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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Beyond the FFA: Understanding Face Representation within the Anterior Temporal Lobes

Collins, Jessica Ann January 2014 (has links)
Extensive research has supported the existence of a specialized face-processing network that is distinct from the visual processing areas used for general object recognition. The majority of this work has been aimed at characterizing the response properties of the fusiform face area (FFA) and the occipital face area (OFA), which together are thought to constitute the core network of brain areas responsible for facial identification. Although accruing evidence has shown that face-selective patches in the ventral anterior temporal lobes (vATLs), within perirhinal cortex, play a necessary role in facial identification, the relative contribution of these brain areas to the core face-processing network has remained unarticulated. The current study assessed the relative sensitivity of the anterior face patch, the OFA, and the FFA, to different aspects of person information. Participants learned to associate a name and occupation label, or a name only, with different facial identities. The sensitivity of the face processing areas to facial identity, occupation, and the amount of information associated with a face was then assessed. The results of a multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) revealed that distributed activity patterns in the anterior face patch contained information about facial identity, occupation, and the amount of information associated with a face, with the sensitivity of the anterior face patch to occupation and amount of information being greater than the more posterior face processing regions. When a similar analysis was conducted that included all voxels in the perirhinal cortex, sensitivity to every aspect of person information increased. These results suggest that the human ventral anterior temporal lobes may be critically involved in representing social, categorical, information about individual identities. / Psychology
2

Exploring conceptual knowledge and name relearning in semantic dementia

Mayberry, Emily Jane January 2011 (has links)
This thesis investigated the role of the anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) in conceptual knowledge and name relearning by studying people with semantic dementia (SD). People with SD have atrophy focussed on the ATLs and they exhibit a pan-modal semantic impairment (e.g., Hodges, Patterson, Oxbury, & Funnell, 1992). Recent evidence suggests that modality-invariant concept representations are built up in the ATLs and that these modality-invariant representations are crucial for abstracting away from the surface features of items in order to generalise conceptual information based on their core semantic similarity (e.g., Lambon Ralph & Patterson, 2008). In order to test this, two of the studies described in this thesis (Chapters 2 and 3) assessed semantic generalisation in people with SD. These studies showed that people with SD are less able to generalise conceptual information on the basis of the deeper semantic structure of concepts but instead are increasingly influenced by the superficial similarity of the items. These studies support the hypothesis that the modality-invariant representations formed in the ATLs are crucial for semantic-based generalisation. Previous SD relearning studies have reported relatively good learning but a lack of generalisation to untrained items, tasks, and/or contexts (i.e., under-generalisation). This has been interpreted based on the Complementary Learning Systems (CLS) (McClelland, McNaughton, & O'Reilly, 1995) to suggest that the neocortical semantic system no longer makes a meaningful contribution to relearning but instead relearning is primarily dependent upon the sparse representational medial temporal lobe (MTL) learning system. The studies described in two of the thesis chapters (Chapters 4 and 5) investigated the role of the underlying systems further and found that the neocortical semantic system does still contribute to relearning in SD (although its contribution is disordered and based on the degraded concept representations in the ATL) but there is a shift in the division of labour such that the MTL system takes over more of the work. Finally, in order to clarify the outcomes of relearning in SD, Chapter 6 reviewed all of the previous SD relearning studies and confirmed that people with SD are able to relearn the specific information that they study but that this relearning is rigid. The review and a subsequent re-analysis of the data from Chapters 4 and 5 also showed that relearning in SD can have negative side-effects as well as positive effects.
3

Die supramodale Verarbeitung individueller Konzepte am Beispiel menschlicher Stimmen und visuell präsentierter Comicfiguren : eine fMRT-Studie der Temporallappen / Supramodal processing of unique entities using human voices and drawings of cartoon characters : an fMRI study on the temporal lobes

Bethmann, Anja January 2012 (has links)
Ausgehend von den primärsensorischen Arealen verlaufen Verarbeitungswege nach anterior durch die Temporallappen, die der Objekterkennung dienen. Besonders die vorderste Spitze der Temporallappen, der anteriore Temporalkortex, wird mit Funktionen der Objektidentifizierung assoziiert. Es existieren jedoch mehrere Vermutungen, welcher Art die Objekte sind, die in dieser Region verarbeitet werden. Es gibt Annahmen über die Verarbeitung von Sprache, von menschlichen Stimmen, semantischen Informationen oder individuellen Konzepten. Um zwischen diesen Theorien zu differenzieren, wurden vier ereigniskorrelierte fMRT-Messungen an jungen gesunden Erwachsenen durchgeführt. Die Probanden hörten in drei Experimenten die Stimmen berühmter und unbekannter Personen und in einem der Experimente zusätzlich Geräusche von Tieren und Musikinstrumenten. Im vierten Experiment wurden Zeichnungen von Comicfiguren gezeigt sowie von Tieren und Obst- und Gemüsesorten. Die neuronale Aktivität bei der Verarbeitung dieser Reize im Vergleich zu Zeiten ohne Stimulation wurde mit Hilfe von Interesseregionen untersucht, die nahezu die gesamten Temporallappen abdeckten und diese in jeweils zwölf Areale untergliederten. In den anterioren Temporallappen waren sowohl mit auditiven als auch mit visuellen Stimuli deutliche Aktivierungsunterschiede in Abhängigkeit von der semantischen Kategorie festzustellen. Individuelle Konzepte (menschliche Stimmen und Zeichentrickfiguren) riefen eine signifikant stärkere Aktivierung hervor als kategoriale Konzepte (Tiere, Musikinstrumente, Obst- und Gemüse). Außerdem war das Signal, dass durch die Stimmen der bekannten Personen ausgelöst wurde, deutlich stärker als das Signal der unbekannten Stimmen. Damit sind die Daten am ehesten kompatibel mit der Annahme, dass die anterioren Temporallappen, bekannte individuelle Konzepte verarbeiten. Da die beschriebenen Signalunterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Bedingungen ausgehend von den transversalen Temporalgyri nach anterior zum Temporalpol zunahmen, unterstützen die Ergebnisse zudem die Theorie von einem ventralen Verarbeitungsweg, der die Temporallappen nach anterior durchquert und zur Objekterkennung beiträgt. In Übereinstimmung mit den Annahmen der Konvergenzzonentheorie von A. R. Damasio scheint die spezifische Funktion dieses rostral gerichteten Verarbeitungsweges aus der sukzessiven Kombination immer mehr sensomotorischer Merkmale von Objekten zu bestehen. Da bekannte individuelle Konzepte eine besonders hohe Anzahl von Merkmalen aufweisen, ist eine weiter nach anterior verlaufende Verarbeitung zu beobachten als bei unbekannten oder kategorialen Konzepten. / It is assumed that neural pathways run from the primary sensory cortices through the temporal lobes towards their poles crossing areas necessary for object recognition. Especially the most anterior temporal parts were associated with processes contributing to the identification of objects. Yet, there is little agreement on the kinds of objects that are interpreted by the anterior temporal lobes. For example, there are assumptions regarding linguistic processing, voice recognition, the processing of general semantic information or the identification of unique entities. In order to differentiate between those theories, four event-related fMRI experiments were performed in healthy young adults. In three experiments, the subjects heard the voices of famous and unknown persons. In addition, characteristic sounds of animals and musical instruments were presented in one of these experiments. During the fourth experiment, drawings of famous cartoon characters were shown together with animals and fruit & vegetables. The neural activity in response to these stimuli compared to rest was analyzed using a regions-of-interest approach. 12 regions-of-interest that covered the majority of the temporal lobes were defined in each hemisphere. Both with auditory and visual stimuli, there were clear activation differences between the semantic categories in the anterior temporal lobes. Unique entities (human voices and cartoon characters) evoked a significantly stronger signal than categorical concepts (animals, musical instruments, fruit & vegetables). Furthermore, the signal in response to voices of familiar persons was significantly higher than to unfamiliar voices. Thus, the results are most compatible with the assumption that the anterior temporal lobes process supramodal features of familiar unique entities. As the before-mentioned signal differences between unique and categorical concepts and between familiar and unfamiliar voices increased from the transversal temporal gyri towards the temporal poles, the results support the notion of a ventral processing pathway running rostrally through the temporal lobes. In accordance with the convergence zone theory described by A.R. Damasio, the precise function of that pathway seems to consist in the incremental combination of sensorimotor concept features. Since familiar unique entities possess an especially high number of features, their processing was found to be directed into more anterior portions of the temporal lobe than the perception of unfamiliar or categorical concepts.
4

Neurofunctional reorganization to support semantic processing during aging : an fMRI study

Haitas, Niobe 11 1900 (has links)
Le langage est dans son ensemble bien préservé pendant le vieillissement (Meyer & Federmeier, 2010) tandis que la mémoire sémantique peut même s'améliorer (Kavé, Samuel-Enoch, & Adiv, 2009; Prinz, Bucher, & Marder, 2004; Salthouse, 2009; Verhaegen & Poncelet, 2013 ; Wingfield & Grossman, 2006), malgré de nombreux changements neurophysiologiques se produisant dans le cerveau (Grady, Springer, Hongwanishkul, McIntosh, & Winocur, 2006 ; Kemper & Anagnopoulos, 1989 ; Wingfield & Grossman, 2006). Cette thèse se concentre sur la préservation de la mémoire sémantique dans le vieillissement, « l'acte cognitif d'accéder aux connaissances stockées sur le monde » (Binder, Desai, Graves et Conant, 2009) à travers une tâche de jugement sémantique manipulant le contrôle sémantique avec deux niveaux de demande (faible et élevé) et deux types de relations sémantiques (taxonomique et thématique). Nous avons développé une nouvelle tâche variant les niveaux de demande (faible et élevé) chez 39 adultes jeunes et 39 adultes âgés. Plus précisément, les objectifs de notre étude étaient 1) d'identifier si le vieillissement affecte l'activité cérébrale liée à la mémoire sémantique conformément aux prédictions du modèle CRUNCH, à travers une tâche de jugement sémantique à deux niveaux d'exigences. 2) de combler le vide de la littérature sur l'existence et l'évolution des hubs sémantiques dans le vieillissement, à la lumière des théories single hub et dual-hub, en évaluant l'effet du vieillissement sur le rôle des lobes temporaux antérieurs (ATL) et du jonction temporo-pariétale (TPJ) en tant que représentations neuronales des centres sémantiques responsables respectivement du traitement taxonomique et thématique. Une soumission par rapport pré-enregistré (registered report) a été utilisée pour ce projet de recherche. Nos participants, adultes plus jeunes et plus âgés, étaient globalement appariés en termes de réserve cognitive, plus précisément en ce qui concerne le niveau d'éducation et comme le montrent les questionnaires évaluant l'engagement dans des activités cognitivement stimulantes, les tests MoCA et WAIS-III. Les résultats comportementaux ont confirmé que la tâche varie correctement la difficulté de la tâche puisque les taux d'erreur et les temps de réponse (RT) augmentent de manière linéaire avec l'augmentation des exigences de la tâche, à savoir dans la condition de forte demande. Nous avons constaté que la participation à des activités stimulantes sur le plan cognitif avait un impact positif à la fois sur les RT de référence et sur la précision. Nous n’avons pas observé de différence statistiquement significative dans la précision entre les participants jeunes et plus âgés, quelle que soit la condition. Nous avons constaté que des scores plus élevés aux tests WAIS-III et PPTT étaient positivement corrélés avec la précision chez les personnes âgées. En termes de RT, nous avons observé une différence statistiquement significative entre les participants jeunes et plus âgés pour la tâche et les conditions de référence, les adultes plus âgés étant plus lents à répondre en général. Les RT augmentent linéairement avec l'âge du participant. En tant que telle, la tâche de mémoire sémantique a réussi à a) manipuler la difficulté de la tâche sur deux niveaux d'exigences et b) démontrer une performance comportementale invariante selon l'âge pour le groupe plus âgé, comme l'exige le test du modèle CRUNCH (Fabiani, 2012 ; Schneider-Garces et al., 2010). Pour l'objectif n°1, les tests cruciaux du modèle CRUNCH, l'interaction IRMf groupe par difficulté, n'étaient pas cohérents avec les prédictions du modèle. Malgré nos résultats comportementaux, lorsque nous avons comparé directement la condition de faible demande avec la condition de forte demande, il n'y avait pas de différence statistiquement significative dans l'activation entre les conditions de faible et de forte demande. Nous n'avons pas non plus obtenu d'interaction entre tranche d'âge et difficulté. Nous avons obtenu des interactions significatives en comparant les conditions de demande faible et élevée avec la ligne de référence. Au niveau neuronal, indépendamment de l'âge, la tâche de jugement de similarité sémantique a activé un large réseau bilatéral fronto-temporo-pariétal. Pour l'objectif n°2 concernant l'effet de relation sémantique, le contraste de la condition taxonomique avec la condition thématique directement n'a pas trouvé d'activation robuste à un seuil corrigé. La condition taxonomique a donné des résultats intéressants par rapport à la condition de base. Sept groupes distincts dans le cortex fronto-temporo-pariétal ont été activés dans les deux hémisphères, y compris les lobes temporaux antérieurs (ATL) et la jonction temporo-pariétale gauche (TPJ). De plus, l'activation était significative dans le gyrus supérieur frontal gauche, le gyrus angulaire gauche (AG) et le gyrus frontal inférieur (partie orbitale) sur l'hémisphère droit. Cette découverte pourrait être en partie conforme à la théorie du double-hub, qui propose que les ATL bilatéralement et le TPJ agissent comme des hubs sémantiques. Bien que nous n'ayons pas trouvé d'activation significative dans les ATL pendant la condition taxonomique et dans le TPJ pendant la condition thématique, nous avons cependant constaté que dans la condition taxonomique parmi les sept clusters significativement activés, l'activation dans le gyrus frontal supérieur gauche était significativement corrélée avec la performance dans la condition taxonomique pour les deux groupes d'âge. L'activation dans le gyrus temporal moyen droit était également corrélée à l'amélioration des performances, mais cela n'était pas significatif dans le groupe plus âgé. En ce qui concerne la condition thématique, par contraste avec condition de référence, dix groupes distincts ont été activés, y compris la jonction temporo-pariétale (TPJ), alors que les ATL n'ont pas été activés de manière robuste pendant la condition thématique. Plus précisément, les régions activées comprenaient bilatéralement le gyrus angulaire, le gyrus temporal moyen, le gyrus frontal inférieur (partie triangulaire) et le gyrus frontal moyen. Nous visons à poursuivre des analyses supplémentaires pour explorer la relation entre les exigences de la tâche, le type de relation sémantique et la réorganisation neurofonctionnelle liée à l'âge. Cependant, ces résultats relatifs à la préservation avec l'âge des capacités à traiter les différentes relations sémantiques de mots sont associés à un certain nombre de réorganisations neurofonctionnelles. Celles-ci peuvent être spécifiques au traitement de différentes relations sémantiques et de différentes demandes de tâches. Il reste à déterminer si cette réorganisation est induite par les changements structurels du cerveau avec l'âge, ou par l'utilisation accrue de telles relations sémantiques tout au long de la trajectoire de la vie. / Language overall is well preserved in aging (Meyer & Federmeier, 2010) whereas semantic memory may even improve (Kavé, Samuel-Enoch, & Adiv, 2009; Prinz, Bucher, & Marder, 2004; Salthouse, 2009; Verhaegen & Poncelet, 2013; Wingfield & Grossman, 2006), despite numerous neurophysiological changes taking place in the brain (Grady, Springer, Hongwanishkul, McIntosh, & Winocur, 2006; Kemper & Anagnopoulos, 1989; Wingfield & Grossman, 2006). The present study focuses on the preservation of semantic memory in aging, the ‘cognitive act of accessing stored knowledge about the world’ (Binder, Desai, Graves, & Conant, 2009) by means of a semantic judgment task manipulating semantic control with two demand levels (low and high) and two types of semantic relations (taxonomic-thematic). We used a novel task that varied task demands (low versus high) in 39 younger and 39 older adults. More specifically, the aims of this study was 1) to identify whether aging affects the brain activity subserving semantic memory in accordance with the CRUNCH predictions, through a semantic judgment task with two levels of demands (low and high). 2) To bridge the gap in the literature on the existence and evolution of semantic hubs in aging, in light of the dual and single-hub theories, by evaluating the effect of aging on the role of the Anterior Temporal Lobes (ATLs) and the Temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) as neural representations of the semantic hubs responsible for taxonomic and thematic processing, respectively. A submission by registered report was opted for this research project. Our participants, younger and older adults, were overall matched in regards to level of education and as shown in questionnaires assessing engagement in cognitively stimulating activities, MoCA and WAIS-III tests. The behavioral results confirmed that the task was successful in manipulating task difficulty, with error rates and RTs increasing with increasing task demands, namely in the high-demand condition. We found that engaging in cognitively stimulating activities impacted positively on both baseline RTs and accuracy and that higher scores on the WAIS-III and the PPTT tests were positively correlated with accuracy in older adults. There was no statistical difference in accuracy between younger and older participants regardless of the condition, so there was no age effect in accuracy. In terms of RTs, there was a statistically significant difference between younger and older participants for both the task and the baseline conditions, with older adults being slower to respond in general. RTs increased the more the participant’s age increased, which is in line with findings in the literature. As such, the semantic memory task was successful in a) manipulating task difficulty across two levels of demands and b) demonstrating age-invariant behavioural performance for the older group, as requires to test the CRUNCH model (Fabiani, 2012; Schneider-Garces et al., 2010). For objective no 1, the crucial test of CRUNCH model, the fMRI age group by task demand interaction was not found. We did not find statistically significant interaction neither between task demands and age group for RTs or accuracy, nor in regards to brain activation. At the neural level, independently of age, the semantic similarity judgment task activated a large network including bilateral inferior frontal, parietal, supplementary motor, temporal and occipital brain regions, which correspond overall with the semantic network, as suggested in the literature. Region of interest analyses demonstrated task demand effect in these regions, most notably in the left and right inferior frontal gyrus, the left posterior middle temporal gyrus, the posterior inferior temporal gyrus and the pre-frontal gyrus, regions which are typically associated with semantic control requirements. We did not find any significant interactions between task demands and activation in the regions of interest either. Several possible reasons may justify the lack of findings as predicted by the CRUNCH hypothesis. For objective no 2 in regards to the semantic relation effect, the contrast of the taxonomic with the thematic condition directly did not produce any robust activation at a corrected threshold. The taxonomic condition yielded interesting results when contrasted with the baseline one. Seven distinct clusters in the fronto-temporo-parietal cortex were activated across the two hemispheres, including the anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) and the left temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). Additionally, activation was significant in the left frontal syperior gyrus, the left angular gyrus (AG) and the inferior frontal gyrus (orbital part) on the right hemisphere. This finding could be partly in line with the dual-hub theory, that proposes that the ATLs bilaterally and the TPJ act as semantic hubs. Though we did not find the expected double dissociation e.g., significant activation in the ATLs during the taxonomic condition only and in the TPJ during the thematic condition only, we found however that in the taxonomic condition among the seven significantly activated clusters, activation in the left superior frontal gyrus was significantly correlated with performance in both age groups. Activation in the right middle temporal gyrus was also correlated with improved performance, but this was not significant in the older group. During the thematic condition, when contrasted with baseline, ten distinct clusters were activated, including the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), whereas the ATLs were not robustly activated during the thematic condition. We aim to pursue additional analyses to explore the relation between task demands, type of semantic relation and age-related neurofunctional reorganization. However, these results in relation to the preservation with age of the abiliites to process the different semantic word relations is associated with a number of neurofunctional reorganizations. These can be specific to the processing of different semantic relations and different task demands. Whether this reorganization is induced by the structural changes in the brain with age, or by the enhanced use of such semantic relations along the trajectory of life is still under exploration.

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