The records or both the faunal remains and artifacts recover d from the St.Mungo Cannery site in the Fraser Delta, British Columbia during 1968-1969 are analysed quantitatively for evidence of processual cultural change. Descriptions of the site and site habitat are given, and methods used to recover, describe, and analyse the two records are detailed. The patterns of variation through time are given in tables of the relative frequencies of types found in excavation units Cl and C2. Multidimensional scalogram analysis is used to delineate and visually present the separation of components. An attempt is made to distinguish cultural variation in the two records from non-cultural variation produced by sampling procedures, and to control for the latter. The relationship between sample size and the number of artifacts and faunal types found is statistically demonstrated as a major sampling error . Some comparisons are made between the patterns of variation observed in faunal and artifact types theoretically related as evidence of particular activities. The information contained in the faunal record is found to be additional as well as parallel to that contained in the artifact record. / Graduate

During the Middle Bronze II B-C period (1800-1500 B.C.) Palestine underwent an unprecedented period of urban development. This urban development had several spatial consequences, which may be divided into three categories: (1) Spatial relationships between urban settlements and features of the local and regional environment, (2) Spatial patterns in the internal organization of urban settlements, and (3) Spatial patterns in the distribution of urban and rural settlements across the landscape. These three categories form the basis of this dissertation. With respect to the relationship between urban settlements and environmental features, it is demonstrated that urban settlements are associated with productive agricultural land, ample natural water sources, and natural routes of travel. They are also found only in regions where rainfall is sufficient for successful dry farming. The internal spatial organization of Middle Bronze urban settlements is found to be characterized by both agglomeration and centrality. Zones of land-use related to various urban functions are identified, and the similarity of these cities to other pre-industrial cities is demonstrated. Examination of the distribution of urban settlements across the land-scape suggests that these cities were not integrated into a regional urban system, but rather were independent city-states, each with its own supporting region. An examination of rural settlements within the hypothetical supporting region of each urban center supports this conclusion, although the inadequacies of survey within each of these regions preclude definitive conclusions.

Understanding sources of variability in the archaeological record through the study of ceramic record formation is a prerequisite for inferring prehistoric human behavior. This study presents a program of investigation that: (1) provides analytical procedures for evaluating the representativeness of data sets so that they may be used to build reliable inferences concerning the past, and (2) provides a methodology for discovering behaviors associated with the occupation and abandonment of a settlement. Chodistaas Ruin (A.D. 1263-1290s), an 18-room pueblo located in the Grasshopper Region of Arizona, provides an ideal case study for illustrating this approach to variability in the archaeological record.

The accompanying dissertation presents a synthesis of Toltec history based on new materials including in situ inscription, Mixtec historical codices, and central highland redacted texts that have not heretofore been applied to Toltec studies. In addition, the traditional sources have been reexamined in light of these new materials. After considering research methods and methodology this dissertation examines personal and place-name naming systems given by the Mixtec codices and in situ inscriptions. In addition, a study of the semiotics of Meso-american authority and power is carried out. The Mixtec central highland and Maya chronologies are examined and a trial Toltec chronology is presented. The Toltec dynastic sequence is discussed in terms of its most likely placement in the trial chronology. This presentation serves to introduce the reader to the various ruler lists and their interpretation. The bulk of the dissertation presents a period by period expository history of the Toltecs. First the dissertation undertakes the study of Mixtec and Toltec origins and emphasizes the War of Heaven and the pro-Tula history of the central highlands. Next, Toltec expansion during the reigns of 8 Deer Jaguar Claw and 4 Jaguar is examined. After this the reigns and history of Mixcoatl and Quetzalcoatl are discussed. This discussion emphasizes the role of Chichen Itza and southern Meso-america in Toltec history. Then the dissertation examines the reigns of the last Toltec kings, the Toltec collapse and the rise of post-Toltec-Chichimec dynasts. Finally a processual model emphasizing hierarchy theory is applied to the problem of collapsing civilizations. In writing this dissertation I have made use of most probable best fit scenarios. Such models are often created through employing repeated retroductive testing of multiple hypotheses, but in the long run inductive processes predominate. Hence this thesis is directed toward historical critical rather than processual analysis. In a hopefully best sense this dissertation, although based on historical critical paradigms, is intended as a humanistic as well as a scientific endeavor.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate and examined the politics in the production of archaeological knowledge especially in rock art, at academic, heritage institutions and national and global level. It aims to trace and examine the development and movement of particular hypotheses or interpretations and their appropriateness in the study and management of rock art heritage in southern Africa.

This study examines the construction of the pre-Hispanic past of Colombia from the 1820's to the 1940s. It describes and analyses the reception, dissemination and appropriation of knowledge about ancient Colombian societies. It analyses the works by Colombian and foreign antiquarians, savants and archaeologists and the formation of Colombian pre-Hispanic collections in the Museo Nacional in Bogotá and in three major European Museums : the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin, the British Museum in London and the Musée d'Etnographie du Trocadero in Paris. The study shows the ways Colombian archaeological objects were viewed in the course of this history. At its outset, during the Colonial period, Colombian pre-Hispanic objects were first seen as "Idols of the devil"; in Europe, they were initially considered as curiosities and as works or art. During the nineteenth century, archaeological objects began to be valued and interpreted by Colombian and foreign scholars and antiquarians as antiquities and also as art objects. How Colombia was presented and represented in the National Museum in Bogotá and in international exhibitions during the second half of the nineteenth century is described and analysed, and how pre-Hispanic artefacts came to form part of a representation of Colombia nationally and internationally. The final chapters deal with the first four decades of the twentieth century, when the pre-Hispanic period received a new degree of recognition in Colombia with the enactment of official measures for the protection of antiquities, the building of archaeological collections in the National Museum in Bogotá and in research done by foreign and Colombian archaeologists, which began to define archaeological areas scientifically. The final chapter examines the background for the establishment of the Colombian scientific tradition in archaeology during the 1930's with the creation of the Servicio Arqueológico Nacional, the Institute Etnológico Nacional and two archaeological museums, the Museo Arqueológico Nacional and the Museo del Oro.

Part I: Approaches to the study of the ancient Greek countryside. Chapter 1: The ancient Greek countryside in classical scholarship. The Introduction locates the present study within the wider historiography of research into the ancient Greek countryside, assessing the contribution of geographical, archaeological and anthropological studies to the history of the ancient countryside, and analysing the methods which have tended to place the subject on the margins of traditional, text-based studies of the ancient world. Chapter 2: The context of the case study. Ch. 2 justifies the choice of the island of Siphnos as a case study to reassess the archaeology of the ancient Greek countryside in the light of the Ch. 1. The regional context, and the physical environment of this particular polis, are briefly described. Chapter 3: The archaeological record of rural sites. More than fifty rural sites exhibiting monumental masonry construction (towers and associated structures) have been recorded throughout the chora of Late Classical-Hellenistic Siphnos. Problems in identifying and dating occupation at rural sites are discussed within the context of the island's topography and long-term settlement history. Historical, epigraphic, ethnographic and archaeological evidence is considered with regard to the interpretation of monumental rural sites. The sites are then re-examined with regard to their architectural construction (Ch.4), their location and distribution (Ch.5), local land use (Ch.6), and the regional context of the countryside (Ch.7), in order to examine the economic geography of the polis. Part II: Monumental rural sites in the chora of ancient siphnos. Chapter 4: Social archaeology of the countryside - architecture of rural sites. The rural sites are analysed according to their architectural plan, construction, orientation, and the presence of adjoining and adjacent structures, walls, courtyards, buildings and water collection devices. Chapter 5: Social archaeology of the countryside - location and distribution of rural sites. The location of rural sites is examined according to aspect, elevation, coastal distance, intervisibility and nearest neighbour analysis in order to examine hypotheses concerning their functions. It is argued that the majority of rural sites on Siphnos fulfilled an agrarian, rather than strategic function. Chapter 6: Social archaeology of the countryside - land use at rural sites. Many monumental rural buildings were built on steep sloped uplands (eschatiai). Strategies of land use (including extractive activities, agriculture, animal husbandry) are considered in relation to the architecture and location of rural site complexes. Chapter 7; Conclusion - rural sites and the polis. The Conclusion evaluates the findings of the case study according to patterns of rural building and land use in the ancient Greek countryside and discusses future opportunities for research in the subject. Volume II contains Appendices and Plates relevant to the case study in Volume I.

No description available.

Burned rock middens large accumulations of thermally fractured rock are among the most common features in Archaic archaeolgical sites in Central Texas. With a sample of 1654 archaeological sites, the distribution of burned rock midden sites is compared with the occurrence of live oak savanna in an area of approximately 55,800 square kilometers in west central Texas. The objective of this distributional analysis is a preliminary assessment of the hypothesis that burned rock middens relate to prehistoric exploitation of acorns. The similarity of the distribution of burned rock middens to both the modern and postulated Archaic distribution of live oak savanna supports this hypothesis. On this basis, it is Inferred that acorns from Quercus fusiformis and perhaps Q. texana and Q. sinuata, var. breviloba were major foods during at least part of the Archaic period. Burned rock middens are suggested to be accumulations mainly of discarded boiling stone fragments broken from use in stone-boiling of acorn foods. Data on modern areas of live oak savanna are used to show that the acorn production Is quite substantial in some portions of Central Texas and is sufficient in most years to support a population density of 1-3 persons per square kilometer for at least half a year. The implications of this potential are evaluated, especially in regard to the kinds of archaeological remains found at burned rock midden sites. The similarity of the distributions of burned rock middens and live oak savanna suggest that the modern general occurrence of live oak savanna is little changed from that 5000 years ago. The possible loss of oaks in one portion of the study area may reflect either short or long periods of drying conditions at some time since 5000 BP.

No description available.