A dissertation presented in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Technikon Natal, 2001. / There are many non-surgical treatments that are available to patients with low back pain but few have been proven effective in controlled clinical trials. Arguably, the treatments with the greatest evidence for efficacy are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), some muscle relaxants and spinal manipulation (Deyo et al.(1983) and Shekelle et al.(1992). Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs are the most widely used agents for musculoskeletal pain and inflammation. The widespread use of NSAIDs augments the impact not only of their benefits but also the risk of their adverse effects. The effectiveness of chiropractic management is now firmly established for most patients with acute and chronic low-back pain (Koes et aI.1996). The purpose of this study was to determine the relative efficacy of combined diclofenac sodium therapy and spinal manipulation compared to combined placebo therapy and spinal manipulation in the treatment of mechanical low back pain. Sixty subjects were selected and randomly divided into two groups of thirty subjects. Subjects were treated four times over a two-week period, including a diclofenac or placebo medication course, taken three times daily for five days, starting from the first consultation. The results of the Numerical Pain Rating Scale-101, Revised Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, Orthopaedic Rating Scale and Algometer readings were taken before the first, third and fourth consultations. The statistical tests used were the parametric two-sample unpaired t-tests and the paired t-tests, and the nonparametric intra-group Friedman test, multiple comparison procedure, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test and the inter-group Mann Whitney U-test at the 95% level of significance using the SPSS statistical package. There was a statistically significant improvement in both treatment groups for both subjective and objective clinical findings, suggesting that spinal manipulation combined with either an NSAID or placebo medication will ultimately give relief to a patient suffering from lower back pain. The conclusions / M

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Technikon Natal, Durban, 2001. / For neck pain, the first-line treatment of allopathic physicians is usually the prescription on non-steroidal ant-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), whereas the firstline treatment of chiropractic physicians is usually cervical manipulation. The literature shows that both chiropractic manipulation alone and NSAIDs alone are effective for the treatment of cervical facet syndrome, with chiropractic manipulation being much safer than the use of NSAIDs. Furthermore, patients that receive chiropractic care have been shown to generally be much more satisfied than those that receive conventional medical care. The aim of this study was to determine the short-term effectiveness of cervical spine manipulation as compared to Piroxicam administration in the treatment of chronic cervical facet syndrome. The study design that was chosen was that of a comparative clinical trial. Forty consecutive patients diagnosed with chronic facet syndrome of the cervical spine were randomly assigned to either the manipulation group or the NSAID group (twenty patients in each group). Each patient in group A received manipulative therapy of the cervical spine on three consecutive days. Each patient in group B received 40 mg of Adco Piroxicam on the first two days of treatment, and 20 mg daily for the remainder of the seven day treatment period. The patients were assessed by means of objective and subjective data obtained before each consultation on days 1, 3 and 7. The objective data was gathered from algometric pressure-pain threshold readings over the involved facet joint. The subjective information was obtained from the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale - 101 and the CMCC Neck Disability Index, as well as the patients perceived improvement which was recorded as a percentage on days 3 and 7. / M

Recent evidence has indicated that NSAIDs might have direct effects on CNS tissue in addition to their classical inhibitory action on COX enzymes. This thesis addresses this hypothesis using electrophysiological and behavioural techniques. The effects of fenamate and other NSAIDs on native neuronal GABA(_A), 5-HT(_3), nicotinic ACh, P2x and strychinine-sensitive glycine receptors, expressed on isolated vagus or optic nerves, was investigated using an extra-cellular recording technique. The fenamate NSAID, mefenamic acid (MFA) potentiated GABA (10µM)- evoked responses in the vagus nerve. Application of MFA also resulted in non-competitive inhibition of 5-HT-and a,βMeATP- evoked responses. Non-competitive like inhibition was also observed with flufenamic acid on DMPP- and a,βMeATP- evoked responses and with meclofenamic acid on GABA- evoked responses. Non-fenamate NSAIDs, including aspirin, did not significantly modulate the GABA(_A), 5-HT(_3), nicotinic ACh, P2x or glycine receptors. The cognitive and behavioural effects of fenamates and other NASIDs were then investigated. MFA (5-20mg/kg) caused a significant dose- and time-dependent enhancement in the non-spatial object discrimination working memory task when compared to saline controls. The enhancement observed with MFA was greater than that of the cognitive enhancer piracetam. This enhancement was not due to a change in non-mnemonic processes such as arousal, anxiety or locomotion. MFA also enhanced rats' performance in the spatial object location working memory task. The fenamate NSAID, meclofenamic acid (20mg/kg) mimicked the effect of MFA, but the non-fenamate NSAIDs aspirin and ibuprofen, did not enhance object discrimination indicating that these cognitive effects are not via inhibition of COX. The GABA(_A) receptor modulators diazepam, bicuculline and loreclezole, did not replicate the effect of MFA on object discrimination, suggesting that its effects do not depend entirely on the GABAa receptor. Scopolamine (0.25-lmg/kg) significantly impaired object discrimination in a dose-dependent manner. This action could be fully reversed by co-treatment with MFA (20mg/kg).In the T-maze task, MFA (20mg/kg) decreased the number of arm entry errors and days taken to reach criterion. The number of arm entry errors made when a 5-minute intra-trial interval was introduced was also significantly reduced by MFA compared with saline treated animals. In the radial maze, MFA (20mg/kg) did not decrease the number of never baited arm entries to reach criterion. However MFA did significantly reduce the number of re-entry errors to baited arms, compared to controls, when an intra-trial delay (10-30 sees) was introduced. These results support the hypothesis that MFA enhances spatial working memory and that these effects are not task-specific. Overall, the data in this thesis show that fenamate NSAIDs can directly modulate native neuronal ligand-gated ion channels and that MFA can enhance working memory in normal and scopolamine-impaired rats. These results suggest additional pharmacological potential for certain fenamate NSAIDs.

Faculty of Health Sciences School of Pharmacology 9410866v kermifrum@yahoo.com / ABSTRACT Thirty plant species traditionally used to treat skin pathologies were chosen from the readily available ethnobotanical literature. Four plants (aqueous or methanol extracts) displayed promising 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values below 61 ppm. These included Aloe greatheadii, Melianthus comosus, Pentanisia prunelloides and Warburgia solutaris. Essential oils generally displayed superior 5- lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values between 22 and 75 ppm. These included the essential oils of Ballota africana, Helichrysum odoratissimum, Heteropyxis natalensis and Lippia javanica. A large proportion of the plants exhibited dose-dependent DPPH anti-oxidant activity with IC50 values between 5 and 94 ppm for the most active. These included Halleria lucida, Croton sylvaticus, Melianthus comosus, Lippia javanica and Pentanisia prunelloides. Aqueous extracts of Melianthus comosus exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. The methanol extract of the leaves of Halleria lucida was subjected to activity guided fractionation and two anti-oxidant molecules were isolated, namely luteolin-5-Oglucoside and verbascoside (acteoside). Isobologram construction resulted in a concentration-dependent additive and antagonistic interaction being recognised between the two isolated compounds. Warburgia salutaris displayed promising 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Two isolated compounds, mukadiaal and warburganal were found to partially contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant. The essential oils of Helichrysum odoratissimum, Heteropyxis natalensis and Lippia javanica were subjected to gas chromatography and major compounds contributing to possible anti-inflammatory effects identified. These included β-caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, limonene and α- humulene. Enantiomers and racemic mixtures of limonene displayed significantly different 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity suggesting stereoselectivity of the enzyme-catalysed reaction. The monoterpene 1,8-cineole appeared to cause partial potentiation of the anti-inflammatory activity displayed by limonene. These results provide some in vitro scientific rationale for their traditional use as dermatological agents.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Master of Science / The antiinflammatory effects of lnterleukin-4 (IL-4) and the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone were studied in adhered monocytes and the leukaemic cells HL-60 and THP-1, with respect to the expression of interleukin-lB (IL-lLB), the (signalling) IL-1 receptor type I (IL..1RtI), and the (inhibitory) IL-1 receptor type I (IL-lRtI). (Abbreviation abstract) / AC2018

Student Number : 0000127R - MPharm dissertation - School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology - Faculty of Health Sciences / Traditional medicines form a significant part of the lives of many people around the world and in South Africa almost 60 % of people consult traditional healers in addition to the modern medical services available. Plants form a significant part of traditional healing and hence, selected species of a traditionally used plant genus, Hermannia, were chosen for biological and chemical investigation to determine a scientific basis for the traditional use of these plants. A phytochemical investigation was carried out, firstly using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then isolation and identification of compounds from various Hermannia species. TLC analysis indicated significant similarities between the various species with only H. saccifera displaying chemical anomalies. This was further corroborated by the HPLC analysis although very conservative profiles were produced. Isolation of compounds from H. saccifera yielded a novel labdane compound, E-17, 19-diacetoxy - 15 - hydroxylabda - 7,13 - diene, as well as two flavones, 5,8- dihydroxy-6,7,4’- trimethoxyflavone and cirsimaritin which have previously been isolated. In addition, two commonly found compounds, lupeol and β- sitosterol were isolated from H. cuneifolia and H. salviifolia respectively. This is the first report on the isolation and identification of all five compounds from Hermannia species. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using two methods i.e. minimum inhibitory concentrations as well as the death kinetics assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using four Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria as well as two yeasts. All species investigated indicated antimicrobial activity with H. saccifera showing good activity against S. aureus and B. cereus. E-17, 19-diacetoxy - 15 - hydroxylabda - 7,13 - diene isolated from H. saccifera indicated activity (MIC = 23.6 μg/ml against S.aureus) although the activity was less than that of the crude extract (MIC = 19.5 μg/ml), thus, demonstrating that there are a number of compound contributing to the promising activity of the crude extract. This was further corroborated by the bioautograms developed of the H. saccifera extract. Time-kill studies on H. saccifera against S. aureus indicated that at concentrations of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 % bacteriostatic activity was observed while at 0.75% the extract achieved complete bactericidal activity after 240min. Free radical scavenging activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Ten of the twelve species indicated good activity with H. cuneifolia demonstrating the most promising activity (IC50 = 10.26 μg/ml for DPPH and 10.32 μg/ml for ABTS). Two of the isolated compound, 5,8- dihydroxy-6,7,4’- trimethoxyflavone and cirsimaritin displayed insignificant activity. The 5-lipoxygenase assay was used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of Hermannia species. All species exhibited intermediate activity with the exception of H. cuneifolia (IC50 = 15.32 μg/ml). In addition, four isolated compounds, 5,8- dihydroxy-6,7,4’- trimethoxyflavone, cirsimaritin, lupeol and β-sitosterol showed moderate inhibition of the enzyme indicating that while these compounds do contribute to the activity of the extracts they are not individually responsible for any significant activity. Antimalarial activity was assessed using the titrated hypoxanthine incorporation assay while toxicity was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay. Only three species indicated any good antimalarial activity i.e. H. saccifera, H. muricata and mostly H. trifurca (IC50 = 25.30, 28.17 and 18.80 μg/ml respectively). However, the activity of H. saccifera and H. trifurca are probably due to a general cytotoxicity as these species exhibited a low safety index. All other species appear safe for use. Several Hermannia species have indicated in vitro biological activity in a number of assays which is related to their use in traditional medicines to treat a number of disease states. Hence, a scientific basis, albeit in vitro, has been established for the use Hermannia species in traditional healing.

Estudos metabolômicos de plantas, estudos in silico e ensaios biológicos in vitro são estratégias que, em conjunto, otimizam a busca por substâncias inéditas e/ou ativas correlacionadas a determinados mecanismos de ação. Embora a família Asteraceae possua inúmeras espécies com reconhecido potencial anti-inflamatório (AI), várias delas nunca foram investigadas, como algumas espécies endêmicas do Cerrado brasileiro. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi encontrar extratos e substâncias AI que apresentassem um mecanismo de ação superior ao dos AIs atuais. Foram estudadas 57 espécies da família pertencentes a várias tribos, agrupadas em três diferentes grupos: plantas com prévia evidência AI, plantas alimentícias e espécies do Cerrado. Para se encontrar substâncias com potencial AI foi realizada a avaliação da inibição concomitante das enzimas ciclooxigenase (COX-1) e lipoxigenase (5-LOX), sendo ambas as principais vias envolvidas na inflamação, cuja inibição pode conferir maior eficácia e menores efeitos adversos do que os AI atualmente disponíveis. Adequados estudos metabolômicos (HPLC-UV-HRFTMS) e in silico (diferentes modelos estatísticos) foram realizados. O conjunto de metabólitos secundários (metaboloma) das 57 espécies investigadas representou um vasto universo de substâncias (n=6.215), que conseguiu abranger várias delas com o mecanismo de ação investigado. Corroborando o potencial desta família em apresentar espécies AI, cerca de 23% das plantas aqui investigadas foram capazes de promover a dupla inibição, com valores de IC50 (36,0 a 0,03 ?g/mL) para seus extratos comparáveis com aqueles dos inibidores padrões. Através dos estudos in silico foi possível determinar que as substâncias ativas dos extratos se referem a seus constituintes minoritários, sugerindo que devem ser muito potentes. Dentre as substâncias correlacionadas com a propriedade de dupla inibição, algumas não puderam ser identificadas, mesmo utilizando abrangentes bibliotecas de dados de produtos naturais, sugerindo que se tratam de substâncias inéditas. Além disso, dentre as espécies ativas, uma é consagrada como alimentícia e, portanto, pode vir a exercer um importante papel como nutracêutico, por exemplo vir a ser incluída na dieta de pacientes que sofrem de patologias inflamatórias. As demais espécies ativas, por sua vez, apresentam potencial para o desenvolvimento de fitoterápicos e descoberta de novos princípios ativos. Devido ao fato dos modelos estatísticos terem sido validados, as substâncias ativas ainda poderão ser utilizadas para predição de novos extratos ativos a partir apenas de seu metaboloma. Portanto, este trabalho, além de resultar em relevantes resultados, exemplifica muito bem as novas estratégias para a busca de produtos naturais inéditos e AI para um mecanismo de ação requerido, através de uma abordagem inédita e explorando espécies de importância da flora brasileira, alimentícia ou farmacológica, a partir de mínima quantidade de material vegetal. / Plant metabolomic studies, in silico studies and in vitro biological assays are strategies that together, optimize the discovery of new and/or active compounds correlated to a specific mechanism of action. Asteraceae family has many species with well known anti-inflammatory (AI) potential. Several of them have never been investigated, as some of Brazilian Cerrado. In this context, the objective of this work was to find the AI extracts and substances with a better mechanism of action than the usual AI. It was studied 57 species from different tribes of Asteraceae family, which were divided in three groups: plants with known AI property, food plants and species from Cerrado. In order to find substances with AI potential, the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX) were evaluated to access AI property, once both are the main pathways involved in inflammatory process and the dual inhibition of them can provide better efficacy and less side effects than current AI. Suitable metabolomic (HPLC-UV-HRFTMS) and in silico (statistical models) studies were performed. All the secondary metabolites (metabolome) of the 57 species covered a huge number of substances (n=6,215) and some of them displayed the investigated mechanism of action. About 23% of the plants extracts were able to be dual inhibitor, with IC50 (36.0 - 0.03 ?g/mL) similar of the standard drugs, corroborating the AI potential of Asteraceae family. Through the in silico studies it was possible to determine the AI substances and that they are the minor compounds in the active extracts, suggesting that these must be potent AI. Among the substances correlated with the dual inhibition some could not be identified, even using comprehensive data bases of natural products, suggesting that these ones could be new compounds. Besides, among the active species, one is a food plant that could be useful as nutraceutical, being included in the dietary of people with inflammatory diseases. The other active plants have potential to the development of phytomedicines or drug discovery. Due to the fact that statistical models were validated, the substances also can be useful for prediction of new AI extracts only from the plant metabolome. Therefore, this work has many relevant results and also exemplifies the recent strategies to discovery of new compounds and AI with a required specific mechanism of action, trough a new approach and studying important species of the Brazilian flora, food plants and AI plants, from a minimum quantity of plant material.

Estudos metabolômicos de plantas, estudos in silico e ensaios biológicos in vitro são estratégias que, em conjunto, otimizam a busca por substâncias inéditas e/ou ativas correlacionadas a determinados mecanismos de ação. Embora a família Asteraceae possua inúmeras espécies com reconhecido potencial anti-inflamatório (AI), várias delas nunca foram investigadas, como algumas espécies endêmicas do Cerrado brasileiro. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi encontrar extratos e substâncias AI que apresentassem um mecanismo de ação superior ao dos AIs atuais. Foram estudadas 57 espécies da família pertencentes a várias tribos, agrupadas em três diferentes grupos: plantas com prévia evidência AI, plantas alimentícias e espécies do Cerrado. Para se encontrar substâncias com potencial AI foi realizada a avaliação da inibição concomitante das enzimas ciclooxigenase (COX-1) e lipoxigenase (5-LOX), sendo ambas as principais vias envolvidas na inflamação, cuja inibição pode conferir maior eficácia e menores efeitos adversos do que os AI atualmente disponíveis. Adequados estudos metabolômicos (HPLC-UV-HRFTMS) e in silico (diferentes modelos estatísticos) foram realizados. O conjunto de metabólitos secundários (metaboloma) das 57 espécies investigadas representou um vasto universo de substâncias (n=6.215), que conseguiu abranger várias delas com o mecanismo de ação investigado. Corroborando o potencial desta família em apresentar espécies AI, cerca de 23% das plantas aqui investigadas foram capazes de promover a dupla inibição, com valores de IC50 (36,0 a 0,03 ?g/mL) para seus extratos comparáveis com aqueles dos inibidores padrões. Através dos estudos in silico foi possível determinar que as substâncias ativas dos extratos se referem a seus constituintes minoritários, sugerindo que devem ser muito potentes. Dentre as substâncias correlacionadas com a propriedade de dupla inibição, algumas não puderam ser identificadas, mesmo utilizando abrangentes bibliotecas de dados de produtos naturais, sugerindo que se tratam de substâncias inéditas. Além disso, dentre as espécies ativas, uma é consagrada como alimentícia e, portanto, pode vir a exercer um importante papel como nutracêutico, por exemplo vir a ser incluída na dieta de pacientes que sofrem de patologias inflamatórias. As demais espécies ativas, por sua vez, apresentam potencial para o desenvolvimento de fitoterápicos e descoberta de novos princípios ativos. Devido ao fato dos modelos estatísticos terem sido validados, as substâncias ativas ainda poderão ser utilizadas para predição de novos extratos ativos a partir apenas de seu metaboloma. Portanto, este trabalho, além de resultar em relevantes resultados, exemplifica muito bem as novas estratégias para a busca de produtos naturais inéditos e AI para um mecanismo de ação requerido, através de uma abordagem inédita e explorando espécies de importância da flora brasileira, alimentícia ou farmacológica, a partir de mínima quantidade de material vegetal. / Plant metabolomic studies, in silico studies and in vitro biological assays are strategies that together, optimize the discovery of new and/or active compounds correlated to a specific mechanism of action. Asteraceae family has many species with well known anti-inflammatory (AI) potential. Several of them have never been investigated, as some of Brazilian Cerrado. In this context, the objective of this work was to find the AI extracts and substances with a better mechanism of action than the usual AI. It was studied 57 species from different tribes of Asteraceae family, which were divided in three groups: plants with known AI property, food plants and species from Cerrado. In order to find substances with AI potential, the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX) were evaluated to access AI property, once both are the main pathways involved in inflammatory process and the dual inhibition of them can provide better efficacy and less side effects than current AI. Suitable metabolomic (HPLC-UV-HRFTMS) and in silico (statistical models) studies were performed. All the secondary metabolites (metabolome) of the 57 species covered a huge number of substances (n=6,215) and some of them displayed the investigated mechanism of action. About 23% of the plants extracts were able to be dual inhibitor, with IC50 (36.0 - 0.03 ?g/mL) similar of the standard drugs, corroborating the AI potential of Asteraceae family. Through the in silico studies it was possible to determine the AI substances and that they are the minor compounds in the active extracts, suggesting that these must be potent AI. Among the substances correlated with the dual inhibition some could not be identified, even using comprehensive data bases of natural products, suggesting that these ones could be new compounds. Besides, among the active species, one is a food plant that could be useful as nutraceutical, being included in the dietary of people with inflammatory diseases. The other active plants have potential to the development of phytomedicines or drug discovery. Due to the fact that statistical models were validated, the substances also can be useful for prediction of new AI extracts only from the plant metabolome. Therefore, this work has many relevant results and also exemplifies the recent strategies to discovery of new compounds and AI with a required specific mechanism of action, trough a new approach and studying important species of the Brazilian flora, food plants and AI plants, from a minimum quantity of plant material.

Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) são medicamentos utilizados no alívio da dor após a ativação dos aparelhos ortodônticos, mas estas substâncias podem influenciar a formação óssea ou remodelação. Diante da possibilidade de interferência dos medicamentos durante o tratamento ortodôntico, foi avaliado o efeito á curto prazo de AINEs e anti-inflamatório seletivo COX-2, em doses terapêuticas, sobre osteoblastos durante a movimentação dentária induzida. Os fármacos foram determinados através de questionários aplicados a ortodontistas, os quais mais selecionaram os mais prescritos para alívio da dor durante o tratamento ortodôntico. Os medicamentos selecionados e a nimesulida (seletivo COX-2) foram administrados em uma amostra de 80 ratos albinos da linhagem Wistar, nos quais foi realizada a instalação de dispositivos constituídos por uma mola de secção fechada ancorada aos incisivos centrais superiores, movimentando mesialmente o primeiro molar superior esquerdo. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos de 20 de acordo com a administração medicamentosa diária: paracetamol, ibuprofeno, nimesulida e um grupo controle (animais não medicados). E divididos em subgrupos de 5 de acordo com o tempo de tratamento da movimentação dentária induzida: 3, 5 e 7 dias. Posteriormente, os animais receberam doses letais da mistura de relaxante muscular e anestésico por via intramuscular para coleta do material, o qual foi devidamente processado, corado com hematoxilina-eosina e submetido à análise microscópica óptica para avaliar a quantidade de osteoblastos, na área de tensão, do osso adjacente de cada raiz distovestibular dos primeiros molares superiores esquerdo. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de paracetamol até 5 dias pode gerar interferências na formação óssea, pois diminuiu o número de osteoblastos e que o ibuprofeno foi a droga que melhor agiu por apresentar menor ação de inibição sobre os osteoblastos num período de uso de até 7 dias. Sugere-se que o ideal para aliviar dor e/ou desconforto causado pela movimentação ortodôntica sem prejuízo ao reparo ósseo seria o uso da medicação associada, no primeiro dia utilizar o paracetamol seguido pela administração de ibuprofeno. Caso ocorra distúrbios sistêmicos devido aos medicamentos indicados, o medicamento de eleição é a nimesulida. / The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are drugs used to relieve pain after activation of orthodontic appliances, but these substances can influence bone remodeling and formation. Faced with the possibility of interference of drugs in treatments, the effects will be short-term NSAIDs and COX-2 selective antiinflammatory in therapeutic doses on osteoblasts during induced tooth movement. The drugs were determined through questionnaires given to orthodontists, selecting then, the most commonly prescribed for pain relief during orthodontic treatment. The selected drugs and nimesulide (selective COX-2) were administered in a sample of 80 albino Wistar rats, in which the installation of devices consisted of an enclosed section spring anchored to the upper central incisors, moving out mesially the first upper left molar. The animals were divided into four groups of 20 according to the daily drug administration: acetaminophen, ibuprofen, nimesulide and a control group (animals not treated). Then, divided into subgroups of 5 according to the treatment time of the induced tooth movement, 3, 5 and 7 days. Subsequently, the animals received lethal doses of the mixture of anesthetic and muscle relaxant intramuscularly for the collection of the material, which has been properly processed, stained with hematoxylin-eosin and subjected to microscopic analysis to assess the amount of osteoblasts in the stressed area of the adjacent bone of each distobuccal root of the first left molars. The results showed that the use of acetaminophen up to 5 days will cause interference in bone formation decreasing the number of osteoblasts and ibuprofen was the drug that best acted by having less inhibiting action on osteoblasts in a usage period of up to 7 days. It is suggested that the ideal to relieve pain and/or discomfort caused by orthodontic movement without prejudice to the bone repair would be the use of the associated medication. On the first day, use acetaminophen followed by the administration of ibuprofen. If systemic disorders occur due to the indicated drugs, the drug of choice is nimesulide.

L’usage de la phytothérapie pour la prévention de pathologies récurrentes dans les élevages s’est récemment développé. Les huiles essentielles (HE) sont des extraits végétaux complexes, constituant une source d’alternatives de par leur composition chimique variée et d’intéressantes activités biologiques. Ce projet de thèse a été réalisé dans un contexte industriel, avec pour objectif principal la mise en évidence des propriétés des HE et de leurs mélanges par des méthodes in vitro. Les mélanges formés doivent permettre de cumuler les activités naturelles des HE dans les sphères respiratoires, digestives et immunitaires et dans la prévention des mammites. Une sélection en entonnoir intervient d’après une trame d’essais spécifiques à chaque sphère. L’HE de girofle, intégrée dans les mélanges, développe d’après différentes méthodes biochimiques de fortes activités antioxydantes et anti-inflammatoires. Les HE de cannelle et d’origan se sont illustrées pour leur capacité à inhiber le développement des pathogènes comme les bactéries sous forme planctonique ou de biofilm, les virus ou les parasites internes. Les effets sur le biofilm bactérien ont notamment été observés par microscopie confocale à balayage laser. Enfin la capacité de l’HE de girofle à moduler la réponse inflammatoire a été démontrée sur le modèle de macrophage RAW264.7. La phagocytose, l’expression de la nitroxyde synthase et la sécrétion d’interleukine-6 ont été suivis par criblage à haut débit associé à la microscopie à épifluorescence. La caractérisation des mélanges a abouti à la formulation des noyaux Respilor®, Digelor®, Immulor® et Mastilor®, testés in vivo et commercialisés par BioArmor. / The use of phytotherapy for the prevention of livestock associated pathologies is increasing since recent years. Essential oils (EO) are complex plant extracts, forming a large source of alternatives due to their chemical diversity and interesting biological activities. This project, carried out over three years and anchored in an industrial context, aims to highlight the properties of EO and their blends using in vitro assays. The objective is to cumulate the natural properties of EO through their blending. The prevention of respiratory and digestive tract diseases, of mastitis and the promotion of the animals’ immunity are particularly targeted. A funnel selection takes place according to tests selected for their specificity to each area. Clove EO, integrated in the mixtures, develops according to different biochemical methods strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. EOs of cinnamon and oregano have been shown to inhibit the development of pathogens such as planktonic or biofilm embedded bacteria, viruses or internal parasites. The effects on the bacterial biofilm were especially measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Finally, the ability of clove EO to modulate the inflammatory response has been demonstrated on the RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Phagocytosis, the expression of Nitroxide synthase, and the secretion of interleukin-6 were followed by high content screening methods associated with epifluorescence microscopy. The characterization of the mixtures resulted in the formulation Respilor®, Digelor®, Immulor® and Mastilor®, four blends of EO tested in vivo and commercialized by BioArmor.