with vocal fold nodules (CwVN) and children with typical voices (CwTV). This work is divided into three chapters, the first two examining CwTV and CwVN and the third providing a comprehensive examination of vocal motor control in adults and children without voice disorder. Study one analyzed relative fundamental frequency (RFF), an acoustic measure of fo change during vowels before and after a voiceless consonant. Average RFF values for offset cycle 10 and onset cycle 1 did not differ between CwVN and CwTV; however, variability of offset cycle 10 was decreased in CwVN. Across both groups, male children had lower offset cycle 10 RFF values as compared to female children. Additionally, onset cycle 1 values were decreased in younger children as compared to older children. Study two examined auditory discrimination to changes in vocal fo in CwVN and CwTV. There were no differences in pitch discrimination abilities between CwVN and CwTV. Younger CwTV had significantly poorer discrimination than older CwTV and adults. However, some CwTV across all ages examined were able to achieve adult-like discrimination abilities, suggesting that these abilities are mitigated by more than solely age in children. Study three evaluated the relationships among vocal pitch discrimination, feedback control, and sensorimotor adaptation in vocally healthy children and adults. Prior to analysis, children were subdivided into two groups based on their auditory discrimination abilities, defined as either being adult-like or immature. Children with immature auditory pitch discrimination had significantly larger vocal responses to unexpected pitch-shifts and significantly smaller responses to sustained pitch-shifts over time. / 2020-06-18T00:00:00Z

Ph.D., School of Music, Facultyof Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / My interest in conducting this empirical research exploring music as a tool for rehabilitation and empowerment of prison offenders was sparked by my observation in 2002 of the problematic use of music at Mthatha Medium Correctional Centre (MMCC). Music activities were simply a microcosm of music activities outside prison, and despite the existence of the National Offenders Choir Competitions (NOCC) since 1997, neither offenders nor Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Officials seemed to regard participation in such activities as music education, let alone rehabilitative or empowering. In 2007 I conducted a one-year Participatory Action Research project of four cycles or stages, in the prison, intended to work towards developing and improving musical, self-reflexive, and other life skills. I then used Michel Foucault’s notion of ‘panopticism’ (1978) and Paulo Freire’s theory of ‘conscientização’ (1970) to intepret the music styles, practices, and performances developed during the project and their impact on those involved. Two central questions underpinning this study are, ‘To what extent do music activities subvert the watchfulness of the prison system and environment?’ and ‘How does music encourage offenders to transcend their prisoner status and reinvent their lives as musicians ‘behind bars’, better able to reintegrate into society as rehabilitated citizens?’ Through narrative enquiry and thematic content analysis I examine how the participants’ critical consciousness about music and about themselves was raised and the way in which the praxis (reflection and action) method had changed their lives. In the light of the results from this approach and context, I devised a set of recommendations for a music education curriculum for implementation in South African prisons,

Thesis (M.Sc.(Physiotherapy)--University of the Witwatersrand, 2015. / Background Despite it being used clinically, there is limited, inconclusive literature available on shoulder strapping techniques for patients with stroke. Of the published techniques, circumferential strapping seems to show the most positive results. However, in South Africa, variations of a longitudinal technique are applied most often. This study aimed to establish if longitudinal or circumferential strapping techniques would have an impact on a patient's upper limb tone, subluxation, motor function or pain, post stroke and how they compared to each other. Participants This study recruited 56 participants within two weeks of having a stroke, presenting with upper limb involvement (hemiplegia). Participants were excluded if they had receptive aphasia and/or were medically unstable. Method The study was a longitudinal randomised controlled trial comprising of three groups: a control, longitudinal strapping and circumferential strapping groups. Patients with stroke who met the inclusion criteria were assessed at baseline, week one, week two and week six post baseline assessments. The participants were assessed for shoulder subluxation (finger width measurement system), shoulder pain (Ritchie Articular Index), upper limb motor function (upper limb subscales six, seven and eight of the Motor Assessment Scale) and muscle tone (Modified Ashworth Scale). The intervention groups were strapped for two weeks. The sample size for the study was originally calculated at 15 participants however we felt that this should be larger and thus using the central limit theorem a minimum of 30 participants per group was calculated. Demographic data were analysed using descriptive statistics and are presented in tables using frequencies and percentages for the following variables: age, gender and side of stroke. The two-sample test of proportions was used to determine differences among the groups over the study period. The overall within group effect was tested using the Cochran's Q test. The generalized estimated equations were was used to determine the overall effects of the intervention overtime adjusting for groups as well as using population levels. Ethical approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of the Witwatersrand and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the study. Results The total number of participants recruited into the study over three years was 56. The number of participants in the control, circumferential and longitudinal groups was 19, 15 and 22 respectively. Data showed that the study participants were generally young with a mean age of 49.4 (± 13.8) years. There were more females (51.8%) than males and the majority ofthe study sample (60.7%) had a right cerebrovascular accident. Longitudinal strapping decreased shoulder subluxation and pain, but not tone, however, across all of the outcome measures the changes did not reach statistical significance. Circumferential strapping had no significant effect on any of the outcomes compared to the control group, however, it prevented the shoulder pain from worsening, but it had no positive effect on shoulder subluxation post stroke. Improvement in upper limb motor function was observed for all three groups with only a significant improvement in upper arm function being observed for the circumferential group. Conclusion and implications Overall, the study showed positive trends in changes in the shoulder post stroke but no significant differences were found between the groups in any of the outcomes, even when both intervention groups were combined and analysed against the control participants. Looking at the trends, however, the longitudinal technique, with its positive effect on shoulder subluxation and pain, would appear to be the preferred method of the two. Although the study produced overall results that did not have statistical significance one cannot discredit the use of the strapping. Even if strapping had purely a placebo effect it would still serve a purpose by creating awareness in the patient, caregivers and medical personal and thus ensure more cautious handling of the affected upper limb. Thus, when rehabilitating the shoulder post stroke, there appears to be enough clinical evidence to suggest that strapping, more precisely longitudinal strapping, of the hemiplegic shoulder may be used.

Thesis (M.Sc.(Physiotherapy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2013. / The aim of this study was to compare the effect of myofascial trigger point therapy and stretching to myofascial trigger point therapy and medicine ball exercises on elite golfers’ range of motion, biomechanics, club performance and ball flight.

No description available.

馮正萍. / 手稿影印本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Shou gao ying yin ben. / Includes bibliographical references: leaves 147-156. / Feng Zhengping. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / Chapter 一 --- 導論 / Chapter 1 --- 研究目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- 研究動機 --- p.1 / Chapter 3 --- 研究範圍 --- p.6 / Chapter 4 --- 研究限制 --- p.7 / Chapter 5 --- 研究方法 --- p.9 / Chapter 6 --- 研究價值 --- p.12 / Chapter 7 --- 重要名詞與概念闡釋 --- p.13 / 本章注釋 --- p.18 / Chapter 二 --- 現實治療法理論的哲學依据 --- p.22 / Chapter 1 --- 現實治療法的基本理論 / Chapter （A） --- 嘉氏的社会發展論 --- p.22 / Chapter （B） --- 差行為產生的因由 --- p.27 / Chapter （C） --- 治療方法 --- p.29 / Chapter （D） --- 嘉氏的教育¨Œ --- p.30 / Chapter 2 --- 現實治療法理論对以下的看法 / Chapter （A） --- 人性 --- p.32 / Chapter （B） --- 道德 --- p.35 / Chapter （C） --- 自由 --- p.38 / Chapter （D) --- 人生 --- p.42 / 本章注釋 --- p.44 / Chapter 三 --- 現實治療法理論的哲學依据與西方文化的關係 --- p.48 / Chapter 1 --- 現實治療法理論與西方心理學的関係 / Chapter （A） --- 对人的看法 --- p.49 / Chapter （B） --- 反心理分析學板的見解 --- p.53 / Chapter （C） --- 特別重視関係的建立 --- p.54 / Chapter （D) --- 强調學習的成份 --- p.56 / Chapter 2 --- 現實治療法理論與西方哲學的関係。 / Chapter （A） --- 實用主義 --- p.60 / Chapter （B） --- 存在主義 --- p.60 / Chapter （C） --- 杜威教育思想 --- p.65 / Chapter 3 --- 現實治療法理論與美國文化的関係 / Chapter （A） --- 美國文化的特質 --- p.67 / Chapter （B） --- 美國文化的轉変 --- p.73 / Chapter （C） --- 從人性、導德、自由、人生四方面看現實治療法理論與美國文化的相関性 --- p.76 / 本章註釋 --- p.87 / Chapter 四 --- 中國文化的特質 / Chapter 1 --- 中國傳統文化的界定 --- p.94 / Chapter 2 --- 中國傳統文化的特質 --- p.96 / Chapter （A） --- 家族本位 --- p.98 / Chapter （B） --- 重德精神 --- p.100 / Chapter （C） --- 保守主義 --- p.103 / Chapter 3 --- 中國傳統文化的轉変 / Chapter （A） --- 概論。 --- p.108 / Chapter （B） --- 台灣社會 --- p.109 / Chapter （C） --- 香港社会。 --- p.114 / Chapter （D） --- 結論。 --- p.121 / 本章註釋 --- p.122 / Chapter 五 --- 現實治療法理論應用於中國社会時所產生文化上差異的问題 / Chapter 1 --- 人性的看法 --- p.129 / Chapter 2 --- 道德的看法 --- p.133 / Chapter 3 --- 自由的看法 --- p.135 / Chapter 4 --- 人性的看法 --- p.139 / 本章註釋 --- p.142 / Chapter 六 --- 結論 --- p.144 / 中文參考書目 --- p.147 / 英文參考書目 --- p.153