Presented as Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1920. / Cover title. Reprinted from American naturalist - Part 1: vol. LII (Feb.-Mar. 1918), Part 2: vol. LV (July-Aug. 1921). Includes bibliographical references.

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The phenomenon of /s/ weakening is common among many varieties of Spanish, from Latin America to southern Spain (Lipski (2011), Samper Padilla (2011)). This project will focus specifically on coda /s/ weakening in Andalusian Spanish, the social factors that influence it, and the language ideologies surrounding the dialect. Previous research has found that social factors influencing /s/ weakening include social class, gender, and education level (Lipski (2011), Samper Padilla (2011), Holmquist (2008), Terrell (1981), Fontanella de Weinberg (1973)). Studies on /s/ weakening in Andalusian Spanish have mainly focused on the functional compensation for the loss of /s/, but little research has been found on the social factors conditioning /s/ weakening in Andalusian Spanish (Rincon-Perez (2015), Carlson (2006), Ranson (1993), and more). This study will examine how the social factors of gender and class influence the presence of /s/ weakening in participants from Granada. Traditionally in studies of /s/ weakening, the discussion of variation has been limited to the categories of retention, aspiration, or deletion. However, this approach does not fully encompass the entire possibility of variety for /s/ because not all tokens of /s/ are equal in strength. By using the acoustic measurements of center of gravity (COG) and duration as continuous variables, /s/ weakening can be analyzed more precisely and comprehensively (Erker (2010), File-Muriel & Brown (2011)). Data for this research project was gathered in person from ten university-aged Andalusian Spanish speakers (5 female, 5 male) in Granada, Spain. Participants completed a demographic survey, reading passage, and participated in a thirty-minute sociolinguistic interview which included questions about participants’ language ideologies. Data was analyzed by measuring the duration and COG of all tokens of coda /s/ in participants’ speech using a Praat script. Statistical analysis was performed in RBrul to determine the relevant social and linguistic factors influencing /s/ weakening. Results showed that there was a significant correlation between duration and social class, as well as between duration and token position in word and phrase. No significant correlation between COG and any of the social or linguistic variables was found. The language ideologies of participants were also analyzed, and the results revealed that participants were generally aware of their distinctive dialect and its negative perceptions and that the majority of participants said that they had been judged for the way that they talked. These results are mostly consistent with the previous research, but the lack of correlation between COG and any of the variables was surprising.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the language attitudes of thirty-two Swedishstudents of Malaca Instituto in Málaga, Spain, who are or were studying Spanish asa foreign language through the University of Stockholm, Sweden. The studyexamines the informants’ attitudes towards dialects in general, as well as towardsthe Andalusian linguistic variety, compared to the standard Spanish. Theresearcher used a questionary and Likert’s scale to compare the subjects’ answers.The results show that students have positive attitudes towards the Andalusianlinguistic variety and towards dialects in general. The results also show that it is anadvantage to learn a standard dialect of a language. However, it is not necessary tobe able to speak standard Spanish. The subjects perceive a difference between theSpanish that they learn in class and the vernacular language that is spoken inMálaga. Furthermore, students don’t think that the Andalusian linguistic variety isa “bad language”. The analysis of both positive and negative answers according tothe variable gender showed that Swedish women in this study do not prefer to usethe standard language, nor do men prefer to use more dialectal or local language.This is contradicting the results of other similar studies.

L’émergence du mouvement de revendication identitaire andalou entre la fin du XIXe et le début du XXe siècle signe l’insuccès des libéraux espagnols dans leur tentative de construire un Etat-nation, et confirme leur indifférence face à l’ensemble des problèmes socioéconomiques qui terrassèrent l’Andalousie durant le XIXe siècle. La nécessité de la mise à niveau des mesures juridiques entre toutes ses classes sociales et l’amélioration des conditions de vie et de travail du prolétariat, soumis à des inégalités de traitement et exposé à des discriminations, fit émerger au sein de la petite bourgeoisie un nationalisme alternatif à celui de l'Etat-nation qui, pour les Andalouses et les Andalous, était une réalité lointaine et continuellement hostile. Utilisé comme instrument politique dont le but était de sortir l’Andalousie de son sous-développement, l’andalousisme fut durement réprimé durant les dictatures de PRIMO DE RIVERA et de FRANCO. Mais la violence engendrant la résistance, au lieu d’anéantir les revendications nationalistes périphériques, ces régimes hautement répressifs et autoritaires contribuèrent plutôt à légitimer plus encore leur combat durant la transition démocratique. Dans le but de trouver une solution à la confrontation séculaire qui opposait ces nationalismes à l’Etat, les rédacteurs de la Constitution de 1978 optèrent pour la création d’un Etat des autonomies qui repose sur l’unité de l’Espagne en tant que nation, mais reconnaît tout de même le droit à l’autonomie des nationalités et des régions qui la composent. Cette solution vint à point nommé pour l’Andalousie qui, depuis toujours, concevait l’autonomie politique comme la garantie de son développement. Cependant, au bout de trois décennies d’exercice de régime autonomique, en dépit de l’instrumentalisation de son sous-système politique et de ses Statuts d’Autonomie de 1981 et de 2007 comme moteur de ce développement, force est de constater que l’Andalousie continue à occuper la dernière place parmi les régions les moins développées de l’Espagne. / The emergence of the movement of Andalusian identity claim, between the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Century marks the failure of the Spanish liberals in their attempt to build a Nation-state, and confirms their indifference to all the socioeconomic problems which overwhelmed Andalusia during the Nineteenth Century. The need to upgrade legal action between all social classes and the improvement of living and working conditions of the proletariat, subjected to unequal treatment and exposed to discrimination did emerge within the petty bourgeoisie, an alternative nationalism to that of the Nation-state which, for the Andalusians, was a distant and continually hostile reality. Used as a political instrument whose purpose was to make Andalusia emerge from its underdevelopment, the “andalousism” was severely repressed during the dictatorship of PRIMO DE RIVERA and FRANCO. But violence causing resistance, instead of destroying the peripheral nationalist claims, these highly repressive and authoritarian regimes rather contributed to legitimize their fight for democratic transition. In order to find a solution to the confrontation that pitted the secular nationalism against the State, the drafters of the 1978 Constitution opted for the creation of a State of autonomy based on the unity of Spain as a Nation, but nevertheless recognizes the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions that compose it. This solution came in the nick of time for Andalusia that has always conceived, right from the start, political autonomy as a guarantee of its development. However, after three decades of autonomic system exercise, despite the instrumentalisation of its political subsystem and its Statute of Autonomy of 1981 and 2007 as an engine of this development, it is clear that Andalusia continues to occupy the last place among the less developed regions of Spain

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O tema deste estudo é a tradução poética, onde a complexidade em campo tradutório é maior. Para transpor a barreira lingüística e adentrar em outro âmbito cultural, é preciso um condutor que seja um \"elo\" entre culturas, o tradutor. Assim se constrói essa \"ponte necessária\", que traz e leva a voz de outros, permitindo que códigos lingüísticos se tornem compreensíveis nessa grande Babel. A busca pela palavra ideal na tradução poética passa por uma série de detalhes que dependem do texto original. Está o tradutor atado a ele, não em posição de servilismo, mas de uma fidelidade para com o essencial, o \"espírito\" da obra. Na leitura atenta do texto-fonte e na interpretação estão as soluções que não devem ser aleatórias, nem arbitrárias, dependem de fatores inerentes à própria tradução. O bom tradutor será coerente, terá bom senso, honestidade e respeito (com o texto, com o autor, consigo mesmo e com o leitor), ampla cultura geral e predisposição à pesquisa. Complementa este estudo a tradução completa da prosa poética espanhola Platero y Yo, de Juan Ramón Jiménez, Nobel 1956, e o cotejo e comentários de trechos da mesma com sua tradução ao português. A prática tradutória é baseada na \"transcriação\" ou \"recriação\", defendida pelos irmãos Campos (Haroldo e Augusto) na tradução poética. Atualmente, a tradução é ato que equivale à escrita de um texto novo, com valor de original. Atingir o outro lado da ponte é complexo, na complexíssima sim, porém fascinante arte de traduzir. / The theme of this paper is the poetic translation, which is a very difficult task in the translation field. In order to cross the linguistic obstacles and go to another cultural scope, it is necessary a linker between the two cultures. This linker is the translator. That is how this necessary link is made, which brings and takes people´s voices, allowing linguistic codes to be understood in this big \"Babel\". The search for the right word in the poetic translation goes through many details that depend on the original text. The translator is supposed to follow it, not like a \"slave\", but he is supposed to keep the essential meaning of the text. By reading the source and interpreting it the solution is found, which should not be neither aleatory nor arbitrary, but it depends on factors inherent to the translation itself. The good translator is coherent, has common sense, is honest and respects the text, the author, himself and the reader, is educated and likes searching. This paper has the whole translation of the Spanish poetic prose \"Platero y Yo\", by Juan Ramón Jiménez, the 1956 Nobel Prize winner and, as well, has remarks of some parts and its Portuguese version. The practice of translation is based on transcription or recreation, studied by the Campos brothers (Haroldo and Augusto), concerning poetic translation. Nowadays, translation has become equivalent to the writing of a brand new text, the original one. Achieving the objective in translation is very hard, once translation is an extremely difficult, but fascinating art.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dolores Martin Rodriguez Corner.pdf: 8525617 bytes, checksum: a1725470440e37dbf3f05659851f9669 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this research is to investigate the cuisine of immigrants from Galicia and Andalusia in Sao Paulo understanding that food is culture that reveals the habits, customs, memories and identities. The regions of Galicia and Andalusia represent opposite cuisines, whether by geographical or historical aspects, they are also the largest groups coming from the regional Spanish city during the post Civil War, 1946- 1960. The city loomed as a metropolis and offered opportunities for work and life what was attractive to those who needed to emigrate at that time. Upon arrival they have found a multicultural environment, formed by various groups of immigrants and migrants who had settled in the city. Through the testimonies of life histories of these immigrants and other Spanish people related to ethnic cuisine, we have tried to identify the habitus in eating, the taste and the flavor, the dishes of memory, the gastronomy practiced in regions of origin and sheltering as well as questioning the symbolic meanings that permeate the cultural universe of their gastronomy, their values, reinterpreting them. The marks left on the city's cuisine by these Spaniards can be seen in restaurants, at parties and family practices of regional associations of Galicia and Andalusia, where they appear as the culmination of them / O propósito desta pesquisa é investigar a cozinha dos imigrantes galegos e andaluzes em São Paulo, por entender que alimentação é cultura e revela os hábitos, costumes, memórias e identidades. As regiões de Galícia e Andaluzia representam cozinhas opostas, seja pelos aspectos geográficos, seja pelos históricos, além de serem os maiores grupos regionais espanhóis vindos para a cidade no período pós-Guerra Civil, 1946-1960. A cidade despontava como metrópole e oferecia oportunidades de trabalho e de vida, passando a ser um atrativo aos que precisavam emigrar naquele momento. Ao chegar, encontraram um ambiente multicultural formado pelos diversos grupos de imigrantes e migrantes que se fixaram na cidade. Por meio dos depoimentos, das histórias de vida desses imigrantes e de outros espanhóis ligados à cozinha étnica, procura-se identificar o habitus nas práticas alimentares, o paladar e o gosto, os pratos de memória, a cozinha praticada nas regiões de origem e de acolhida, bem como questionar significados simbólicos que permeiam o universo cultural de suas cozinhas, seus valores, reinterpretando-os. As marcas deixadas na gastronomia da cidade por esses espanhóis podem ser observadas nos restaurantes, nas práticas familiares e nas festas das associações regionais galegas e andaluzas, nas quais aparecem como ponto alto

O tema deste estudo é a tradução poética, onde a complexidade em campo tradutório é maior. Para transpor a barreira lingüística e adentrar em outro âmbito cultural, é preciso um condutor que seja um \"elo\" entre culturas, o tradutor. Assim se constrói essa \"ponte necessária\", que traz e leva a voz de outros, permitindo que códigos lingüísticos se tornem compreensíveis nessa grande Babel. A busca pela palavra ideal na tradução poética passa por uma série de detalhes que dependem do texto original. Está o tradutor atado a ele, não em posição de servilismo, mas de uma fidelidade para com o essencial, o \"espírito\" da obra. Na leitura atenta do texto-fonte e na interpretação estão as soluções que não devem ser aleatórias, nem arbitrárias, dependem de fatores inerentes à própria tradução. O bom tradutor será coerente, terá bom senso, honestidade e respeito (com o texto, com o autor, consigo mesmo e com o leitor), ampla cultura geral e predisposição à pesquisa. Complementa este estudo a tradução completa da prosa poética espanhola Platero y Yo, de Juan Ramón Jiménez, Nobel 1956, e o cotejo e comentários de trechos da mesma com sua tradução ao português. A prática tradutória é baseada na \"transcriação\" ou \"recriação\", defendida pelos irmãos Campos (Haroldo e Augusto) na tradução poética. Atualmente, a tradução é ato que equivale à escrita de um texto novo, com valor de original. Atingir o outro lado da ponte é complexo, na complexíssima sim, porém fascinante arte de traduzir. / The theme of this paper is the poetic translation, which is a very difficult task in the translation field. In order to cross the linguistic obstacles and go to another cultural scope, it is necessary a linker between the two cultures. This linker is the translator. That is how this necessary link is made, which brings and takes people´s voices, allowing linguistic codes to be understood in this big \"Babel\". The search for the right word in the poetic translation goes through many details that depend on the original text. The translator is supposed to follow it, not like a \"slave\", but he is supposed to keep the essential meaning of the text. By reading the source and interpreting it the solution is found, which should not be neither aleatory nor arbitrary, but it depends on factors inherent to the translation itself. The good translator is coherent, has common sense, is honest and respects the text, the author, himself and the reader, is educated and likes searching. This paper has the whole translation of the Spanish poetic prose \"Platero y Yo\", by Juan Ramón Jiménez, the 1956 Nobel Prize winner and, as well, has remarks of some parts and its Portuguese version. The practice of translation is based on transcription or recreation, studied by the Campos brothers (Haroldo and Augusto), concerning poetic translation. Nowadays, translation has become equivalent to the writing of a brand new text, the original one. Achieving the objective in translation is very hard, once translation is an extremely difficult, but fascinating art.