<p> Choro is a traditional Brazilian music that began in Rio de Janeiro during the latter half of the nineteenth century. A virtuosic instrumental music, choro developed through Brazilian interpretations of European dance genres, especially polka and waltz. Participation by both amateur and professional musicians characterizes choro's traditional pedagogy, a reflection of informal and formal learning processes and contexts. At the turn of the twenty-first century, choro schools now offer venues for defining and validating the tradition as well as inspiring an atmosphere for innovation and creation. Inherent within the concept of tradition is the dichotomy of continuity and change. This study exposes how institutions negotiate the past and present through a comparison of current and historic pedagogy and modes of learning. Choro institutions use traditional and innovative modes of learning to support and enhance the genre's current practice through community organization, which sustains and contributes to its continued performance. Chapter one focuses on defining choro music, first discussing the etymology of the word 'choro,' followed by a survey of choro's history and review of choro literature. The chapter concludes with an explanation of this investigation's purpose. In chapter two I posit the notion that a music community practices and performs choro. Biographies and stories of choro's past and present community members reveal how they learned choro. The chapter ends with an analysis of the processes that establish and reinforce the community. Chapter three examines how people learn choro. I offer prevailing learning perspectives&mdash;acquisition, participation, and knowledge creation&mdash;and establish categories for modes of learning&mdash;formal, non-formal, and informal&mdash;to define the processes and contexts involved in learning choro. Chapter four discusses the musical codes that characterize choro, what the choro community describes as a musical language. The chapter ends with a description of the curriculum at Escola Portatil de Musica, the school case study used for this dissertation. Chapter five is the summation and conclusions, revealing why musicians learn choro music.</p>

<p> This is a study of contemporary jazz culture in post-apartheid South Africa. It demonstrates that the significance of jazz can productively be understood from the perspective of listeners, complementing the necessary attention that has historically been afforded to the creators and performers of the music. It describes the rich social life that has emerged around the collecting and sharing of jazz recordings by associations of listeners in this country. In these social contexts, a semi-public culture of listening has been created, it is argued, that is distinct from the formal jazz recording, broadcast and festival sectors, and extends across various social, cultural, linguistic and related boundaries to constitute a vibrant dimension of vernacular musical life. South African jazz appreciation societies illustrate that collecting may be a global phenomenon but that recordings can take on quite particular social lives in specific times and places, and that the extension of consumer capitalism to places like South Africa does not always automatically involve the same kinds of possessive individualism that they do in other settings, and might even serve as a catalyst for new forms of creativity. The study demonstrates, moreover, that what is casually referred to as "the jazz public" is an internally variegated and often enduringly segregated constellation of scenes, several of which remain quite intimate and, indeed, beyond the view of the "general public." The study foregrounds how one specific dimension of jazz culture &ndash; the modes of sociability with which the music has become associated among its listening devotees &ndash; can assume decidedly local forms and resonances, becoming part of the country's jazz heritage in its own right and throwing into relief the potential breadth, range and contrasts in the ways that jazz writ large can be figured and recontextualised as it is vernacularized around the world. The study recognizes the significant role that jazz appreciation societies play in creating culturally resonant grassroots social settings for this music, documents and analyses the creativity with which they do so, and considers the broader implications of their contribution to the musical elaboration of public space in contemporary South Africa.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Anthropology, 2002. / Bibliography: leaves 210-226.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-05, Section: A, page: 1856. Adviser: Thomas Turino. Includes supplementary digital materials. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 345-352) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: A, page: 2718. Adviser: Charles Capwell. Includes supplementary digital materials. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 437-451) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

In this thesis I argue that the relationship between the increasing ubiquity of digital audio technologies and the transformation of aesthetic hierarchies in electroacoustic and sound art traditions is not deterministic, but negotiated by producers and policy-makers in specific historical and cultural contexts. Interviews, observations, and historical data were gathered during sixteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in the Canadian city of Montreal between 2011 and 2012. Research was conducted and analysed in collaboration with a transnational group of researchers on a programme of comparative research that tracked global changes to music and musical practice associated with digital technologies. The introduction presents Montreal as a rich ecology in which to track struggles for aesthetic authority, detailing its history as a key site of electroacoustic and sound art production, and its local positioning as a politically strategic 'hub' for the Canadian culture industry. Core chapters examine the specific role of digital mediation in the negotiation of electroacoustic and sound art aesthetics from multiple interlocking perspectives: the recursive relationship between technological affordances and theories of mediation; the mobilisation of digital technologies in the delineation of cultural, professional and generational territories; the political contestation of digital literacies and pedagogies; the articulation of the digital's opposition with analogue in the construction of instruments and recording formats; and the effects of the digital on the dynamics of genre and genre hierarchies. The concluding chapter offers a critique of the notion that digital mediation has shifted the balance between the normative and the generative dimensions of genrefication in the scenes in question, and closes by suggesting how a better understanding of this shift at an empirical level can inform an ongoing rethinking of the interaction between technology and aesthetics among scholars, policy makers, and musicians.

Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão antropológica a acerca da prática musical do pop sul coreano (Kpop) em São Paulo. Na etnografia que se apresenta, descrevo e analiso como vídeos e coreografias Kpop afetam os fãs do gênero musical, construindo relações sociais no seu entorno. Apresento, para tanto, primeiro, como o Kpop é visto e ouvido por fãs em São Paulo, dando especial atenção ao videoclipe, que compartilhando características visuais e sonoras únicas, é capaz de gerar nos espectadores reações próprias ao gênero musical. Mostro ainda que esses videoclipes, junto a outras mídias que circulam na internet sobre os artistas sul coreanos, são parte da pessoalidade desses artistas e mediadores de sua capacidade de afetar pessoas. É na cena Kpop de São Paulo que esses vínculos entre fãs e artistas sul coreanos se desdobram, produzindo novas relações entre pessoas, artefatos e lugares. Por fim, apresento uma etnografia da dança cover de Kpop, mostrando como esses fãs constroem em seu próprio corpo essa capacidade de agência apreendida dos ídolos Kpop. Considerando essas diferentes facetas da prática musical estudada, reflito neste trabalho sobre os modos de produzir relações sociais por meio de práticas musicais. / This research presents an anthropological reflection about Korean pop (Kpop) music practice in São Paulo. In this ethnography, I describe and analyze how music videos and choreographies affect fans of the genre, constructing social relations in its vicinity. Firstly, I present how Kpop is seen and heard by these fans in São Paulo, driving special attention on music videos. These medias share visual and sound characteristics that allow them to make Kpop fans react in a unique way. I also state that these music videos combined with other medias about South Korean artists that circulate on the internet are part of Kpop idols personhood that mediates their capacity to affect people who get in touch with them. It is in the Kpop musical scene in São Paulo that these affection ties between fans and artists take place and unfold. In the scene, new relations between persons, artefacts and places are produced. At the end, I present an ethnography of Kpop cover dance, paying attention to the way Kpop fans construct in their own body the capacity for agency apprehended from Kpop idols. Looking at different aspects of the Kpop music practice, this work reflects upon the production of social relations through music practices.

Este trabalho teve como foco central a música dos rituais xamanísticos realizada pelos índios Guarani Kaiová, do tronco lingüístico tupi-guarani. Os Guarani com seus três subgrupos têm no Brasil um total de cerca de 40.000 pessoas. A pesquisa de campo teve duração total de oito meses, durantes os quais residi na casa de meus informantes guarani kaiová, nhandeva e mbyá nas áreas Amambai e Pirajuy, no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, e Mbiguaçu e Morro dos Cavalos, no Estado de Santa Catarina. Apresento a narrativa da história de vida e da iniciação ao xamanismo da mulher que foi minha principal informante, Odúlia Mendes, chamando a atenção para como, tanto em sua vida como nos mitos de criação guarani, os cantos e as danças são o caminho através do qual ocorre a comunicação e o encontro com as divindades e com os criadores ancestrais e se viabiliza a continuidade da sobrevivência da Terra. Através da análise do material musical, das letras das canções e das coreografias do ritual exploro uma série de aspectos da teoria musical nativa, bem como identifico dois gêneros distintos, um relacionado à prece e outro à guerra. Na performance analisada a xamã que a conduz exorta os participantes a ouvir, no gênero que identifiquei estar relacionado à prece a ao sentimento de saudade. Enquanto ouvem, cantam e dançam há uma polifonia de vozes, da xamã, dos deuses, dos participantes, que vão se alternando enquanto é percorrido o caminho. O outro gênero é acompanhado por coreografias de luta, movimentos de ataque e defesa descritos pelos informantes como um treino de habilidade para formação de guerreiros. Os Guarani têm quinhentos anos de contato com o "Ocidente", e neste trabalho, através do estudo da música nos seus rituais cotidianos e comparando com dados de outros grupos indígenas e de outros continentes, verifica-se como as práticas rituais são constitutivas da sua cultura. / The central focus of my study is the music of the shamanist rituals conducted by the Guarani Kaiová, of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic trunk. The three sub-groups of Guarani in Brazil have a total of 40,000 people. The field study had a total duration of eight months during which I lived in the homes of my Guarani Kaiová, Nhandeva and Mbyá informants in the Amambaí and Pirajuy regions in Mato Grosso do Sul State and Mbiguaçu and Morro dos Cavalos in Santa Catarina State. I present a narrative of the life story and of the initiation to Shamanism of the woman who was my principal informant, Odúlia Mendes. I call attention to how, both in her life as well as in the Guarani creation myth, song and dance are the route through which takes place communication and encounter with the divinities and ancestral creators, and which makes viable the continued survival of the Earth. Through an analysis of the musical material, the words to the songs and the ritual choreography I explore a series of factors of native musical theory. I identify two distinct genres, one related to prayer and the other to war. In the performance analysed, the shaman who conducts the ritual exhorts the participants to listen. In one genre, prayer is related to a sense of health. While they listen, sing and dance there is a polyphony of voices; those of the shaman, the gods and the participants, which alternate while the route is followed. The other genre is accompanied by choreography of fighting and movements of attack and defence that are described by the informants as a training of warrior skills. The Guarani have 500 years of contact with the West. This study of the music in their daily rituals, and a comparison with data from other indigenous groups, reveals that these rituals constitute their culture.

Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão antropológica a acerca da prática musical do pop sul coreano (Kpop) em São Paulo. Na etnografia que se apresenta, descrevo e analiso como vídeos e coreografias Kpop afetam os fãs do gênero musical, construindo relações sociais no seu entorno. Apresento, para tanto, primeiro, como o Kpop é visto e ouvido por fãs em São Paulo, dando especial atenção ao videoclipe, que compartilhando características visuais e sonoras únicas, é capaz de gerar nos espectadores reações próprias ao gênero musical. Mostro ainda que esses videoclipes, junto a outras mídias que circulam na internet sobre os artistas sul coreanos, são parte da pessoalidade desses artistas e mediadores de sua capacidade de afetar pessoas. É na cena Kpop de São Paulo que esses vínculos entre fãs e artistas sul coreanos se desdobram, produzindo novas relações entre pessoas, artefatos e lugares. Por fim, apresento uma etnografia da dança cover de Kpop, mostrando como esses fãs constroem em seu próprio corpo essa capacidade de agência apreendida dos ídolos Kpop. Considerando essas diferentes facetas da prática musical estudada, reflito neste trabalho sobre os modos de produzir relações sociais por meio de práticas musicais. / This research presents an anthropological reflection about Korean pop (Kpop) music practice in São Paulo. In this ethnography, I describe and analyze how music videos and choreographies affect fans of the genre, constructing social relations in its vicinity. Firstly, I present how Kpop is seen and heard by these fans in São Paulo, driving special attention on music videos. These medias share visual and sound characteristics that allow them to make Kpop fans react in a unique way. I also state that these music videos combined with other medias about South Korean artists that circulate on the internet are part of Kpop idols personhood that mediates their capacity to affect people who get in touch with them. It is in the Kpop musical scene in São Paulo that these affection ties between fans and artists take place and unfold. In the scene, new relations between persons, artefacts and places are produced. At the end, I present an ethnography of Kpop cover dance, paying attention to the way Kpop fans construct in their own body the capacity for agency apprehended from Kpop idols. Looking at different aspects of the Kpop music practice, this work reflects upon the production of social relations through music practices.

Este trabalho teve como foco central a música dos rituais xamanísticos realizada pelos índios Guarani Kaiová, do tronco lingüístico tupi-guarani. Os Guarani com seus três subgrupos têm no Brasil um total de cerca de 40.000 pessoas. A pesquisa de campo teve duração total de oito meses, durantes os quais residi na casa de meus informantes guarani kaiová, nhandeva e mbyá nas áreas Amambai e Pirajuy, no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, e Mbiguaçu e Morro dos Cavalos, no Estado de Santa Catarina. Apresento a narrativa da história de vida e da iniciação ao xamanismo da mulher que foi minha principal informante, Odúlia Mendes, chamando a atenção para como, tanto em sua vida como nos mitos de criação guarani, os cantos e as danças são o caminho através do qual ocorre a comunicação e o encontro com as divindades e com os criadores ancestrais e se viabiliza a continuidade da sobrevivência da Terra. Através da análise do material musical, das letras das canções e das coreografias do ritual exploro uma série de aspectos da teoria musical nativa, bem como identifico dois gêneros distintos, um relacionado à prece e outro à guerra. Na performance analisada a xamã que a conduz exorta os participantes a ouvir, no gênero que identifiquei estar relacionado à prece a ao sentimento de saudade. Enquanto ouvem, cantam e dançam há uma polifonia de vozes, da xamã, dos deuses, dos participantes, que vão se alternando enquanto é percorrido o caminho. O outro gênero é acompanhado por coreografias de luta, movimentos de ataque e defesa descritos pelos informantes como um treino de habilidade para formação de guerreiros. Os Guarani têm quinhentos anos de contato com o "Ocidente", e neste trabalho, através do estudo da música nos seus rituais cotidianos e comparando com dados de outros grupos indígenas e de outros continentes, verifica-se como as práticas rituais são constitutivas da sua cultura. / The central focus of my study is the music of the shamanist rituals conducted by the Guarani Kaiová, of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic trunk. The three sub-groups of Guarani in Brazil have a total of 40,000 people. The field study had a total duration of eight months during which I lived in the homes of my Guarani Kaiová, Nhandeva and Mbyá informants in the Amambaí and Pirajuy regions in Mato Grosso do Sul State and Mbiguaçu and Morro dos Cavalos in Santa Catarina State. I present a narrative of the life story and of the initiation to Shamanism of the woman who was my principal informant, Odúlia Mendes. I call attention to how, both in her life as well as in the Guarani creation myth, song and dance are the route through which takes place communication and encounter with the divinities and ancestral creators, and which makes viable the continued survival of the Earth. Through an analysis of the musical material, the words to the songs and the ritual choreography I explore a series of factors of native musical theory. I identify two distinct genres, one related to prayer and the other to war. In the performance analysed, the shaman who conducts the ritual exhorts the participants to listen. In one genre, prayer is related to a sense of health. While they listen, sing and dance there is a polyphony of voices; those of the shaman, the gods and the participants, which alternate while the route is followed. The other genre is accompanied by choreography of fighting and movements of attack and defence that are described by the informants as a training of warrior skills. The Guarani have 500 years of contact with the West. This study of the music in their daily rituals, and a comparison with data from other indigenous groups, reveals that these rituals constitute their culture.