Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-05-09T14:22:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO ATUALIZADA _ Ranilson Aquino.pdf: 1800812 bytes, checksum: 8ba3d3ee5ead19d5f5002d11ee2c10b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T14:22:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO ATUALIZADA _ Ranilson Aquino.pdf: 1800812 bytes, checksum: 8ba3d3ee5ead19d5f5002d11ee2c10b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / CAPEs / A herbivoria é o consumo de partes das plantas que pode afetar negativamente seu fitness, sendo um dos fatores responsáveis pela estruturação e composição das comunidades vegetais. Fatores, como disponibilidade de recursos e perturbações antrópicas, possuem papel relevante nas respostas à atuação dos herbívoros. Entretanto, as plantas não são passivas frente à herbivoria, desenvolvendo diversas estratégias de defesa no decorrer do seu tempo evolutivo, como a síntese de metabólitos secundários. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar se existe relação entre as taxas de herbivoria em áreas de Caatinga, com e sem perturbações antrópicas, e a quantidade de compostos fenólicos e taninos totais presentes em indivíduos de Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. (Pereiro). Foram avaliados 270 indivíduos de Pereiro em 9 áreas preservadas e 9 áreas impactadas distribuídas na microrregião de Itaparica, Pernambuco. Foram realizadas medidas biométricas, além da coleta arbitrária de 30 folhas, de cada indivíduo para avaliação das taxas de herbivoria foliar, carbono, nitrogênio, compostos fenólicos e taninos. Os dados foram analisados através de Análise de Regressão Linear Simples e ANOVA fatorial seguida de teste de Tukey 5% “a posteriori”. Análises biométricas não verificaram diferenças significativas entre as áreas e nem relação com o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos. Taxas de nitrogênio foram maiores no mês mais seco nas áreas impactadas e preservadas (17,66 ± 0,63 e 17,04 ± 0,58), enquanto os teores de carbono foram maiores no fim da estação chuvosa (26,51 ± 1,08 e 27,57 ± 1,91), para ambas as áreas. As concentrações de compostos fenólicos (R = -0,51 e p = 0) e taninos (R = -0,50 e p = 0) tiveram relação negativa com as taxas de herbivoria das áreas impactadas, que também apresentaram maior taxa de herbivoria, enquanto nas áreas preservadas essa relação não foi observada. Embora a influência da pecuária extensiva possa ser notada nas áreas tidas como impactadas ela não pode ser considerada a causa única das taxas de herbivoria/produção de compostos de defesa. / Herbivory is the consumption of plant parts that can negatively affect your fitness, one of the factors responsible for the structuring and composition of plants communities. Factors such as resources availability and human disturbances, have an important role in the herbivores responses. However, plants aren’t passive front herbivory, developing various defense strategies in the course of its evolutionary time, as the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The aim of the study was to examine whether there is relationship between herbivory rates in areas of Caatinga, with and without human disturbances, and the amount of phenolic compounds and total tannins presents in Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. individuals (Pereiro). We evaluated 270 individuals from Pereiro in 9 preserved areas and 9 impacted areas distributed in Itaparica’s region, Pernambuco. Biometric measurements were performed, as well as arbitrary collection of 30 leafs, each individual to assess the rates of leaf herbivory, carbon, nitrogen, phenolics and tannins. Data were analyzed by Simple Linear Regression Analysis and factor ANOVA followed by Tukey test 5% "a posteriori". Biometric analysis found no significant differences between areas and not related to the content of phenolic compounds. Nitrogen rates were higher in the driest month in the impacted and preserved areas (17.66 ± 0.63 and 17.04 ± 0.58), while the carbon levels were higher at the end of the rainy season (26.51 ± 1.08 and 27.57 ± 1.91), for both areas. The concentrations of phenolic compounds (R = -0.51 p = 0) and tannins (R = -0.50 p = 0) had negative relationship with herbivory rates of impacted areas, which also had higher herbivory rate while in preserved areas this relationship was not observed. Although the influence of extensive livestock farming can be noticed in impacted areas it can’t be considered the sole cause of the rates of herbivory/production of defense compounds.

L'impact anthropique sur les écosystèmes coralliens est aujourd'hui largement documenté, que ce soit sur la biodiversité qu'ils hébergent, leur diversité fonctionnelle, les services écosystémiques qu'ils procurent ou leur capacité de résilience. Parmi les groupes trophiques, les prédateurs apicaux en général et les requins en particulier, sont particulièrement sensibles aux perturbations d’origine humaine du fait de leurs traits d'histoire de vie conservateurs (e.g. croissance lente, maturité sexuelle tardive, faible fécondité). D'après certaines estimations, les populations de requins ont décliné de plus de 90% à l'échelle globale. Afin d'assurer le maintien de leurs populations et de leur rôle fonctionnel dans la communauté, il est nécessaire de mettre en place des mesures de gestion adaptées. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de 1) faire le bilan des populations de requins de Nouvelle-Calédonie ; 2) déterminer l'efficacité des vidéos stéréoscopiques appâtées (S-BRUVS) pour recenser les requins en les comparant aux comptages en plongées (UVC) et évaluer leur possible amélioration ; 3) évaluer l'impact de la proximité humaine sur la diversité, l'abondance et le comportement des requins récifaux et 4) déterminer l'efficacité des mesures de gestion en place pour protéger ces espèces emblématiques. Les résultats des deux méthodes de recensement montrent un important déclin d'environ 90% des abondances de requins récifaux le long d'un gradient anthropique complet en Nouvelle-Calédonie alors que la pêche des requins est historiquement absente dans cet archipel. Une importante altération comportementale du requin gris de récif (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) face à la nouveauté d'un appât a été mise en évidence. Les individus se tiennent plus éloigné du dispositif, interagissent moins avec l'appât et mettent plus de temps pour le mordre avec l'augmentation de la proximité humaine. Cette dernière est le principal moteur de ce déclin d’abondance (46 à 71%) et de l'altération comportementale vers des individus plus craintifs (50 à 80%). Globalement, les aires marines protégées de Nouvelle-Calédonie ne sont pas efficaces pour la protection des requins. Néanmoins, la réserve intégrale Merlet héberge des populations de requins proche du niveau de récifs isolés de l’archipel et protège une partie du comportement. Les résultats de ce travail révèlent 1) l'importance et le caractère unique des récifs coralliens isolés ; 2) qu'en absence de pêche la proximité humaine conditionne l'abondance et le comportement des requins de récifs avec des conséquences écologiques potentielles sur l'ensemble du réseau trophique ; 3) que l'efficacité des AMPs réside dans leur capacité à exclure la présence humaine sur une surface suffisamment grande. / Anthropogenic impacts on coral reefs are largely documented through changes in functional diversity, ecosystem services or resilience. Among trophic groups, apex predators in general and sharks in particular are the most sensitive to disturbance due to conservative life history traits (e.g. slow growth, late sexual maturity, low fecundity). By some estimates, shark populations have declined by >90% worldwide. To ensure the sustainability of their populations and their functional role in the reef community, appropriate management measures must be implemented. The aims of this thesis are 1) to assess reef shark populations in New Caledonia; 2) to evaluate the efficiency of stereo baited remote underwater video systems (S-BRUVS) in surveying shark distribution comparing them to underwater visual censuses (UVC) and to evaluate their potential improvements ; 3) to evaluate the impact of human proximity on diversity, abundance and behaviour of reef sharks and 4) to determine the efficiency of management measures currently in place in New Caledonia to protect reef shark populations. The results of S-BRUVS and UVC were congruent and revealed a dramatic decline of shark abundance of ~90% along the anthropogenic gradient in a country where shark fishing is historically absent. An important behavioural alteration of the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) towards bait was highlighted. Individuals remained farther from the device, exhibited more cautious approaches, interacted less with the bait and took longer to bite it as human proximity increased. Human proximity was the main driver of the abundance decline (46 to 71%) and the behavioural alteration towards shier individuals (50 to 80%). Globally, MPAs in New Caledonia are not effective in protecting reef sharks. However, the oldest and most restrictive MPA (Merlet) hosts shark abundance close to that of some remote reefs of the archipelago and partially protect the behaviour of individuals. These results 1) emphasize the unique role of remote coral reefs as the last refuges for sharks ; 2) reveal that in absence of shark fishing, human proximity condition shark abundance and behaviour with potential ecological consequences and 3) indicate that the MPAs efficiency to ensure the protection of reef sharks is effected by their ability to exclude human presence over a sufficiently large area.