Ischaemia causes irreversible tissue damage in cardiovascular disease. Since regenerative angiogenesis fails to consistently induce sufficient reperfusion to facilitate repair, targeted manipulation of angiogenesis is clinically desirable. The Wilms' tumour suppressor (Wt1) is a transcription factor which regulates numerous genes and cellular processes, including many intrinsic to angiogenesis. We hypothesise that WT1 in the endothelium influences the angiogenic function of endothelial cells. WT1 was identified in endothelial and non-endothelial cells comprising vessel outgrowths generated by cultured aortic rings from WT1-GFP reporter mice. Inducible deletion of WT1 from the endothelium (VE-Wt1 KO) significantly delayed angiogenesis in this assay (p < 0.05 relative to controls). In vivo, WT1 expression was evident in vascular endothelial and perivascular cells of the hindlimb as early as 3 days following femoral artery ligation to induce ischaemia, often in cells expressing epithelial and mesenchymal markers simultaneously. However, VE-Wt1 KO had no effect on hindlimb reperfusion (laser Doppler; days 0-28) or on vessel density (day 28). Similarly, VE-Wt1 KO had no effect on vessel density or expression of angiogenic factors (qRT-PCR) in sponges inserted subcutaneously in mice (20 days). To further understand the role of WT1 in angiogenesis, transcriptomic RNA expression analysis was performed in WT1+ and WT1- cells isolated (FACs) from sponges after implantation in WT1-GFP mice. WT1+ cells exhibited higher expression of genes involved in a number of processes relevant to tissue repair, including angiogenesis (p=3.11x10-8), wound healing (p=3.45x10-7) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (p=5.86x10-4). These results shed new light on the role of WT1 in ischaemic angiogenesis. In concurrence with previously published work, we show that deletion of endothelial WT1 can delay angiogenesis however, WT1 is not just instrumental in endothelial cells in this context. WT1 has a broader role in tissue repair in ischaemia, in part through regulation of cell transition (EMT). This work has improved our understanding of the regulatory role of WT1 in angiogenesis and repair, while revealing a number of novel insights into the function of WT1. This highlights WT1 as a potentially beneficial therapeutic target to facilitate regeneration in cardiovascular disease.

Class III Semaphorins (SEMA3) comprise a family of chemokines that have been implicated as negative regulators of axonal guidance, angiogenesis and tumor progression. It has been demonstrated previously that one SEMA3, SEMA3F, may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer. When transfected with SEMA3F, the highly metastatic human melanoma cell line A375SM was found to exhibit a highly-encapsulated, avascular phenotype with limited metastasis. Members of SEMA3 are regulated on many levels, including proteolytic processing. SEMA3F, like other SEMA3, is expressed as a 100 kD proprotein that is seen to be processed in vitro and in vivo to 95 and 65 kD isoforms. This has been largely attributed to furin-like endoproteases on the basis of furin inhibition studies. However, currently available small chemical or peptide inhibitors against the family of subtilisin/kexin-type proprotein convertases (PCSK), to which furin belongs, do not have good selectivity between PCSKs. Cleavage of SEMA3 to 65 kD have been shown to have differing effects. SEMA3A loses its ability to repel sympathetic ganglia and SEMA3E reverses its phenotype from chemorepulsant to chemoattractant for developing vasculature following cleavage. In order to further develop therapeutic strategies based on SEMA3F, it is therefore critical to better understand the proteolytic regulation of this molecule. In this study, it is shown that digest of purified SEMA3F with purified recombinant human furin does not result in proteolytic cleavage and suggested that the cleavage of SEMA3F to a 65 kD isoform may be mediated by other members of the PCSK family.

Les métastases représentent l’étape ultime de la progression tumorale. Les traitements inhibiteurs de l’angiogenèse offrent de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques, notamment pour les stades invasifs, mais cependant ils n’apportent qu’une prolongation modeste de la survie des patients. La faible réponse de certains types de cancers aux traitements ciblant l’angiogenèse tumorale, comme le carcinome de la prostate chez l’homme ou du sein chez la femme, est due au développement de résistances tumorales d’une part, et à l’accélération du processus métastatique mise en évidence par certaines études précliniques et cliniques d’autre part. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’étudier le rôle d’une protéine anti-angiogénique endogène, la thrombospondine 1 (TSP1), dans l’invasion et la dissémination métastatique dans le carcinome de la prostate et du sein. Notre laboratoire a montré que la densité microvasculaire est inversement corrélée à l’expression de la TSP1 dans les stades précoces de ces carcinomes. Cependant, cette corrélation est perdue aux stades avancés où l’expression de la TSP1 devient associée à un mauvais pronostic. Les travaux de ma thèse ont permis de montrer que la TSP1 stimule un ensemble de processus intervenant dans la progression tumorale, dont la migration et l’invasion cellulaires, l’extravasation et la dissémination métastatique. Nous avons aussi pu mettre en évidence que l’hypoxie induite par l’inhibition de l’angiogenèse est un activateur majeur de l’invasion et de la formation de métastases, que cette hypoxie soit produite par des molécules endogènes comme la TSP1 ou par des inhibiteurs pharmacologiques de ce processus. De plus, nous démontrons que la TSP1 est un facteur de mauvais pronostic puisque son expression est corrélée avec l’augmentation de l’invasion et de la rechute des patients atteints de cancers de la prostate androgéno-résistants. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent que l’expression de la TSP1 pourrait être un facteur prédictif de l’invasion et de l’occurrence de métastases, et que le ciblage de la TSP1 présente un fort potentiel thérapeutique pour bloquer à terme ces processus. / Prognosis is poor once tumors developed metastasis, and overall survival has been only modestly improved by the development of drugs inhibiting angiogenesis. The poor response of certain types of cancer to therapies that target tumor angiogenesis, including prostate and breast carcinomas, is due to the development of an evasion and to the acceleration of the metastatic process noted in some preclinical and clinical studies. The objective of this thesis was to study the role of an endogenous anti-angiogenic factor, thrombospondin 1 (TSP1), in the process of invasion and metastasis of prostate and breast carcinomas. Our laboratory has previously shown that microvessel density is inversely correlated with the expression of TSP1 in primary stages of breast and prostate carcinomas. However, this correlation is lost in advanced cancers, where TSP1 expression becomes associated with poor prognosis. We show that TSP1 stimulates a set of processes involved in tumor progression, including cell migration and invasion, extravasation and metastatic dissemination. We also demonstrate that hypoxia induced by an inhibition of angiogenesis resulting from the activity of endogenous or pharmacological molecules is a major activator of invasion and metastasis. In addition, we demonstrate that TSP1 is a poor prognostic factor since its expression is correlated with increased invasion and relapse in patients with androgen-resistant prostate cancer. In conclusion, our results suggest that the expression of TSP1 could be a predictor of invasion and metastasis occurrence, and that targeting TSP1 could be a great therapeutic potential to block these processes.

Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are known to promote tumor cell survival, invasion, the formation of blood and lymphatic vessels, and hence, metastasis. We previously showed that a pro-inflammatory pathway regulated by Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4) can be activated in human breast cancer (BC) cell lines by a clinical chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel (PXL). Prior data showed that PXL treatment of TLR4+ tumors in vivo increased inflammation and tumor spread. Here, we used two BC models based on MDA-MB-231 and HCC1806 cell lines. Transcript expression of 123 cytokines in vitro and in vivo was determined by qRT-PCR. We found that 18 and 26 cytokines were upregulated by nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-PXL) in 231TLR4+ cells and in 1806TLR4+ cells, respectively. Upregulation of cytokines was observed in cultured cells and in tumor models in vivo. Furthermore, fourteen cytokines (11.3% of total) were induced by nab-PXL in both tumor models suggesting that these targets are upregulated by PXL regardless of genetic makeup of tumor cells. We also confirmed the expression of these cytokines on protein level by ELISA. We found that expression of CCL20 and CXCL1 proteins is consistent with transcript expression detected by qRT-PCR. Taken together, CCL20 and CXCL1 can be the potential targets for further study, and they may have the capacity to recruit myeloid-derived lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors to the tumor site to promote lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer.

Despite the high mortality rate of ovarian cancer, there are few selective biomarkers that detect its progression and none have become successful targets for therapy. A complex microenvironment that promotes angiogenesis, reduces immune responses and alters the integrity of the surrounding matrix is involved through the biology of ovarian cancer. Previous studies done by our lab and collaborators indicated that extracellular threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS) is a pro-angiogenic mediator of the ovarian tumor microenvironment, which is secreted in response to inflammatory signals, and actively promotes angiogenesis. In order to better understand the mechanisms underlying the angiogenic effects of TARS in ovarian cancer, it is essential to identify whether it directly affects ovarian tumor growth and invasion. Preliminary evidence indicated that TARS is secreted from ovarian cancer cells in response to TNF-α and TARS exhibits extracellular angiogenic activity. In previous studies, TARS was shown to significantly increase migration of HUVECs in a transwell assay to an extent that was similar to VEGF. The purpose of this project was to establish a role for TARS in tumor progression and its potential as a diagnostic marker using an animal model of ovarian cancer. The hypothesis tested is that TARS plays a key role in the angiogenic and invasive potential of ovarian cancer, and TARS inhibition will reduce the angiogenic effect of tumor cells which is reflected by measurement of intratumor microvessel density (MVD). The study tested the effect of BC194-mediated TARS inhibition on the development of ovarian tumors in ID8 mouse model. We found a positive correlation between TARS expression and ovarian cancer progression, and TARS inhibition with BC194 reduce the progression of ovarian cancer. These data suggest that TARS has an important role in the tumor microenvironment and that TARS inhibition should be further investigated as a therapy for ovarian and other angiogenic cancers.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the newest member of the gasotransmitter family and is becoming well known for its cardioprotective effects in preclinical trials. Many recent studies have shown the benefits of exogenous H2S in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and pressure overload-induced heart failure, but current formulations are derived from inorganic salts which have shortcomings in the precision and control of release of H2S. The main objective of this thesis was to determine if the novel, orally active, slow-releasing compound, SG1002, can attenuate the severity of damage and adverse remodeling caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury through an induction of angiogenesis. A traditional sodium salt, Na2S, which has been previously shown to be cardioprotective, was used as a positive control. SG1002 improved overall left ventricular function as measured by increased ejection fraction from echocardiography and decreased QRS interval from electrocardiography compared to untreated animals following MI. SG1002 therapy was also associated with an induction of angiogenesis, which was determined through qRT-PCR, western blot, and histological methods. SG1002 increased VEGF protein levels, which was paralleled with an increase in capillary density in the infarct region. SG1002 also upregulated microRNA-126, which is thought to repress the inhibitor of VEGF, Spred-1. It is possible that this “angiomiR” plays a key role in the angiogenesis-related cardioprotection of H2S. The combination of increased pro-angiogenic factors along with greater vascular density resulting from SG1002 therapy indicates the therapeutic potential for this drug in the prevention and/or treatment of ischemic heart failure.

acase@tulane.edu / An emerging need in the microcirculation research is the development of biomimetic angiogenesis models that recapitulate the complexity of a real tissue. Angiogenesis, defined as the growth of new vessels from pre-existing vessels, involves multiple cell types, such as endothelial and perivascular cells, in a multi-system setting since blood vessel networks are usually accompanied by lymphatic and nervous systems. Therefore, a need exists for a model of angiogenesis from intact microvascular networks that more closely reflects an in vivo scenario for the investigation of underlying mechanisms and the pre-clinical development of therapies. While other approaches have proven useful in identifying mechanistic signaling information, they are often limited in their complexity and capability to mimic physiologically relevant scenarios in one way or another and do not fully recapitulate the in vivo scenario. The first aim of this study was to demonstrate the ability for time-lapse comparisons of microvascular networks in angiogenesis scenarios to investigate the fate of vascular islands and investigate the endothelial cell plasticity. We developed a time-lapse angiogenesis model based on our previously introduced rat mesentery model. We demonstrated that time-lapse rat mesentery culture model is a powerful tool to study multi-cell, multi-system dynamics in microvascular networks. For the second aim of this study, we used the method developed in aim one to establish rat mesentery culture model as a novel anti-angiogenic drug screening tool. Using time-lapse model enabled tissue-specific comparisons before and after drug treatment to investigate its effects on entire microvascular networks. Validation of this method for anti-angiogenic drug testing was demonstrated using known angiogenesis inhibitor. Next, we showcased a potential application of the model for evaluating unknown effects of drug repositioning based on FDA-approved drug combinations. The results demonstrated the ability to identify concentration-dependent effects in an intact network scenario. The objective of the third aim was to showcase the capability of the rat mesentery culture model to study stem cell fate. We developed a protocol to deliver mesenchymal stem cells to mesentery tissues and culture for a period of time in a controlled environment. We confirmed the perivascular location of a subset of stem cells within capillaries, with morphologies resembling pericytes, and expressing pericyte markers. We also demonstrated that tracking stem cells within the microvascular networks is possible using the rat mesentery culture model. Furthermore, we reported a high variability in perivascular incorporation among cells from different donors. This work establishes for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, an ex vivo model to look at microvascular networks before and after growth. We confirmed, for the first time, vascular island incorporation as a new mode of angiogenesis using a novel method for time-lapse imaging of microvascular networks ex vivo. The results also establish this method for drug testing and stem cell tracking in a microvascular setting. / 1 / Mohammad Sadegh Azimi

Many types of chemotherapeutic agents have been developed to target specific mechanisms within the body that control the progression of cancer, though few have been able to circumvent the existing problems associated with the treatments. The current remedies entail grueling drug regimens and toxic side effects that may undermine the effectiveness of the drugs. Cisplatin, a common nitroplatinum(II) drug widely used to treat a variety of cancers, is administered intravenously and circulates systemically, affecting healthy regions of the body as well. Resistance to cisplatin is increasing and the need for new, less toxic medication must be met for future success in cancer therapy. Our lab has synthesized novel nitroplatinum(IV) cisplatin complexes (PH1-14) that may evade these problems. We examined the effects of these compounds on cell viability, as well as effects on cancer-specific mechanisms such as nitric oxide (NO) production, angiogenesis, and the STAT signaling pathways. In vitro studies demonstrated that PH1-11 and PH14 demonstrated greater efficacy at inhibiting cell proliferation with lower IC50 values that ranged from 41-58 uM (as compared with cisplatin IC50 = 66 uM). Data from NO assays were inconclusive, though there was elevated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cells treated with PH3 and PH11. We also found that PH9 was able to inhibit STAT dimerization at concentrations as low as 0.3 uM. PH9 also decreased VEGF and HIF-1α expression, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. The activity of the PH complexes was also studied in C57BL/6 mice inoculated with murine bladder MB49 tumors. The experimental group showed significantly slower tumorigenesis and smaller tumors as compared with the control group. Toxicological analyses of the blood via metabolic assays showed that no nephrotoxicity was observed in dosages of less than 7 mg drug/kg. We conclude from these results the potential for the use of novel mechanisms in the treatment of cancers. This work will guide future investigations of these drugs in further preclinical trials and also introduce an alternative to the traditional chemotherapeutic agents.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Asthma is an inflammatory disease characterised by tissue remodelling. A prominent feature of this remodelling is an increase in the number and size of the blood vessels- formed from pre-existing capillaries – angiogenesis (Siddiqui et al., 2007; Wilson, 2003). This is triggered by many different endogenous angiogenic stimulators such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inhibited by endogenous angiogenic inhibitors such as tumstatin. Tumstatin is the non-collagenous domain (NC1) of the collagen IV α3 chain which, when cleaved, inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Experiments described in this thesis have for the first time demonstrated the absence of tumstatin in the airways of individuals with asthma and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) as well as the functional responses to tumstatin as an angiogenic inhibitor, both in vitro and in vivo, in the airway. Although tumstatin was absent from the airways of asthmatic and LAM individuals it was present in the airways of individuals with no airways disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. No significant difference was seen in the levels of the Goodpasture Binding Protein (GPBP), a phosphorylating protein responsible for the alternate folding of tumstatin, between asthmatic, LAM and individuals with no airways disease. The αvβ3 integrin, reported to be necessary for the activity of tumstatin, as well as the individual αv and β3 sub-units were shown to be equally expressed in the airways of all patient groups. Co-localisation of tumstatin, VEGF and the αvβ3 integrin was seen in the disease free airways, however, a different pattern of VEGF and the αvβ3 integrin expression was observed in asthmatic and LAM airways with minimal co-localisation. Tumstatin was detected in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL-f) samples from asthmatics and individuals with no airway disease, however there was no significant difference in the level of expression between the two groups. It was demonstrated that the tumstatin detected in the serum and BAL-f samples from asthmatics and individuals with no airway disease was part of the whole collagen IV α3 chain and not in its free and potentially active form. The ability of recombinant tumstatin to inhibit tube formation and proliferation of primary pulmonary endothelial cells was demonstrated for the first time. Further, the functional response of tumstatin was demonstrated in vivo in a mouse model of allergic airway disease. Tumstatin inhibited angiogenesis in the airway and decreased airway hyperresponsiveness. Whether there is potential for tumstatin, or a derivative thereof, to be of therapeutic value in airways diseases in which angiogenesis is a component should be the subject of future studies.

<p>Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a multifunctional extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is released from platelets α-granule to regulate angiogenesis process. TSP-1 is well-known as an inhibitory factor of angiogenesis that binds to angiogenesis stimulating factors, for example fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), to inhibit angiogenesis. We have cloned TSP-1 domains separately to allow studying of their function and effect on proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We used an <em>Escherichia coli</em> expressionsvektor including poly histidin-tags and lac-promoter for induction of the seven successfully cloned domains by IPTG and arabinose. Our result shows that we have very low expression and induction of our protein in the <em>E.coli</em> by IPTG and arabinose, which is most likely due to complications associated with expressing a human protein in a prokaryotic system.</p>