The generic boundaries and relationships of Annesorhiza Cham. & Schlechtd., Chamarea Eckl. & Zeyh. and two deciduous species Peucedanum L. (P. filicaule and P. triternatum) have until now been unsatisfactory. This is mainly due to the fact that the species are inconspicuous, poorly known and poorly represented in herbarium collections. The present study has resulted in the recognition of three sections and 21 species within a broadened concept of Annesorhiza. The genus Chamarea is included in Annesorhiza as a section and P. filicaule and P. triternatum are transferred to Annesorhiza to make the genus Peucedanum more uniform. A new section, Ternata Vessio et al., and a new species, A. elsiae Vessio et al., are described. Morphological, anatomical, phenological and geographical evidence is used to investigate the relationships between the genera and species. These characters are discussed and illustrated. The anatomy and structure of leaves (pinnate or ternate), as well as the symmetry, morphology and anatomy of the fruit, and the size and shape of sepals proved to be of taxonomic value in distinguishing between taxa. The data is analysed cladistically, using Glia Sond. as an outgroup. The analyses show that all members of the study group form a monophyletic group characterized by deciduous leaves and the periodic replacement of fleshy roots. Within this larger group (Annesorhiza sensu lato) three monophyletic entities can be distinguished, each of which is treated as a formal sections: Section 1. Annesorhiza sensu stricto (including all except three species of the genus Annesorhiza sensu stricto); Section 2. Chamarea (including all except two species of the genus Chamarea); Section 3. Ternata Vessio et al. (a new section to accommodate all species with ternate leaves – three from Annesorhiza sensu stricto, two from Chamarea and two from Peucedanum). A formal taxonomic treatment is presented, including keys to the recognized sections and species, correct nomenclature, typification, descriptions and distribution maps. / Dr. P.M. Tilney

Recent molecular studies (Plunkett et al., 1996b, 1997; Downie et al., 1999, 2001; Plunkett, 2001; Valiejo-Roman et al., 2002) on the family Apiaceae have shown that the existing classification system is largely artificial and that genera and tribes are in need of considerable re-arrangement. The fruit morphology and anatomy of 212 genera and 267 species of the family were studied. This study shows that a new interpretation of traditional morphological evidence will not only help to improve our understanding of the newly emerging molecular phylogeny of the Apiaceae, but also be useful for systematic studies of the family. Fruit structure, the very wide commissure and thick mesocarp as is found in Araliaceae fruits especially, provides some support for the molecular systematic study (Plunkett, 2001) in which it was proposed to move Hydrocotyle L. from Drude’s (1898) Hydrocotyloideae Link. to be a sister of ‘core Araliaceae’. Fruit structural evidence from selected Araliaceae suggests that the Araliaceae and Apiaceae are not fundamentally different and that the two families, as currently circumscribed are linked by taxa sharing character states of both families. Hydrocotyle shows features of both Araliaceae and Mackinlayeae. Two genera, Myodocarpus Brongn. & Gris. and Mackinlaya F. Muell., should be moved from Araliaceae to respectively the Myodocarpeae R. Vig. and Mackinlayeae R. Vig., which cladistically are placed below the Apiaceae. The former has median wings and large vittae and the latter has crystals present in the innermost portion of the mesocarp adjacent to the endocarp. These features are usually absent in Araliaceae but may be present in Apiaceae. A study of fruit features of all other genera with laterally compressed mericarps of Drude’s (1898) Hydrocotyloideae (except for Hydrocotyle) suggests that it may be possible to move these taxa to Mackinlayeae because they share not only laterally compressed mericarps, but a similar crystal position and arrangement of ventral bundles (there are cells between the ventral bundles, but a true carpophore is absent), as with Mackinlaya. In the present study the subfamily Mulinoideae [Plunkett et al. (2004) has now independently described this subfamily as the Azorelloideae Plunkett & Lowry subfam. nov. ined.] is proposed and used for Drude’s (1898) Mulineae DC. The Mulinoideae includes three groups, viz. the Klotzschia Cham., Azorella Lam. and Bolax Commerson ex Jussieu groups. The mericarps of the genera in the Klotzschia group may have five prominent ribs and a very wide commissure. In the Azorella group the lateral ribs are small and the marginal ribs may be prominent or winged and the commissure narrow. In the Bolax group the mericarps have more prominent lateral ribs or wings and the marginal ribs are small or undeveloped. The commissure is very narrow. Crystals may be present in the Klotzschia group. They are usually absent in the Azorella group and present in most genera of the Bolax group. These results partly support a molecular study (Plunkett, 2001), in which three groups: the Klotzschia, Azorella and Bowlesia groups, were indicated. The subfamily Saniculoideae is unique in fruit structure. Intrajugal oil ducts are present and there are sometimes some small vittae scattered in the mesocarp. Crystals are dispersed in the mesocarp. Lagoecia L., which has vallecular and commissural vittae, should not be grouped in Saniculoideae but rather be positioned with Apioideae as was indicated by a molecular study (Plunkett et al. 1996; Downie et al., 2001; Valiejo-Roman et al., 2002). Several African genera, including Lichtensteinia Cham. & Schltdl., Marlothiella H. Wolff, Arctopus L., Polemanniopsis B.L. Burtt and Steganotaenia Hochst, have only large intrajugal oil ducts as in Saniculoideae (Steganotaenia also has some small vittae scattered in the mesocarp). A slightly lignified endocarp may be present in most genera (except in Marlothiella) and crystals are present in Lichtensteinia and Marlothiella as in Saniculoideae and absent in other genera. It is proposed that these taxa be moved from Apioideae to near the Saniculoideae as different groups: the Arctopus, Polemanniopsis and Lichtensteinia groups (the latter includes Marlothiella), in addition to the Saniculoideae sensu stricto. This corresponds to a large extent with DNA sequence data (Downie & Katz-Downie, 1999; Plunkett, 2001). The ‘basal Apioideae’ is morphologically poorly defined but can be recognized by a combination of plesiomorphic characters, such as the woody habit, heteromorphic fruits, deciduous leaves and poorly developed carpophores. The most reliable difference between this group and the genera of ‘remaining Apioideae’ is the dispersed crystals in the mesocarp as in Saniculoideae. In ‘basal Apioideae’, DNA studies (Downie et al., 2001; Plunkett, 2001) indicated that the Heteromorpheae Downie & Watson include five endemic African genera: Anginon Raf., Dracosciadium Hilliard & B.L. Burtt, Glia Sond., Heteromorpha Cham. & Schltdl. and Polemannia Eckl. & Zeyh. The fruit study shows that in these genera laterally-winged mericarps (of heteromorphic fruits) and lignified endocarps and mesocarps may be present as well as crystals dispersed in the mesocarp and ventral bundles usually becoming free. Some other endemic African and Madogascar genera, viz. Andriana B-E. van Wyk, Cannaboidea B-E. van Wyk, Pseudocannaboides B-E. van Wyk, Pseudocarum C. Norman and Tana B-E. van Wyk, should also be placed in, or close to, the Heteromorpheae because they have crystals dispersed in the mesocarp and ventral bundles usually becoming free as in some Heteromorpheae. In the Annesorhiza Cham. & Schltdl. group (Annesorhiza and Chamarea Eckl. & Zeyh.), laterally-winged fruits (in heteromorphic fruits), a distinct hypoderm and a lignified endocarp may be present. The monotypic genus Molopospermum W.D.J. Koch is related to Annesorhiza (Downie, personal communication to B-E. van Wyk and P.M. Tilney); it has lateral wings on one of the two mericarps and an abundance of crystals in the mesocarp. The mericarps of the Bupleureae Spreng. may have irregular vittae as in Saniculoideae sensu stricto. All these fruit features are present in the ‘basal Apioideae’ and may be found in Saniculoideae and related groups. Remaining Apioideae differs from the genera of ‘basal Apioideae’ in the absence of dispersed crystals in the mesocarp and various other characters that occur alone or in combination (see above). Eight tribes (including some subtribes) and seven additional clades in ‘remaining Apioideae’ were defined by Downie et al. (2001). The circumscription of some of the tribes, subtribes and clades distinguished by Downie et al. (2001) on the basis of DNA data receive support from fruit structure. These taxa include tribes Aciphylleae and Echinophoreae, subtribes Daucinae and Torilidinae, and clades the Arracacia, Conioselinum and Heracleum clades. The present study shows that Drude’s (1898) system has significant taxonomic value, although many problems are present in his Hydrocotyloideae and Apioideae. These problems may have arisen because some fruit characters were not available, were overlooked, ignored or over-emphasised. Although some of Drude’s groups will be retained in a new system, a clear break from the Drude system is indicated by molecular systematics. This study suggests that taxonomically important fruit characters are wing configuration, presence or absence of intrajugal oil ducts and vittae and their size, presence or absence of crystals and their positions, possible lignification of the endocarp, and the arrangement and position of ventral bundles that may or may not form free carpophores. Therefore, evidence provided by fruit structure, if properly interpreted, can help to support and strengthen the newly emerging molecular phylogeny of the Apiaceae and facilitate understanding of the evolution of taxa in the family. / Prof. B.E. van Wyk

La croissance démographique, la consommation incontrôlée des ressources naturelles ainsi que l’activité industrielle jouent un rôle déterminant dans la dégradation de l'environnement mondial. A ce sujet et en se basant sur le concept que les consommateurs partagent la responsabilité de la pollution et de l'épuisement des ressources et leur coût, la mise en oeuvre des ressources renouvelables dans les processus industriels apparait comme une clé décisive. La renouvelabilité, la recyclabilité, la durabilité, la biodégradabilité sont les concepts de base sur lesquels nous pouvons compter pour protéger la nature et l’environnement. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle approche de la bioraffinage a été développée dans cette thèse, elle a été appliquée à cinq espèces appartenant à 3 familles différentes (Foeniculum vulagre, Cuminum cyminum and Carum carvi (Apiaceae), Salvia hispania (Lamiaceae) et Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae)). Ces espèces partagent une caractéristique commune, elles peuvent être définies comme Aroma Tincto Oleo Crops (ATOC) puisqu’elles sont une source d'huile végétale et d'huile essentielle (ou de colorant). Notre objectif est donc de déterminer la faisabilité biologique et technologique de l'application du concept ATOC-bioraffinage basé sur le développement, l'optimisation et la production de nouveaux produits biologiques, des nouvelles molécules biosourcées et d'autres technologies innovantes. Notre étude met l'accent sur l'évaluation de divers paramètres influençant le rendement et la qualité de l’huile dans les graines d'ATOC, y compris leurs origines géographiques et le procédé d'extraction, et leur impact sur l'activité biologique des extraits de résidus. La valorisation des huiles pour des applications dans l’industrie cosmétique a été realisée en les utilisant comme (i) additifs dans des formulations de crème hydratante. De plus, l’utilité du tourteau d'extraction comme (ii) substrat pour la fabrication d'agromatériaux par thermopressage et comme (iii) un ingrédient dans des formulations de pain de blé entier a été examinée.

La croissance démographique, la consommation incontrôlée des ressources naturelles ainsi que l’activité industrielle jouent un rôle déterminant dans la dégradation de l'environnement mondial. A ce sujet et en se basant sur le concept que les consommateurs partagent la responsabilité de la pollution et de l'épuisement des ressources et leur coût, la mise en oeuvre des ressources renouvelables dans les processus industriels apparait comme une clé décisive. La renouvelabilité, la recyclabilité, la durabilité, la biodégradabilité sont les concepts de base sur lesquels nous pouvons compter pour protéger la nature et l’environnement. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle approche de la bioraffinage a été développée dans cette thèse, elle a été appliquée à cinq espèces appartenant à 3 familles différentes (Foeniculum vulagre, Cuminum cyminum and Carum carvi (Apiaceae), Salvia hispania (Lamiaceae) et Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae)). Ces espèces partagent une caractéristique commune, elles peuvent être définies comme Aroma Tincto Oleo Crops (ATOC) puisqu’elles sont une source d'huile végétale et d'huile essentielle (ou de colorant). Notre objectif est donc de déterminer la faisabilité biologique et technologique de l'application du concept ATOC-bioraffinage basé sur le développement, l'optimisation et la production de nouveaux produits biologiques, des nouvelles molécules biosourcées et d'autres technologies innovantes. Notre étude met l'accent sur l'évaluation de divers paramètres influençant le rendement et la qualité de l’huile dans les graines d'ATOC, y compris leurs origines géographiques et le procédé d'extraction, et leur impact sur l'activité biologique des extraits de résidus. La valorisation des huiles pour des applications dans l’industrie cosmétique a été realisée en les utilisant comme (i) additifs dans des formulations de crème hydratante. De plus, l’utilité du tourteau d'extraction comme (ii) substrat pour la fabrication d'agromatériaux par thermopressage et comme (iii) un ingrédient dans des formulations de pain de blé entier a été examinée. / In an age where the risk of environmental degradation have become more apparent due to a combination of several factors including the sheer rise of world population, consumption, industrial activity, etc. With regard to this and since the concept that consumers share responsibility for pollution and resources depletion and their cost has been increasingly believed, the implementation of renewable resources in industrial processes could be a decisive key. Renewability, recyclability, sustainability, biodegradability are the basic concepts on which we can rely to make a difference in the environment today and tomorrow. In this context, a new biorefinery approach was developed in this thesis and applied to five plant species belonging to 3 different plant families (Foeniculum vulagre, Cuminum cyminum and Carum carvi (Apiaceae family), Salvia hispania (Lamiaceae family) and Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae family). These species share a common characteristic, they can be defined as Aroma Tincto Oleo Crops (ATOC) as they are a source of both vegetable oil and essential oil or color. Our aim is thus to determine the biological and technological feasibility of application of ATOC-biorefinery concept based on the development, optimization and production of new bio-based products and other innovative technologies. Our study focus on the evaluation of major various parameters influencing oil’s yield and quality in ATOC seeds including their geographic origins and extraction process, and their impact on biological activity of residues extracts. The feasability of valorization of oils as (i) additive in cosmetic formulas, and of extraction cake as (ii) substrate for agromaterial manufacturing by thermopressing or as (iii) ingredient in whole wheat bread formulations were also stated.

Étude phytochimique et activité cytotoxique des métabolites secondaires de Ferula elaeochytris Korovin et Ferula lycia Boiss. (Apiacées) Les plantes du genre Ferula (Apiacées) sont des herbacées vivaces répandues dans l'Asie centrale, la région méditerranéenne et l'Afrique du Nord. Des études récentes ont montré l'intérêt de certains composés isolés des espèces de ce genre comme agents chimiopréventifs ainsi que pour surmonter la résistance aux anticancéreux. Dans ce cadre deux plantes du genre Ferula récoltées dans deux régions différentes de la Turquie ont été choisies pour ce travail : Ferula elaeochytris Korovin et Ferula lycia Boiss. Vingt esters sesquiterpéniques dont sept structures nouvelles, deux acides phénoliques et un saponoside ont été isolés. Toutes ces stuctures ont été établies par méthodes spectrales (SM et RMN). Sur le plan pharmacologique, toutes les molécules isolées ont été testées pour leurs activités cytotoxiques vis-à-vis des lignées cellulaires leucémiques résistantes aux inhibiteurs de tyrosine kinase : K562R (imatinib-résistantes) et DA1-3b/M2 (imatinib et dasatinib-résistantes). L'élaeochytrine A (6-anthraniloyljaeschkeanadiol), s'est révélée être le composé le plus actif et le plus sélectif vis-à-vis des cellules tumorales avec des CI50 de l'ordre de 10 :M.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:27:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1172_1.pdf: 2079949 bytes, checksum: 939b3a302bb35eb64c2f54f2b04e5768 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Foeniculum vulgare Mill, família Umbelliferae/Apiaceae, é uma erva aromática bienal, de folhas invaginantes verde-amareladas e com flores amarelas que se reúnem em umbelas. Conhecida pelo nome de funcho, falso anis e erva-doce-brasileira, é nativo na Europa mediterrânea, norte da África e Ásia ocidental, sendo amplamente cultivada em todo o Brasil. Seu uso é difundido na medicina tradicional de muitos países para o tratamento de várias doenças como: desordens digestivas e problemas menstruais, sendo também empregada como: analgésico, diurético, expectorante, lactígeno, antiinflamatório e antiespasmódico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade aguda, atividade farmacológica (antinociceptiva em roedores), realizar um estudo fitoquímico, bem como identificar a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos da semente de Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Os ensaios de toxicidade aguda foram realizados por via oral e intraperitoneal, com observações das respectivas alterações comportamentais para cada dose administrada. Os resultados demonstraram pela via intraperitoneal efeitos estimulantes e depressores; e via oral demonstraram baixas reações comportamentais. Os resultados indicaram que a DL50 de Foeniculum vulgare Mill foi 3g/kg via intraperitoneal. Para a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana, in vitro, usou-se o método de difusão em disco de papel. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os extratos testados foram ativos apenas frente à bactérias Gram-positivas, não inibindo bactérias Gram-negativas e levedura, apresentando melhores resultados o extrato acetato de etila. O estudo fitoquímico foi realizado em cromatografia de camada delgada e identificou a maioria dos compostos secundários presentes na fração metanólica, foram observados: triterpenos, glicosídeos de flavanóides, terpenos menores (monoterpenóides, sesquiterpenóide e diterpenóides) e açucares redutores. Para a atividade antinociceptiva utilizou-se o modelo de contorções abdominais induzida pelo ácido acético e os resultados demonstraram que apenas a dosagem de 298 mg/Kg comparado ao padrão conseguiu uma redução significativa no número de contorções. O extrato etanólico das sementes de Foeniculum vulgare Mill não indicou evidências da toxicidade oral, porém apresentou moderada toxicidade intraperitoneal. Estudos posteriores devem ser realizados para a identificação e isolamento de alguns compostos secundários, bem como a realização de outros protocolos de analgesia e atividade antimicrobiana

The incidence of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases is increasing at a worrisome rate globally. Diabetes mellitus is known to occur due to high blood glucose levels, caused by defects in insulin levels. Adult on-set type II diabetes, which is closely associated with obesity, is reported to be 90-95% of all diabetic cases and linked to diet and lifestyle factors. A large population of the developed and developing countries is now being effected by this epidemic. Natural sources of phenolic antioxidants and inhibitors of digestive enzymes from food sources have potential for low cost dietary management of type II diabetes. Therefore, the main focus of this study was to evaluate, develop and design effective dietary strategies based on a combination of Chilean potatoes and herb synergies for the management of hyperglycemia and hypertension linked to type II diabetes. Antioxidant, antihypertensive and anti-hyperglycemic potentials of Chilean potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum L.), herbs from the Apiaceae (Dill, Ajowan, Fennel, Caraway, Coriander and Anise) and Lamiaceae (Sage and Marjoram) families were evaluated, with a goal to target a new dietary management strategy for early stages of type II diabetes through lowering of hyperglycemia and related complications of hypertension The results indicated a high correlation between total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity in several Chilean potato varieties evaluated, which indicates that certain phenolic compounds may be responsible for high antioxidant activity. Also, certain varieties of Chilean potato had antihypertensive potentials, with ACE inhibition upto 88%. The -glucosidase inhibition relevant for hyperglycemia management for Apiaceae family ranged upto 50% (Dill) for aqueous extracts. A high correlation (r = 0.86) was observed between -glucosidase inhibition and total phenolic content for aqueous extracts of all species investigated in the Apiaceae family. A high rosmarinic acid activity was observed in aqueous extracts of Lamiaceae family, which ranged upto 39.7 mg/g of sample dry weight (DW). This suggests that high phenolic content and associated antioxidant activity found in sage and marjoram is dominated by rosmarinic acid. High enzyme inhibitory activities, reflecting in vitro anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypertensive potentials indicates that consumption of these food sources in our diet would prove to be beneficial towards our health. Further in vivo studies for type II diabetes-linked functionalities of these natural sources of antioxidants and inhibitors would confirm the human health benefits achieved through dietary intake.

La presente tesis se centra en el estudio de la taxonomía y sistemática del género Daucus, combinando para ello datos morfológicos y moleculares. Los análisis moleculares recientes han puesto de manifiesto que el linaje del género Daucus es polifilético. Dicho linaje incluye, además, a Athamanta della-cellae, Cryptotaenia elegans, Melanoselinum decipiens, Monizia edulis, Pachyctenium mirabile, Rouya polygama y las especies de los géneros Agrocharis, Pseudorlaya y Tornabenea. Por eso, en la medida de lo posible, también han sido incluidos en el presente estudio todos los citados táxones, así como otros considerados como grupo externo, representando las subtribus Daucinae, Ferulinae, Scandicinae y Torilidinae —v. gr.: Caucalis platycarpos, Cuminum cyminum, Ferula loscosii, Orlaya daucoides, Scandix pecten-veneris, Turgenia latifolia, etc. Dada la aparente marcada variabilidad morfológica asociada a los diferentes géneros, en primer lugar se realiza un estudio morfológico descriptivo lo más exhaustivo posible —sin preseleccionar caracteres concretos—. Así, se expone cuantiosa información sobre forma de vida, hojas, flores, androceo, polen, características externas e internas de los mericarpos, estilos y gloquidios. A partir de este estudio se pueden definir aproximadamente 80 caracteres que presentan utilidad variable a distintas escalas taxonómicas. La información descriptiva se recopila, en la medida de lo posible, en forma de tablas que permiten la comparación entre táxones. Además, se ofrecen diversas claves dicotómicas de identificación centradas en diferentes aspectos morfológicos estudiados. Con los conocimientos adquiridos tras el estudio morfológico exhaustivo, se seleccionan cuidadosamente ejemplares representativos de todos los táxones posibles y, a partir de ese material, se realiza el estudio molecular. Por un lado, se secuencia la región nuclear ITS, base de las filogenias moleculares publicadas por otros autores, con el fin de comprobar los resultados de dichas filogenias previas, pero añadiendo secuencias de táxones no considerados anteriormente; se obtiene así la inferencia filogenética basada en ITS más completa hasta la fecha. Adicionalmente se secuencian las regiones plastidiales rps16 intron y trnQrps16 que no se habían utilizado previamente en estudios focalizados en el género Daucus. En general, se confirman los resultados de filogenias previamente publicadas. Daucus resulta ser un género polifilético. Los táxones pertenecientes a otros géneros presentan, con frecuencia, mayor afinidad con la especie tipo —Daucus carota— que muchas de las especies tradicionalmente adscritas al propio género Daucus. Se resuelven errores de identificación existentes en filogenias publicadas previamente, sobre todo los relacionados con el complejo de Daucus guttatus, y que habían contribuido a aumentar la confusión en torno a dicho complejo. Aunque algunos clados no quedan resueltos satisfactoriamente, se realiza una propuesta de reconstrucción filogenética aunando las evidencias obtenidas con las tres regiones, junto con resultados publicados por otros autores. Para obtener una inferencia filogenética más precisa y resolutiva, se combinan las evidencias morfológicas y moleculares. Para ello, se evalúa el grado de congruencia de cada carácter morfológico con respecto a la inferencia filogenética predictiva propuesta. Del mismo modo se evalúan los números cromosomáticos —obtenidos tras la revisión bibliográfica—, así como las áreas de distribución inferidas a partir del numeroso material examinado durante el estudio morfológico. Mediante la combinación de caracteres moleculares y no moleculares se realiza una propuesta taxonómica integrada en la que se reconocen en el linaje «Daucus sensu latissimo» 12 géneros monofiléticos: Agrocharis, Cryptodaucus, Cyrenaica, Daucus, Melanoselinum, Neodurieua, Pachyctenium, Platyspermum, Pomelia, Pseudorlaya, Rhododaucus y Rouya. De entre ellos, 4 se proponen como géneros nuevos: Cryptodaucus, Cyrenaica, Neodurieua y Rhododaucus. Además, se recuperan los géneros Platyspermum y Pomelia, reconocidos como secciones de Daucus o como géneros independientes por autores previos. En total, son necesarias 17 nuevas combinaciones en el rango específico para acomodar los táxones estudiados en su nueva ubicación genérica. El género Daucus sensu stricto queda circunscrito de manera más restrictiva, incluyendo 6 especies, 5 de ellas tradicionalmente adscritas a Daucus sección Daucus y Pseudorlaya biseriata. Finalmente, según la nueva propuesta taxonómica, se aporta una clave dicotómica de identificación de todas las especies y se expone, para cada género, su caracterización morfológica diagnóstica y, para cada especie, la distribución general detallada, una selección de material estudiado y material gráfico representativo adicional.

<p>Ispitani su hemijski sastav i biolo&scaron;ka aktivnost &scaron;est samoniklih vrsta iz tribusa Scandiceae<br />(familija Apiaceae): Anthriscus sylvestris, Anthriscus cerefolium, Chaerophyllum bulbosum,<br />Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Chaerophyllum temulentum i Scandix pecten-veneris. LC-MS-MS<br />analizom ekstrakata identifikovano je vi&scaron;e desetina sekundarnih biomolekula iz klasa flavonoida,<br />fenilpropenskih kiselina, lignana i kumarina. GC-MS analiza pružila je uvid u sastav volatilnih<br />komponenti i njihov hemosistematski značaj. Potvrđeno je da sve ispitivane vrste imaju umereno<br />antioksidantno, antiinflamatorno i antiproliferativno dejstvo.</p> / <p> Chemical composition and biological activity of six wild-growing species from<br /> Scandiceae tribe (Apiaceae family) &ndash; Anthriscus sylvestris, Anthriscus cerefolium, Chaerophyllum<br /> bulbosum, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Chaerophyllum temulentum and Scandix pecten-veneris &ndash; was<br /> examined. By LC-MS-MS analysis, a large number of secondary biomolecules was identified in<br /> extracts, including flavonoids, phenylpropenic acids, lignans and coumarins. GC-MS analysis<br /> provided insight into volatile components composition and chemosystematic significance. All<br /> investigated species exhibited moderate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative<br /> activity.</p>

Aciphylla species (wild spaniard/speargrass) are an iconic component of the Australasian high country flora, but their reproductive system is enigmatic. They are insect-pollinated dioecious mast seeders (synchronous highly variable seed production), which seems maladaptive. The resource supply to pollinators is highly variable, yet dioecious plants are dependent on pollinators, and dioecious masting requires male and female plants to flower synchronously. Floral display in Aciphylla is relatively large, with tall inflorescences bearing thousands of flowers, suggesting that plants would not have the resources to produce such large stalks every year. But why do they have such huge inflorescences in the first place? I tested whether pollinator attraction is providing an economy of scale which favours intermittent production of very large inflorescences, by manipulating floral display size during a high-flowering year and measuring insect visitation rates and seed set (female reproductive success). Using space-for-time substitution and selective removal of male inflorescences, I also tested whether female seed set was affected by distance to flowering male plants (i.e. changes in local pollen availability) to see if flowering asynchrony would reduce pollination success. Bags were used to exclude pollination by insects and test for wind pollination, and hand pollination was done to test for pollen limitation. Insect surveys suggest that Aciphylla has a generalist pollination system (to avoid satiating a specialist pollinator during 'mast' years'). Male inflorescences received significantly more visits than females, and some seeds were set inside bags (although only 20-30%), suggesting wind pollination may occur at low levels. Seed set rate was higher for taller inflorescences with greater flowering length in A. aurea but tall inflorescences with excess flowers led to a decrease in seed set rates in A. scott-thomsonii. Hand pollination significantly increased seed set rates although these effects were not as large as expected (e.g. 10% increases from natural to hand-pollinated inflorescences were typical). There was no evidence for resource limitation in any species. Female plants in dense flowering populations had higher seed set rates, and individual floral display size in females was particularly important when females were 'isolated' from males. Insect visitation rates were generally higher on inflorescences with a larger floral display, suggesting that display size is important for pollinator attraction. Overall, these results suggest that the pollinator-attraction benefits of such a large floral display (at both the plant and population level) are possibly providing an economy of scale, although the relative effects are small.