Although diversity is often thought to improve team performance by expanding the range of ideas available to the group, reported relationships between team diversity and performance have been somewhat weak (e.g., Bowers, Pharmer,&Salas, 2000; Devine&Philips, 2001; Webber&Donahue, 2001). One possible explanation for the lack of findings on team diversity is that past research has largely taken an absolute (i.e., how much diversity) rather than a relative perspective (i.e., what pattern of diversity; Tsui&O'Reilly, 1989; Tsui, Egan,&O'Reilly, 1992). Conceptually and operationally defining team diversity using faultlines - i.e., the pattern of how different types of demographic divisions either do or do not reinforce the salience of the subgroup - is one way to study diversity from a relative perspective. This thesis posits that the relative approach using faultlines may better elucidate the relationship between demography and team outcomes. In particular, this thesis posits that the structural arrangement of diversity (i.e., faultlines) among team members gives rise to relational patterns of trust and coordination, which in turn determine team performance. Results support the notion of a negative relation between faultline strength and team performance.

Trust links ordinary citizens to the institutions that are intended to represent them, and thereby enhancing both the legitimacy and the effectiveness of democratic government (Bianco 1994; Gamson 1968; Braithwaite and Levi 1998; Hetherington 1998). It is therefore an essential part of a democratic system. People have confidence in their leaders when the government is working well, and absence of political confidence could threaten the system’s legitimacy. Mistrust by the citizens is often expressed as an unwillingness to follow political outcomes, which prevents progress from happening in the political process (Norris 1999). In this thesis I investigate whether economic performance affects political trust, and if the 2008 financial crisis has decreased confidence levels due to the severity of its consequences. By using multilevel modeling to analyze data from 25 European countries, I find that economic performance is an important component in levels of trust. I am also able to conclude that the financial crisis has reduced citizen’s trust in political institutions in the countries where the crisis has had a severe impact on the economy. As much research emphasizes the importance of individual perception of economic performance, this has also been tested for. The results indicate that individual perception of the economic situation, influence trust just as much, if not more, than the actual economic situation.

Title: International Services Marketing – A case study of Gammaknife surgery in Argentina Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Michael Eriksson Supervisor: Akmal Hyder Date: 2013 – May Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the internationalization process of services by looking at a Swedish healthcare service. The study has been performed before in different countries with distant cultures. By examining the service in Argentina it will be the first study of Gammaknife within a Latin-American context.   Method: The author wanted to get a deeper understanding of a contemporary phenomenon with no control over events. Therefore a qualitative case study was conducted. This was believed to be the only way to capture all nuances and get respondents viewpoint of the phenomenon. Result & Conclusions: The case shows how Elekta has successfully overcome many of the obstacles associated with internationalization of services by working together with INVAP. With that Elekta get access to INVAP’s extensive network and their high credibility in the local market generates trust for Elekta as well. Another main factor for Gammaknife surgery in Argentina is time. The first Gammaknife was installed in 1983 and the treatment is therefore well known by the public.   Suggestions for future research: Similar studies have been conducted of Gammaknife centers throughout the world. Next step in the research process is to compare the results from the different studies. Another topic for future research is a comparison of using a distributor or expand over borders with establishment of an own division Contribution of the thesis: This study provides insights in the internationalization process of services. It contributes with empirical findings on how issues related to intangibility and heterogeneity in marketing services internationally can be overcome.

Organizational trust is an important antecedent and the intermediary variables of employee behavior. From the organizational behavior point of view, in the rapidly changing and uncertain environment, organizations need the employees to redouble efforts, and staffs expect the organizations also to provide more care and trust. Therefore, the good relationship between employees and organizations is very important, and Organizations Trust is the core of this relationship. In this study, quantitative research was adopted with the part-time MBA students of Sun Yat-Sen University as target group, who sent out questionnaires in the form of hard copy or electronic file to their friends or colleagues. The research target was limited to Taiwan citizens and employees working in Taiwan companies. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed, 150 of which aimed to solicit subordinates¡¦ view on their direct supervisors, 150 associates¡¦ view on their peers, and 100 superiors¡¦ view on their subordinates. The feedback of questionnaires totaled 247, with 102, 91 and 54 from subordinates, associates and superiors respectively. The collected data was analyzed and validated by using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, validity analysis, and structural equation modeling. The conclusions are summarized below: (1) A high degree of confidence lays the foundation of most Taiwan enterprises, exhibiting various features of organizational structure of trust as defined by Guoduohaochu. A few of them are compliance with commitment, integrity and avoiding deliberations, all of which exist in the target confidence measurements among superiors, peers and subordinates. (2) The corporate trust structure also includes three types of trust intentions, i.e. affective state, cognitive, and intent to behave. These factors prove to be highly related. (3) This study found that executives, colleagues and subordinates hold different views on interpretation of the organizational confidence measurement. The views between superiors and associates, superiors and subordinates, and associates and subordinates differ. The results indicate that Taiwan enterprises, like their counterparts in North America and Italy, display similar defined organizational trust measure dimensions of compliance with commitments, negotiating honestly, and avoiding taking excessive advantage. Likewise, the three types of trust intentions, i.e. affective state, cognitive, and intent to behave, are included in the corporate trust structure, with these factors co-existing in a positive correlative manner in the target confidence measurements among groups of superiors, peers and subordinates. However, views on interpretation of the organizational confidence measurement differ a lot. This study demonstrates that Chinese culture differs from Latino or European culture in their upper and lower relationship, where supervisors always play a role similar to Jun Fu, while subordinates play the role of courtiers. Different specifications of the role lead to different expectations on the role. Similarly, the difference in power causes the shift of focus of concern, which subsequently forms two different trust relationships. In brief, this argument also applies to the business organizations trust assessment in Taiwan.

The era of increasingly well-developed communication, network, along with this wave of change, and the globalization, the economic opportunities brought by virtual world, is nothing more than companies do their utmost to pursue the scope. Increase the added value of products or services to enhance corporate profitability, originally only be used for sales of products and services in the physical store, joined network store sales and let the results of the rapid growth of invisible. But, what's the difference with the physical store, when in contact with the consumer products and services through web services. Will internet service changes product attributes in response of the consumers decision-making behavior? What's the important factor in rely on the procurement of online shoppers? The special attributes of the virtual economy, let us know, why trust is the reason of consumers purchase goods and services on recognized intermediary platform, and they gradually accumulating customer loyalty and purchasing intention. For this reason, we explored the trust antecedents, attribute dimensions, and how trust link to the loyalty and purchasing intention, as well as their composition and influencing factors. And based on the objects of online potential shopping group for the research topic, the trust associated with e-commerce community loyalty and customer purchase intention. By the stratified random sampling, a total of 248 samples were taken, and use of path analysis and stepwise regression to analyze the data in parallelly. In this study, convenience sampling questionnaire survey found that: "Personality-based trust", "institution-based trust" and "knowledge-based trust", link to the" customer loyalty "and" " purchase intention" via "Intermediaries trust. Trust in intermediaries¡¦ link to online shopper¡¦s purchases intentions, through "customer loyalty" with direct and indirect effects. The significant differences found, by analysis of the online shoppers demography of with and without the shopping experience in the past three months show on the trust of intermediaries. Therefore, we confirmed once again that the trust of the E-commerce community and its strong related items.

Based on the insight from Fukuyama¡¦s notion of trust, the main philosophy of the study is: How is it possible for societies characterized by traditional paradox of familism to move beyond the limited radius of trust (in-group collectivism) and reach to the wider and greater social trust (institutional collectivism)? With family as a starting point, the study is based on three theoretical traditions: social capital theory, third sector research and social entrepreneurship studies. Drawing on two case studies in the specific area of social care services in Taiwan and Germany, research questions are addressed as: How does family-driven social entrepreneurship have emerged and developed in two different societies? If any, what is the main difference between the developments of two cases? And how this difference can be explained through social capital theory? Following social emergence paradigm, three foci of analysis, namely social context, collective actors, and emergence process are discussed. Furthermore, three analytical tools for family-driven social entrepreneurship are developed, that is, four-sector-division framework (based on the concept of welfare mix), entrepreneurial system (based on Bruyat and Julien), and domestic versus civic orders of worth (based on Boltanski and Thevenot). The findings suggest that with family as a starting point, social entrepreneurship is grounded, emerges and evolves in the distinctive social contexts. For the case of Taiwan, with the role of self-help group, family-driven social entreprenurship might provide the potential for social transformation from family tie to beyond family, creating a new organization in the third sector. In contrast, for the case of Germany, social entrepreneurship development presents as from family-driven social entrepreneurship to community development. With multi-level associations and the functional coordination among the public administrations, third sector organizations and families as well as the surrounding communities, family-driven social entrepreneurship may reach at the institutional level. By integrating to and coordinating in the coherent interaction between formal institutions and informal cultures, the development of the German case can be related to institutional collectivism. Based on the implications, a contextual Framework for family-driven social entrepreneurship is proposed, namely Family, beyond family, and institution: Developing family-driven social entrepreneurship in Context. From my perspective, social entrepreneurship not only aims to make the isolates re-integrate into society, but also, with macro vision, to make institutions change for society. The direction of institutional change, echoing Fukuyama, is toward the development of an inclusive and vital society through social capital and trust, that is, not only cultivating personal and particularistic trust but also enriching generalized and institutionalized trust in society. With those aims, social entrepreneurship is context-sensitive. Both ends and means of social entrepreneurship are embedded in social context. As a concluding thought, I stress that social entrepreneurship is contextual. With family as a starting point, social entrepreneurship is grounded, emerges, and evolves in distinctive contexts in different societies. Furthermore, in line with Fukuyama, but going further, it is possible for the societies traditionally characterized by the paradox of familism to move toward more inclusive and higher trust through social entrepreneurship. In its essence, social entrepreneurship reveals the ethic of economic life in modern society, that is, not only to accumulate material wealth, but rather to enrich trust for the wider-society as wide a society as possible.

The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships among teacher selfefficacy, trust, and collective efficacy among teachers in a southwest Texas school district. The research included three established surveys combined to create a single survey. A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to analyze the data from the survey. The study analyzed the results of surveys completed by 746 teachers. The surveys completed were the Teachers’ Sense of Self-Efficacy Scale, Collective Efficacy Scale, and Omnibus T-Scale. Factors considered in the analysis of data included gender, number of years of experience, ethnicity, and the level of mentorship provided. A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to assess if differences exist in the Teachers’ Sense of Self-Efficacy Scale subscales of student engagement, instructional strategies, classroom management, Omnibus T-Scale subscale of trust in principal, trust in colleagues, trust in clients, and collective efficacy between schools. The results suggest that simultaneous differences exist in dependent variables between schools. However, further analysis also showed all schools with the exception of one scored higher than 84 percent of the standardized school sample in trust in students’ ability to perform. In comparing survey responses across teacher demographics, results showed gender differences in trust in principal, trust in clients, and collective efficacy. When comparing the responses to national averages, the results were as follows: self-efficacy showed patterns that were below average, trust showed patterns that were above average, and collective efficacy was average. This research study contributes to the theoretical rationale explaining the relationship between self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and trust. Further research could be done in the area for school administrators to improve student achievement through working to raise collective efficacy beliefs and trust of their faculty.

Regarding the development of leadership theory, for long, mostly it starts from the Western point of view. However, owing to the different cultural background perspectives, the leadership in Western society is vividly different from that within Chinese society which is so called Paternalistic Leadership. In Chinese society, the relationship between supervisors and subordinates emphasizes their different roles¡¦ regulations and behaviors¡¦ forecasting, not only their dyadic relationships. Meanwhile, the power distance between supervisors and subordinates is huge. These factors are different from the Western society in which their rights between supervisors and subordinates are equivalent. Subsequently, the Paternalist Leadership has three vital categories, each having subordinate responses which all imply that the Paternalist Leadership is based on the followership of subordinates. Furthermore, ¡§trust¡¨ is a vital discussed issue in the field of organizational behavior, no matter in sociology, social psychology, marketing theory, etc. Trust relationship between supervisors and subordinates enhances the coordination and efficiency of their jobs and likewise, because people trust each other¡¦s goodwill the cost of monitoring will be decreased. Thus, this study, collecting 194 dyadic data, tries to discuss the employees¡¦ effectiveness while subordinates¡¦ trust in their direct leader¡¦s Paternalistic leadership behaviors. The findings of this study show that while subordinates trust in their direct leaders, there is no moderate effect in organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance. However, trust in leadership has partial moderate effects on subordinates to supervisors¡¦ satisfaction and turn-over rate, and further, it has stronger effects on subordinates to organizational commitment. In other words, while subordinates trust in their direct leaders, it transforms the subordinate¡¦s attitude in indirect behaviors. If subordinates can trust their direct supervisors, it will influence the attitude of subordinates¡¦ psychological level, and this psychological effect enhances the attitude of organizational identification and commitment. That is, subordinates¡¦ trust in their direct leaders is a vital factor to influence their inner minds. Finally a concrete brief on the limitations of the study, further research direction in the future and how the study is related to management in the real world is presented.

The main purpose of this research is investigated based on the organizational behavior about the relationship among Supervisor, Trust and Organizational citizenship behavior. The research methods use questionnaires survey. The survey instrument was mail to the student nurses and teacher, and there are 298 effective questionnaires retuened. The main findings of the empirical study are as follow: 1.Trust holds a relation toward the altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy and civic virtue; but no relation toward the sportsmanship. 2.Coordingating supervisory behavior of trachers holds a relation toward the sportsmanship and civic virtue. Accepting supervisory behavior holds a relation toward the altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy; but no relation toward the sportsmanship. Teaching supervisory behavior holds a relation toward the sportsmanship and civic virtue. 3.Only teaching supervisory behavior holds a relation toward the trust; the others no relation toward the trust. 4.Accepting supervisory behavior and teaching supervisory behavior hold relation toward the altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy and civic virtue through the trust. 5.The research supports the link of the supervisory behavior ¡V trust ¡V organizational citizenship behavior.

Over the course of the past few years, the rise of mainland China¡¦s harbors as well as the emerging harbors in other Asian countries have fueled competition in the international shipping industry and, has led to a dramatic increase in the total port capacity causing the transportation supply to exceed the demand. Such competition may destabilize a supplier¡¦s ability to maintain financial security and competitiveness. Therefore suppliers have devoted much energy and attention towards strategizing and marketing the shipping industry¡¦s future. For example, previous operations and management of the harbor was based primarily on traditional resource and product-oriented marketing. But contrary to popular methods, other successful international harbor operators have directed their operation towards the needs of container shipping companies. Therefore this study compiles the related literature and research and investigates the influences the association between the harbor operators and container shipping companies, and conducts research analysis via questionnaire survey. Through the model of functions of components influencing the quality of the relationship, this study investigated how harbor operators established solid relationship, trust, and commitment via direct and indirect customer channels and customer satisfaction when offering their services. This study also formulated strategies to better improve the loyalty of container shipping companies so that the harbor need not be replaced. This study used both factor analysis and regression analysis to verify the outcome of the function strategies of association on the relationship quality. The findings are as follows: 1.Both direct and indirect functions of relationship of association had significant influence on the aspects of the relationship quality. 2.The aspects of the relationship quality had direct relation as to whether a harbor operator could be easily replaced. 3.Based on the previously mentioned results, researchers tried to formulate, strategies for the harbor operator to improve on its relationship with container shipping companies giving them a competitive edge.