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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Materiální kultura jako nositel sociálně-politické organizace: Keramika kultury Chimú / Material culture as a vehicle of social - political organization: Chimú pottery

Květinová, Sylvie January 2011 (has links)
The Chimu culture developed on the North Pacific coast of today's Peru in the so-called Late Intermediate Period, i.e. approximately AD 1000 - 1476, after which it was dominated by the Inca. Brief characterization of the Chimu culture, supported by ethnohistorical and archaeological sources, is followed by description of its crafts, especially ceramic technology, morphology and iconography. Artifacts, i.e. object used, modified or made by people, may serve apart from practical also social and symbolic roles. Based on the theoretical background of evolution of power and society, different approaches to the study of artifacts' function, specialization, exchange and social complexity are outlined and tested on the Chimu pottery assemblage from the Ethnologisches Museum in Berlin. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the 1832 available ceramic vessels, lacking the contextual find information, had to focus solely on the formal aspects of the specimens. Interpretation of the obtained results disproves primary position of pottery as means of social - political organization in the Chimu and Chimu-Inca societies (occupied by fine textiles and metal items), but still points out certain non-utilitarian aspects of both Chimu and Chimu - Inca styled pottery which probably represented a secondary socio -...
2

The Archaeology of Wari and the Dispersal of Quechua / La arqueología wari y la dispersión del quechua

Isbell, William H. 10 April 2018 (has links)
The association of Wari with Quechua, or proto-Quechan speech, cannot be demonstrated by an unbroken tradition of material culture such as ceramic style from the Middle Horizon to ethnohistorically known Quechua speaking communities. However, the spread of Wari from its northern Ayacucho homeland, to the archaeologically most obvious colonies that stretch across Andes from Cuzco to southern Ayacucho, and into Ica and Arequipa, corresponds remarkably with the ethnohistoric distribution of Quechua IIC. This is the most convincing confirmation that Wari spoke proto-Quechua. Variation among southern Quechua IIC dialects suggests to linguists that dispersal was later than the Middle Horizon. However, if a unified Wari polity promoted a uniform speech community throughout its southern domain it is likely that differentiation would not have begun until Huari collapsed at the end of the Middle Horizon.The origins of Wari lie in long-term interactions between highland Huarpa and coastal Nasca cultures, perhaps establishing an expansive political confederation by the end of the Early Intermediate Period. If Nasca people spoke proto-Aymara and Huarpa folk spoke proto-Quechua, this alliance may account for the ancient relationship between these two proto language groups, described by historical linguists. Archaeological evidence for Wari in the north, especially the Mantaro, the Callejón de Huaylas, and Huamachuco, suggests an early phase of colonization with direct rule, followed by the rise of local elites allied with Wari nobility, indirect rule, and processes of ethnogenesis, that probably promoted linguistic distinction, albeit retaining Wari affiliation. Consequently, although Quechua may have arrived in the north highlands at more or less the same time as the south, separation of Quechua I languages in this northern region probably began early in the Middle Horizon, and experienced social pressures promoting rapid differentiation. The Quechuas of the central coast and far northern Cajamarca are confusing, but new understandings of the archaeology will require new inferences about the past. In the meantime, it is at least plausible to propose that proto-Quechua was spread by Wari, during the Middle Horizon, and that Wari should be credited with the dispersal of Quechua as a whole, not just Quechua II. / La asociación de Wari con el quechua o el protoquechua no se puede demostrar con una tradición ininterrumpida de cultura material desde los estilos de cerámica del Horizonte Medio a las comunidades quechuahablantes etnohistóricamente conocidas, pero su dispersión desde su área de origen en el norte de Ayacucho hasta las colonias arqueológicamente más obvias que se extienden lo largo de los Andes desde el Cuzco al sur de Ayacucho, así como hacia Ica y Arequipa, corresponde, de manera notable, con la distribución etnohistórica del quechua IIC. Esta constituye la confirmación más convincente de que los wari hablaron protoquechua. La variación entre los dialectos quechua IIC del sur sugiere a los lingüistas que la dispersión fue posterior al Horizonte Medio. Sin embargo, si se plantea el escenario de una entidad política unificada como Wari, que promovió una comunidad con una lengua uniforme a lo largo de sus dominios en el sur, es probable que la diferenciación no haya empezado si no hasta que Huari, y su imperio, colapsaron hacia fines del Horizonte Medio.Los orígenes de Wari se pueden encontrar en una serie de interacciones de largo plazo entre las culturas Huarpa, de la sierra, y Nasca, de la costa, posiblemente con el establecimiento de una confederación política expansiva hacia fines del Período Intermedio Temprano. Si los grupos nasca hablaban protoaimara y la gente huarpa se comunicaba mediante el protoquechua, dicha alianza podría explicar la antigua relación entre estos dos grupos protolingüísticos descritos por los lingüistas históricos. La evidencia arqueológica para Wari en el norte, especialmente en el Mantaro, el Callejón de Huaylas y Huamachuco, sugiere una fase temprana de colonización acompañada de un control directo, a lo que siguió un ascenso de las elites aliadas con la nobleza wari, un control indirecto y procesos de etnogénesis que, probablemente, promovieron una diferenciación lingüística, si bien conservaron la filiación wari. Como consecuencia de ello, si bien el quechua puede haber llegado a la sierra norte aproximadamente al mismo tiempo que al sur, la separación de las variantes del quechua I en estas regiones del norte empezó, quizá, de manera temprana en el Horizonte Medio y experimentó imposiciones sociales que estimularon una rápida distinción. La situación de los quechuas de la costa central y de Cajamarca, en el extremo norte, es confusa, por lo que las nuevas interpretaciones por parte de la arqueología requerirán de nuevas inferencias acerca del pasado. En el entretanto, es posible proponer, al menos, que el protoquechua fue difundido por Wari durante el Horizonte Medio y que a Wari se le debe atribuir la dispersión del quechua en su integridad y no solo del quechua II.

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