Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, Diss., 2006. / Kopie, erschienen im Verl. UMI, Ann Arbor, MI.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Géographie--Paris 4, 2002. / Bibliogr. p. 399-415. Glossaire.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Hist.--Lille 3, 1999 ? / Bibliogr. vol. 1, p. 291-318. Glossaire vol. 1. Index à la fin du vol. 1.

<p>The objective of this research was to investigate the relationships between the political change and the access policy changes in Madagascar since independence. In this study qualitative and quantitative data were used. The qualitative research consisted of eleven in-depth interviews and the collection of policy documents from 1960 to 2008. Open-ended questionnaires were utilized to collect data and to achieve the objectives of the research. Policy documents were analyzed to identify government policy changes. The main findings from the research showed that access policy changed with each major change in political leadership. Four major political periods and four respective main access policy changes were identified from 1960 to 2008. Higher education policy in general changed when there was a major change in presidential leadership. The main conclusions of this study were that access policy changes were the result of major changes in presidential leadership and that in spite of rhetoric to the contrary, universities did not have the autonomy to resist changes in access policy because of the top-down state system and the institutional financial dependence on the national government.</p>

<p>The objective of this research was to investigate the relationships between the political change and the access policy changes in Madagascar since independence. In this study qualitative and quantitative data were used. The qualitative research consisted of eleven in-depth interviews and the collection of policy documents from 1960 to 2008. Open-ended questionnaires were utilized to collect data and to achieve the objectives of the research. Policy documents were analyzed to identify government policy changes. The main findings from the research showed that access policy changed with each major change in political leadership. Four major political periods and four respective main access policy changes were identified from 1960 to 2008. Higher education policy in general changed when there was a major change in presidential leadership. The main conclusions of this study were that access policy changes were the result of major changes in presidential leadership and that in spite of rhetoric to the contrary, universities did not have the autonomy to resist changes in access policy because of the top-down state system and the institutional financial dependence on the national government.</p>

This thesis is about the Tsimahafotsy Merina of Ambohimanga, Madagascar, and the relationship between their collective concept of cultural identity and the cultural landscape in which they live. The Tsimahafotsy, once the dominant cultural group on the island have, over the last century, lost their political and social dominance, yet they remain united in a position of perceived privilege and power, a situation which inspired my thesis question: How did the Tsimahafotsy Merina build and maintain such a distinct, coherent and enduring sense of cultural identity in spite of significant and prolonged forces of change? I argue that the Tsimahafotsy have built and maintained their position as a result of a shared concept of socio-cosmic order in which they hold a dominant position, with their ancestors and tradition serving as a mediating mechanism to excessive change. Although the Tsimahafotsy appear to have undergone significant political, economic, social and cultural transformations from the early phases of their history to the present, evolution has in fact been conservative and additive, and the fundamental imago mundi upon which the Tsimahafotsy's collective identity is based has therefore remained consistently intact. I attempt to demonstrate that the cultural landscape of Ambohimanga has played a significant part in creating and maintaining this "ideal" socio-cosmic order over time, through its role as a powerful communication system. The order has been explicitly and symbolically mapped onto Ambohimanga's cultural landscape (an integral part of the Tsimahafotsy's everyday and ritual lives) as it slowly and additively evolved from the early phases of Tsimahafotsy history to the present. As with their political, economic, social and cultural world, the forces of change that the Tsimahafotsy have encountered have exerted influence over Ambohimanga's cultural landscape, but this has been largely surface change. When we peel back the layers by considering archeological and anthropological sources together (a method I call "archaeological anthropology"), a fundamental continuity of meaning for those initiated into this powerful visual language is revealed. Thus, as a result of their conservative approach to change, the visual vocabulary of Ambohimanga's cultural landscape has remained comprehensible to the Tsimahafotsy, and its meaning consistent - thereby playing a significant role in the Tsimahafotsy's rise to a position of domination in Imerina and Madagascar, and maintaining their collective image of themselves as privileged and powerful despite current political and economic realities.

Magister Educationis - MEd / The objective of this research was to investigate the relationships between the political change and the access policy changes in Madagascar since independence. In this study qualitative and quantitative data were used. The qualitative research consisted of eleven in-depth interviews and the collection of policy documents from 1960 to 2008. Open-ended questionnaires were utilized to collect data and to achieve the objectives of the research. Policy documents were analyzed to identify government policy changes. The main findings from the research showed that access policy changed with each major change in political leadership. Four major political periods and four respective main access policy changes were identified from 1960 to 2008. Higher education policy in general changed when there was a major change in presidential leadership. The main conclusions of this study were that access policy changes were the result of major changes in presidential leadership and that in spite of rhetoric to the contrary, universities did not have the autonomy to resist changes in access policy because of the top-down state system and the institutional financial dependence on the national government. / South Africa

L’étude géographique des risques sanitaires hydriques à Antananarivo, capitale métropolitaine de Madagascar, pays tropical et au niveau de développement faible, s’articule à travers les conditions d’accès à la ressource, l’évaluation de la qualité de l’eau distribuée mais également à travers les pratiques domestiques accomplies jusqu’à sa consommation. Cette thèse cherche à illustrer via le déterminant hydrique combien les questions au croisement de la santé et de l’environnement sont, dans un milieu urbain en développement, des questions complexes. Cette complexité est engendrée par les différentes composantes du système pathogène à intégrer et les relations entre elles. À Antananarivo, nos analyses montrent que les disparités de santé en matière de risques hydriques sont le reflet d’une configuration sociale dichotomique héritée entre ville basse et ville haute et donc fortement imprégnée par les représentations. Comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de ces disparités de santé, conduit à interroger les milieux de vie comme facteur risque, ici les quartiers précaires d’Antananarivo. Ces lieux sont soumis à des effets qui sont identifiés dans la littérature comme des effets de contexte (relatifs aux caractéristiques du territoire) et des effets de composition (relatifs aux caractéristiques des individus). À Antananarivo, l’approche quantitative confirme la prédominance des effets de contexte sur les effets de compositions. Pourtant, notre travail de terrain à travers la démonstration des pratiques et des compétences citadines mises en œuvre par les populations pour pallier, notamment les défaillances des services urbains de santé, de l’eau et de l’assainissement, nuance cette vision statique et déterministe des territoires enquêtés. En accord avec de récentes publications, cette recherche avec les difficultés que peuvent représenter les études un milieu urbain en développement, soutient qu’il existe une relation plus complexe et rétroactive entre les pratiques des populations et les territoires et que cette relation est en perpétuelle évolution. Les individus par leurs pratiques s’approprient et modifient la configuration des territoires et inversement. / The geographical study of the health risks related to water in Antananarivo, metropolitan capital of Madagascar, a tropical country with a low level development, is articulated through the access conditions to the water resources, the evaluation of supplied water quality and the domestic practices performed until its consumption. This thesis seeks to illustrate via the hydric determinant how complex are the issues at the intersection of health and environment in an urban developing area. This complexity is due to the integration of the various components of the pathogenic system and the connections between them. In Antananarivo, our analyses show that the disparities of health as regards hydric risks are the reflection of a dichotomic social configuration inherited between the lower and the upper city and thus strongly impregnated by the social representations. To understand the mechanisms at the origin of these disparities of health, life environment in the precarious districts of Antananarivo is studied as a risk factor. These places are subjected to effects which are identified in the literature like contextual effects (relating to the characteristics of the territory) and compositional effects (relating to the characteristics of the individuals). In Antananarivo, the quantitative approach confirms the predominance of the contextual effects over the compositional effects. However, our fieldwork moderates this static and deterministic vision of the surveyed territories through the observation of the coping strategies developed by the populations to mitigate the failures of the urban services of health, water and sanitation. In agreement with recent publications, this research, argues that it exists a more complex and retroactive relation between the practices of the populations and the territories. This relation is in perpetual evolution. The individuals by their practices adapt and modify the configuration of the territories and conversely.