Traditionally, the Middle Horizon has been characterized by the presence or influence of Wari imperialism throughout ancient Peru. With lesser known areas of the Andes now being explored, this view is considered somewhat passé, monolithic, and lacking heuristic value. Although many Middle Horizon peoples may not have fallen under the rubric of direct Wari control, others certainly did, and it is this variability in degrees of administrative control across regions that is considered a classic hallmark of imperialism. With that said, Middle Horizon research in Cuzco offers a unique opportunity to study a Wari region that was under direct imperial control. Archaeological investigations of Wari Cuzco sites show that this region was not only tightly administered by the Wari heartland, but also that the control that the Wari imposed upon it endured for more than two centuries. This chapter reviews evidence for exchange between the Cuzco Wari and people in other regions towards an understanding of its highly controlled nature. It considers how Cuzco was run and why it was so important to the empire as a whole. / Por todo el antiguo Perú, el Horizonte Medio tradicionalmente ha sido caracterizado por la presencia o influencia del Imperio wari. Con la exploración reciente de áreas hasta hace poco desconocidas, esta perspectiva está considerada anticuada y sin valor. Aunque mucha gente del Horizonte Medio pudo no haber estado bajo el control administrativo de los wari, otra gente si lo estaba y esta diferencia, la cual existía por todas las regiones, representaba el sistema imperialista. Habiendo dicho esto, las investigaciones sobre el Horizonte Medio en Cuzco ofrecen una oportunidad única para estudiar una región bajo el control administrativo directo de los wari. Investigaciones en los sitios arqueológicos wari en Cuzco muestran que esta región ha estado no solo controlada estrictamente por el gobierno de la capital wari, sino que también fue un control que duró por más que dos siglos. Este capítulo revisa la evidencia del intercambio que hubo entre los wari del Cuzco y la gente de otras regiones, para poder llegar a un entendimiento de la naturaleza de este control. También se considera cómo Cuzco funcionaba y la influencia del imperio.

Através da apresentação dos dados geográficos a respeito do estado de Rondônia, procuramos fixar às fronteiras do campo no qual esta pesquisa se insere, além de mostramos a relevância o potencia e necessidade da realização de pesquisas antropológicas no estado. Além dos dados geográficos apresentamos algumas considerações sobre o estado em que se encontra a antropologia sobre os povos indígenas de Rondônia, constatamos assim que apesar da grande quantidade de trabalhos realizados com estas populações indígenas existem algumas lacunas a serem preenchidas, principalmente no que diz respeito ao diálogo interno entre os trabalhos, e ainda, no que diz respeito ao dialogo entre estes trabalhos e a teoria antropológica de um modo mais geral. Deste modo, selecionamos algumas pesquisas realizadas com e sobre os povos indígenas de Rondônia, procurando estabelecer entre os trabalhos um diálogo interno. Para estabelecer este diálogo interno construímos, a partir da análise e da leitura destes trabalhos, uma comparação entre duas categorias; o ritual e a guerra. As categorias foram selecionadas com base nas leituras dos trabalhos aqui utilizados que, de uma forma ou de outra, trazem estas categorias como elemento privilegiado para os estudos das populações ameríndias de Rondônia. A escolha destas categorias permitiu ainda que, a partir da comparação entre elas, pudéssemos estabelecer um diálogo com as teorias antropológicas de um modo, digamos, mais geral. Apresentando uma comparação da utilização das categorias entre os autores, seguida pela descrição dos rituais e uma comparação dos mesmos. Para finalmente estabelecer algumas possíveis conclusões a partir das comparações e dos dados apresentados. / Through the presentation of spatial data on the state of Rondônia, we attempt to set the boundaries of the field in which this research is inserted, and show the relevance of the power and necessity of conducting anthropological research in the state. In addition to the geographic data we present some thoughts on the state in which anthropology is located on indigenous peoples of Rondônia, we found so despite the large amount of work done with these indigenous populations there are some gaps to be filled, especially with regard to internal dialogue between the works, and also with regard to the dialogue between these works and the anthropological theory more generally. Thus, we selected some research with and on indigenous peoples of Rondônia, trying to establish between jobs an internal dialogue. To establish this internal dialogue built, from analysis and reading of these works, a comparison of two categories; ritual and war. These categories were selected based on readings of the work used herein that in one way or another, bring these categories as a privileged element in the study of Amerindian populations of Rondônia. The choice of these categories still allowed, based on the comparison between, we could establish a dialogue with the anthropological theories in a way, i would say, more general. Presenting a comparison of the use of categories among the authors, followed by the description of rituals and a comparison of them. To finally establish some possible conclusions from the comparisons and the data presented.

This paper explores how archaeology can study the relationships between complex multidimensional societies in critical periods of their development through an analysis of the multiple variables, circumstances and contingencies that define social interactions. By focusing on the archaeological record of San José de Moro, an important funerary and ceremonial center in the Jequetepeque valley, the authors approach the multifaceted natures and purposes behind the relationships between the Moche States of northern coastal Peru and the southern Andean Wari during the end of the Early Intermediate Period and the Middle Horizon. / El presente artículo explora cómo la arqueología puede estudiar las relaciones entre sociedades complejas durante periodos críticos de su desarrollo, a través del análisis de las múltiples variables, circunstancias y contingencias que definen las interacciones sociales. Mediante el estudio de los contextos y objetos provenientes de San José de Moro, un importante centro funerario y ceremonial en el valle del Jequetepeque, los autores abordan las naturalezas y propósitos que se traslapan detrás de las relaciones entre los Estados mochica del norte del Perú y la sociedad wari de la sierra sur, durante el Periodo Intermedio Temprano y el Horizonte Medio.

Extending Schreiber’s mosaic model, we construct a political economy model for how the Wari Empire could have functioned based on available evidence. We argue that Wari administrators sought to create a broadly integrating interregional system without the benefit of markets through the creation of a staple-based mobilization of agricultural production in order to support state-managed ceremonies, corvée labor for construction projects, a warrior class, and craft and ritual specialists. The success ofthis staple-based mobilization, likely a precedent for the Inca imperial economy, was limited because it was a novel experiment in statecraft in a world of marked regionalism. Yet top-down wealth finance and bottom-up globalization managed to further integrate outlying regions by fueling the specialized production of high-end, symbolically charged goods that materialized apopular religious ideology that had coalesced at Huari. Although wealth finance and globalization are often seen as alternative explanations for Middle Horizon dynamics, we argue that they represent complementary, and often linked, strategies pursued by Wari bureaucrats, local leaders, and craftspeople to profit off of the surging interregional interactions of the period. Nothing like Wari had existed previously in the Andes — it was the creation of a state struggling, and ultimately failing, to project itself overa vast region. / Extendiendo el modelo del mosaico de Schreiber, se construye un modelo económico para la manera de como el Imperio wari pudo haber funcionado en base a la evidencia obtenida. Sostenemos que los administradores wari procuraban crear un amplio sistema de integración interregional sin el beneficio de mercados, a través de la creación de una movilización de producción agrícola, queestuviera basada en productos de primera necesidad para poder apoyar las ceremonias gestionadas por el Estado, la labor corvéepara proyectos de construcción, una clase guerrera, y especialistas en artesanías y rituales. El éxito de esta movilización basada en productos de primera necesidad, que probablemente fue un antecesor a la economía del Imperio inca, fue limitado por serun experimento nuevo en la política de un mundo de marcado regionalismo. Aun así, las declinantes riquezas y la ascendiente globalización ayudaron a integrar más aún a las regiones periféricas, incrementando la producción especializada de bienes de lujo cargados de simbología, que materializaron una ideología popular religiosa que se unió en Huari. Aunque la economía de bienes de riqueza y la globalización son vistas con frecuencia como explicaciones alternativas para las dinámicas del Horizonte Medio, sostenemos que representan estrategias complementarias y, con frecuencia, vinculadas seguidas por burócratas wari, líderes locales, y artesanos para sacar provecho de las interacciones interregionales que surgían durante esta era. No ha existido otro grupo igual a los wari anteriormente en los Andes —fueron la creación de un Estado que luchó, y al final falló en su proyección sobre una amplia región —.

New Evidences from Chincha: Preliminary Notes about Wari Period ContextsThe "Programa de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Chincha" (PIACH), of the Instituto Andino de Estudios Arqueológicos (INDEA), has planned to investigate Wari occupations since 2001, both local and imperial. The site La Cantera (PV57-I38), identified in i985, was selected to begin. However, as research was initiated a fortuitous discovery took place at UPIS-San José, a new urban development in the district of El Carmen. Nearly complete ceramic vessels were recovered that belong to the Wari State style. These finds help fill a void the Wari Period of the Chincha Valley. At last, this void can be understood as resulting from specific historical and natural processes. / El Programa de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Chincha (PIACH), que desarrolla el Instituto Andino de Estudios Arqueológicos (INDEA), se propuso desde el año 2001 incorporar como parte del plan de excavaciones la investigación de sitios con ocupación wari tanto local como imperial. Como punto de partida se decidió el estudio del sitio La Cantera (PV57-138), que fuera identificado en 1985. Paralelamente al inicio de esos trabajos, se reportó un hallazgo fortuito en las inmediaciones del distrito de El Carmen, en la ampliación urbana UPIS (Urbanización Popular de Interés Social) San José, donde fueron recuperados materiales casi completos de filiación wari, con características completamente propias de ese sistema estatal. Esta coyuntura ha permitido el acceso a un conjunto de datos que llenan en parte el vacío generado por el particular registro arqueológico de la época Wari en el valle de Chincha, debido, como se verá, a particulares procesos históricos y naturales.

Pikillacta, Huaro and the Greater Cuzco Region: New Interpretations of Wari Occupation in the Southern HighlandsOver the last two decades, significant advancements have been made in Wari studies, resulting primarily from investigations conducted in provincial regions that have elucidated new perspectives on Wari imperial expansion. This paper focuses on contributions made in the southern highlands Cuzco region, with particular emphasis on research carried out at the monumental sites of Pikillacta and Huaro. On the basis of their research, the authors offer a new interpretation of the Wari occupation of Cuzco, that it was earlier; more intense, and endured much longer than previously thought, and that the mechanism for its success was direct Wari imperial control. / Durante las últimas dos décadas han habido avances significativos en los estudios wari, como resultado de las investigaciones conducidas en las regiones provinciales. De esos estudios se han elucidado nuevas perspectivas sobre la expansión imperial de los wari, dándosele mayor énfasis a las investigaciones realizadas en los sitios monumentales de Pikillacta y Huaro. Basados en sus investigaciones, los autores han concluido que la ocupación wari fue más temprana, más intensa y de más larga duración que lo que previamente se impuso y plantean que su éxito se debió en gran parte al control directo del gobierno imperial de los wari.

Wari and CajamarcaThis article summarizes the archaeological evidence for Wari presence in the Cajamarca basin, of Peru's north highlands. Artifacts from a private collection are discussed. Wari presence seems to be limited to a defined area, and totally absent outside it. Wari contact does not seem to have interrupted local Cajamarca culture, that continued uninterrupted development. / En este artículo se resumen los datos arqueológicos wari en el valle de Cajamarca, sierra norte del Perú, y se presentan los materiales de una colección privada. La presencia wari en este valle se limita a una zona, fuera de la cual no parece existir evidencia alguna. Aparentemente el contacto con Wari no significa una interrupción, sino que se percibe una continuidad de la cultura Cajamarca.

Wari Influence in the Inca Empire and PilgrimagesCusi Yupanqui’s victory over the Chancas, which was possibly responsible for the destruction of the Wari state, might be related to his adoption of a new name, Pachacutec. The latter appears in the ruler list provided by Montesinos. On the other hand, the pan-Andean cult related to Pachacamac, which originated in the Middle Horizon, survived in Inca times and is still present in modern syncretisms. / La victoria de Cusi Yupanqui sobre los chancas, posibles destructores del Estado wari, podría entenderse como una venganza tardía, relacionada con la adopción de su nuevo nombre de Pachacutec que aparece también en la lista de gobernantes preincas de Montesinos. Por otro lado, el culto panandino de Pachacamac del Horizonte Medio subsiste en tiempos incaicos y se mantiene en sincretismos actuales.

Através da apresentação dos dados geográficos a respeito do estado de Rondônia, procuramos fixar às fronteiras do campo no qual esta pesquisa se insere, além de mostramos a relevância o potencia e necessidade da realização de pesquisas antropológicas no estado. Além dos dados geográficos apresentamos algumas considerações sobre o estado em que se encontra a antropologia sobre os povos indígenas de Rondônia, constatamos assim que apesar da grande quantidade de trabalhos realizados com estas populações indígenas existem algumas lacunas a serem preenchidas, principalmente no que diz respeito ao diálogo interno entre os trabalhos, e ainda, no que diz respeito ao dialogo entre estes trabalhos e a teoria antropológica de um modo mais geral. Deste modo, selecionamos algumas pesquisas realizadas com e sobre os povos indígenas de Rondônia, procurando estabelecer entre os trabalhos um diálogo interno. Para estabelecer este diálogo interno construímos, a partir da análise e da leitura destes trabalhos, uma comparação entre duas categorias; o ritual e a guerra. As categorias foram selecionadas com base nas leituras dos trabalhos aqui utilizados que, de uma forma ou de outra, trazem estas categorias como elemento privilegiado para os estudos das populações ameríndias de Rondônia. A escolha destas categorias permitiu ainda que, a partir da comparação entre elas, pudéssemos estabelecer um diálogo com as teorias antropológicas de um modo, digamos, mais geral. Apresentando uma comparação da utilização das categorias entre os autores, seguida pela descrição dos rituais e uma comparação dos mesmos. Para finalmente estabelecer algumas possíveis conclusões a partir das comparações e dos dados apresentados. / Through the presentation of spatial data on the state of Rondônia, we attempt to set the boundaries of the field in which this research is inserted, and show the relevance of the power and necessity of conducting anthropological research in the state. In addition to the geographic data we present some thoughts on the state in which anthropology is located on indigenous peoples of Rondônia, we found so despite the large amount of work done with these indigenous populations there are some gaps to be filled, especially with regard to internal dialogue between the works, and also with regard to the dialogue between these works and the anthropological theory more generally. Thus, we selected some research with and on indigenous peoples of Rondônia, trying to establish between jobs an internal dialogue. To establish this internal dialogue built, from analysis and reading of these works, a comparison of two categories; ritual and war. These categories were selected based on readings of the work used herein that in one way or another, bring these categories as a privileged element in the study of Amerindian populations of Rondônia. The choice of these categories still allowed, based on the comparison between, we could establish a dialogue with the anthropological theories in a way, i would say, more general. Presenting a comparison of the use of categories among the authors, followed by the description of rituals and a comparison of them. To finally establish some possible conclusions from the comparisons and the data presented.

In this introductory article, the history of Wari studies is summarized in brief terms. The urban site of Huari is considered, including evidence for its occupation prior to the Middle Horizon, and spatial patterning of Middle Horizon architectural remains. While the hinterland around Huari has received some attention, there is still much to be learned about the heartland of the Wari polity. Most research devoted to Wari has occurred in the provincial regions, primarily at sites exhibiting distinctive Wari forms of architecture and material culture. Regional surveys data complement these excavations and reveal the effects of Wari expansionon the local political and economic landscapes. Current interpretations of Wari balance the accumulation of new data and the waxing and waning of different interpretative scenarios. It argued that Wari must be viewed holistically, not from the perspective of a single site or region, that the material evidence for imperial control can be elusive, and that our data are still far from complete. It is concluded that the extant data support the interpretation that Wari was an early attempt at empire–building, and that it imposed its mosaic of control over many regions of the Central Andes. / En este artículo resumimos brevemente la historia de los estudios sobre Wari. Discutimos el centro urbano de Huari, incluyendo su ocupación pre-Horizonte Medio, y la distribución espacial de la arquitectura del Horizonte Medio. Si bien la periferia de Huari ha recibido cierta atención, queda aún mucho por aprender sobre la zona nuclear wari. La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre Wari se ha concentrado en las provincias, principalmente en sitios con las formas características wari de arquitectura y cultura material. Las prospecciones regionales complementan estas excavaciones y revelan los efectos de la expansión wari en el escenario político y económico. Las interpretaciones actuales sobre Wari muestran un balance entre la acumulación de nuevos datos y los diferentes escenarios interpretativos. Sostenemos que Wari debe ser visto holísticamente y no desde un solo sitio o región, que la evidencia material de control imperial puede resultar esquiva, y que nuestros datos aún resultan incompletos. Concluimos que losdatos existentes respaldan la interpretación de Wari como un intento temprano de formación de un imperio, el cual impuso un mosaico de control sobre muchas regiones de los Andes centrales.