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The development flow region of stepped chutes was studied experimentally. Three configuration of chute bed slopes 3.5H:1V, 5H:1V, and 10H:1V were used to study the flow characteristics. Each model had five horizontal steps and with constant step height of 15 cm. Constant temperature anemometry was used to investigate the velocity field characteristics as well as local void fraction. Pressure transducers were used to examine the pressure distribution. The conditions of aerated and non-aerated cavity were studied. It was found that the temperature anemometry is a valuable tool in the study of water flow problems due to its good spatial and temporal resolution. It is recommended that the constant overheat ratio procedure should be used in dealing with non-isothermal water flows. Flow conditions along the development flow region were found to be quite complex with abrupt changes between steps depending whether or not the flow jet has disintegrated. The flow on this region does not resemble a drop structure and after the first step, the step cavity condition does not affect the flow parameters. Pressure distribution was also found to be complex. It was found that there are no conclusive pressure profiles either on the step treads nor on step risers. No correlation was observed with the values of pool depth. The instantaneous characteristics of the velocity field along the jet of a drop structure were also studied. It was concluded that the cavity condition does not affect the velocity field of the sliding jet. The shear stress layer at the jet/pool interface was quantified. / May 2006

The development flow region of stepped chutes was studied experimentally. Three configuration of chute bed slopes 3.5H:1V, 5H:1V, and 10H:1V were used to study the flow characteristics. Each model had five horizontal steps and with constant step height of 15 cm. Constant temperature anemometry was used to investigate the velocity field characteristics as well as local void fraction. Pressure transducers were used to examine the pressure distribution. The conditions of aerated and non-aerated cavity were studied. It was found that the temperature anemometry is a valuable tool in the study of water flow problems due to its good spatial and temporal resolution. It is recommended that the constant overheat ratio procedure should be used in dealing with non-isothermal water flows. Flow conditions along the development flow region were found to be quite complex with abrupt changes between steps depending whether or not the flow jet has disintegrated. The flow on this region does not resemble a drop structure and after the first step, the step cavity condition does not affect the flow parameters. Pressure distribution was also found to be complex. It was found that there are no conclusive pressure profiles either on the step treads nor on step risers. No correlation was observed with the values of pool depth. The instantaneous characteristics of the velocity field along the jet of a drop structure were also studied. It was concluded that the cavity condition does not affect the velocity field of the sliding jet. The shear stress layer at the jet/pool interface was quantified.

The development flow region of stepped chutes was studied experimentally. Three configuration of chute bed slopes 3.5H:1V, 5H:1V, and 10H:1V were used to study the flow characteristics. Each model had five horizontal steps and with constant step height of 15 cm. Constant temperature anemometry was used to investigate the velocity field characteristics as well as local void fraction. Pressure transducers were used to examine the pressure distribution. The conditions of aerated and non-aerated cavity were studied. It was found that the temperature anemometry is a valuable tool in the study of water flow problems due to its good spatial and temporal resolution. It is recommended that the constant overheat ratio procedure should be used in dealing with non-isothermal water flows. Flow conditions along the development flow region were found to be quite complex with abrupt changes between steps depending whether or not the flow jet has disintegrated. The flow on this region does not resemble a drop structure and after the first step, the step cavity condition does not affect the flow parameters. Pressure distribution was also found to be complex. It was found that there are no conclusive pressure profiles either on the step treads nor on step risers. No correlation was observed with the values of pool depth. The instantaneous characteristics of the velocity field along the jet of a drop structure were also studied. It was concluded that the cavity condition does not affect the velocity field of the sliding jet. The shear stress layer at the jet/pool interface was quantified.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Will Ribamar Mendes Almeida.pdf: 650603 bytes, checksum: 3c389113f5c609a86b502fc0489341f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Anemometers are instruments, simply, for measuring the velocity of fluids and, in some cases, its direction. Particularly, the measurement of the air velocity extends to applications like: windmills, wind tunnels, electricity generation from Aeolian energy and meteorology. Among the most used methods for the wind velocity determination, the method based on the transit time of ultrasonic waves is stressed for being more suitable to the measurement of the velocity of gases, and which is based on the time required for an ultrasonic wave emitted from a transmitter to reach a receptor. Among the techniques for implementing the transit time the Difference of Time (DT) and Difference of Phase (DP) are emphasized, and both are addressed ins this work. A comparative study, with experimental verification, between the two techniques (DT and DP) is presented in this work, using techniques for compensating the effects of temperature variation on the sound velocity. It was taken into consideration the implementation of the measurement circuits and the propagation of uncertainties with respect to the variables that interfere in the measurement process. From the analyses carried out, the most suitable method for measuring the wind velocity was chosen, and a prototype was developed based on this method. The most suitable method is the Difference of Phase, because the observed uncertainty, in both simulations and experiments, was much smaller than for the DT method. / Anemômetros são instrumentos que, de maneira simplificada, têm a finalidade de medir velocidade de fluidos e, em alguns casos, a sua direção. Em particular a medição da velocidade do ar estende-se a aplicações como: moinhos de vento, túneis de vento, geração de energia elétrica a partir da energia eólica e meteorologia. Dentre os métodos mais comuns de determinação da velocidade de vento destacam-se os que se baseiam no Tempo de Trânsito de ondas ultra-sônicas, por serem mais adequadas para medição de velocidade de gases, e que se baseiam no tempo levado para uma onda ultra-sônica emitida por um transmissor atingir um receptor. Dentre as técnicas usadas para implementar o método do Tempo de Trânsito destacamse a Diferença de Tempo (DT) e a Diferença de Fase (DF), ambas abordadas neste trabalho.. Um estudo comparativo, com verificação experimental, entre as duas técnicas (DT e DF) é apresentado neste trabalho, usando técnicas para compensar os efeitos da variação da temperatura na velocidade do som. Foi levado em consideração na comparação à implementação dos circuitos de medição e a propagação de incertezas com relação as variáveis que interferem no processo de medição. A partir das análises realizadas escolheu-se o método mais apropriado para estimação da velocidade do vento, tendo sido desenvolvido um protótipo baseado nesse método. O método mais apropriado foi o da diferença de fase, pois foi observado, tanto por simulação quanto por experimentação, que a incerteza na estimação da velocidade do vento foi bem maior para o método DT.

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