Konstanz, FH, Diplomarb., 2003.

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (apo E) is one of the key regulatory proteins in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism. The present research focuses on the role of apo E in gastrointestinal diseases. The polymorphism of apo E has been suggested to be associated with the cholesterol content in gallstones and the crystallization rate of gallbladder bile. The possible effect of apo E polymorphism on the susceptibility to gallstone disease at the population level was examined in comparison with the classical risk factors for gallstone disease. The data suggest that the apolipoprotein E2 isoform is a genetic factor that provides protection against gallstone disease in women. The alterations in plasma lipoprotein levels and bile acid metabolism observed in patients with colorectal adenoma and carcinoma may reflect a genetic background predisposing to tumors through altered lipid metabolism. To determine, whether the polymorphism of apo E is associated with proximal or distal colonic neoplasia, the apo E phenotype was determined in 135 patients with colorectal carcinoma, and 199 randomly selected control subjects. The frequency of the ε4 allele of apo E was low in the patients with proximal adenoma and those with carcinoma, respectively, compared with the control subjects. The patients with distal tumors showed no alteration in ε4 frequency. The data suggest that the ε4 allele of apo E provides protection against the development of adenoma and carcinoma of the proximal colon. The association of apo E polymorphism with tumors is not a generalized phenomenon as is shown by the lack of association with breast or prostate cancers. To further study the mechanisms by which apo E might affect colon cancer, the expression of apo E in human intestine and the localization of apo E in normal and malignant gastrointestinal tract was studied using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Both immunoreactive apo E protein and apo E mRNA were present throughout the stomach, small intestine and colon. The phagocytes of lamina propria were positive for apo E, but the number of positive cells and the staining intensity varied according to localization. Macrophages in the superficial lamina propria of normal colon were more strongly positive for apo E than those in the small intestine, where the most positively stained cells were dendritic cells and macrophages in the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles. In samples from colorectal carcinomas intensely positive macrophages surrounded the tumor area, suggesting that apo E might play a role in the proliferation of malignant cells. Apo E binds with very high affinity to heparin and proteoglycans and inhibits the proliferation of several cell types, but the antiproliferative mechanism of apo E is still largely unknown. The effects of apo E at the cellular levels were studied in cell culture experiments. The effect of recombinant human apo E3 on cell polarity and the distribution of β-catenin were examined in undifferentiated (G+) and differentiated (G+ reversed) HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. In cultured undifferentiated HT29 cells, treatment with apo E improved cell polarity and translocated β-catenin from the cytoplasm to cell-cell adhesion sites. Apo E may thus modulate epithelial integrity and contribute to cell growth and malignant transformation.

Theranostics is connecting two medical branches, diagnostic and therapy. It enables transport of drugs and diagnostic imaging in one step. Nanoparticles, nanotubes, lipozomes or apoferritin can be used as platform for targeted transport. Apoferritin (APO) is a protein from ferritin family, which is characterized by an empty cavity. Is possible encapsulate some cargo (e.g., drug) into this cavity. Encapsulation is done by pH change. There is a possibility to modify APO surface. It causes targeted transport to for example cancer cells. In this study, process of preparation of targeted nanotransporter based on APO is described; next, its characterization by in vitro experiments is shown. The prepared targeted nanotransporter delivered drug to cancer cells and in the same time was decreased toxicity on surrounding tissue and organs.

Die Akutfolgen ionisierender Strahlung wurden in zahlreichen Studien gut untersucht, ein Zusammenhang zwischen Hochdosisbestrahlung und deterministischen Spätschäden wurde vielfach belegt. Über die Langzeitfolgen niedrig dosierter ionisierender Strahlung hingegen ist bislang weniger bekannt, obwohl epidemiologische Studien auf ein erhöhtes Risiko strahlenassoziierter Spätfolgen hinweisen, sogar bei sehr geringen Dosen. Ionisierende Strahlung bedingt dosis- und zeitabhängigen Veränderungen in zahlreichen Geweben. Mittlere bis hohe Strahlendosen führen unter anderem zur strahleninduzierten koronaren Herzkrankheit mit ihren vielfältigen Folgeerkrankungen. Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit den inflammatorischen, thrombotischen und fibrotischen Spätfolgen des murinen ApoE-/- -Herzens 3 bzw. 6 Monate nach Niedrig-Dosis-Bestrahlung. Dazu wurde die Expression ausgewählter Markerproteine an gefroren Herzschnitten und Plasmaproben mittels Immunfluoreszenzanalyse bzw. ELISA quantifiziert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass bereits sehr niedrige Bestrahlungsdosen (0,025 – 0,5 Gy) zu kompensatorischen Langzeiteffekten wie beispielsweise einer erhöhte Kapillardichte und Änderungen von Kollagen-IV und Thy-1-Expression führen. Dabei finden sich sowohl pro- als auch antiinflammatorische Effekte. Aus den Erkenntnissen multipler inflammatorischer und thrombotischer Veränderungen nach Niedrigdosisbestrahlung ließen sich möglicherweise wichtige Rationalen der anti-inflammatorischen Strahlentherapie ableiten. Darüber hinaus könnte anhand systemischer Plasmamarker die individuelle Evaluation strahlenassoziierter Spätfolgen und Einleitung adäquater Interventionsstrategien ermöglicht werden. Ob die hier gezeigten Effekte nur in Patienten mit besonderem Risikoprofil, wie erhöhten Cholesterin-Spiegeln, oder auch metabolisch gesunden relevant sind, bleibt weiteren Untersuchungen vorbehalten.

A hemoglobina extracelular de Glossoscolex paulistus tem uma massa molecular de 3,6 MDa, determinada por ultracentrifugação analítica. Esta proteína possui uma estrutura oligomérica composta por 144 cadeias globínicas e 36 cadeias sem o grupo heme, denominadas linkers. A HbGp é caracterizada por apresentar uma alta resistência a auto-oxidação e uma alta estabilidade oligomérica quando submetida a condições de estresse, tais como, variações de temperatura, pH e adição de agentes químicos (ureia, GuHCl e surfactantes). A primeira parte dos resultados desse trabalho descreve a estabilidade oligomérica da oxi-HbGp na presença de ureia, no pH 7,0 monitorada pela sonda de fluorescência fluoresceína isotiocianato (FITC). Este estudo foi desenvolvido através do uso de várias técnicas espectroscópicas tais como: absorção óptica no UV-VIS, emissão de fluorescência estática e resolvida no tempo, anisotropia estática e decaimento de anisotropia. Os tempos de vida de emissão de fluorescência dos triptofanos e da sonda FITC foram obtidos. Os decaimentos dos triptofanos são multi-exponenciais com quatro tempos de vida, onde dois estão na faixa de picosegundos e dois na faixa de nanosegundos. Os decaimentos de emissão dos triptofanos da oxi-HbGp pura e da oxi-HbGp modificada com FITC são bastante similares. Na ausência do desnaturante e na presença de até 2,5 mol/L de ureia os tempos curtos são predominantes. Em 3,5 e 6,0 mol/L de ureia as contribuições dos tempos longos aumentam significativamente. O processo de desenovelamento da oxi-HbGp induzido pela ureia é caracterizado pela dissociação oligomérica da proteína e desnaturação das subunidades dissociadas. Os decaimentos de emissão da sonda para o sistema FITC-HbGp são também multi-exponenciais com três tempos de vida, onde um dos tempos, na faixa de nanosegundos, é semelhante ao da sonda livre em tampão de 3,9 ns. Com o aumento da concentração de ureia, as contribuições dos tempos longos aumentam implicando a remoção da supressão observada para a emissão da sonda no sistema HbGp-FITC. Por outro lado, os decaimentos de anisotropia são caracterizados por dois tempos de correlação rotacional, associados, respectivamente, ao movimento residual da sonda em relação à proteína. Na segunda parte desse trabalho a forma apo-HbGp, ou seja, a oxi-HbGp sem os grupos hemes foi estudada através de um conjunto de técnicas: eletroforese, ultracentrifugação analítica (AUC), espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS), absorção óptica no UV-Vis, dicroísmo circular (CD), fluorescência estática e resolvida no tempo, na ausência e na presença da sonda 1-Anilino-8-naftaleno-sulfonato (1,8-ANS). Além disso, a concentração da apo-HbGp foi determinada pelo método do ácido bicinconínico (BCA). A partir dessa concentração o coeficiente de extinção molar foi calculado utilizando a lei de Beer-Lambert. Os dados de AUC mostraram duas espécies em solução, correspondendo ao monômero d e trímero abc, com coeficientes de sedimentação em torno de 2,0 e 3,5 S, respectivamente. Pelos dados de DLS percebe-se que a forma apo-HbGp monitorada por longos períodos de tempo é muito instável quando comparada à oxi-HbGp. No estudo de fluorescência resolvida no tempo da apo-HbGp foi observado à predominância de tempos longos, uma vez que os grupos hemes que promovem a supressão da emissão de fluorescência dos triptofanos foram removidos. Três tempos de vida são observados sendo dois longos na faixa de nano-segundos e um na faixa de sub-nano-segundos. / The extracellular hemogobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) has a molecular mass of 3.6 MDa, determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. This protein has an oligomeric structure composed by 144 globin chains, and 36 additional chains lacking the heme group, named linkers. This class of proteins has a high resistance to oxidation and high oligomeric stability when subjected to stressful conditions such as temperature variation, pH and addition of chemical agents (urea, GuHCl, and surfactants). The first part of the results of this work describes the oxy-HbGp oligomeric stability, in the presence of urea, at pH 7.0, monitored by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorescence probe. This study was developed through the use of several spectroscopic techniques, such as, UV-VIS optical absorption, static and time-resolved fluorescence (time-correlated single photon counting TCSPC), static anisotropy and time-resolved anisotropy decay. Fluorescence lifetimes were monitored for both tryptophans and FITC and the corresponding emission decays were obtained. Tryptophan decays are multi-exponential with four characteristic lifetimes: two in the picosecond and two in the nanosecond time ranges. The tryptophan emission decays for pure HbGp and HbGp-FITC systems are quite similar. In the absence of denaturant, and up to 2.5 mol/L of urea, the shorter lifetimes predominate in the decay. At 3.5 and 6.0 mol/L of urea, the longer lifetimes increase significantly their contribution. Urea-induced unfolding process is characterized by protein oligomeric dissociation and denaturation of dissociated subunits. FITC emission decays for FITC-HbGp system are also multi-exponential with three lifetimes: two in the sub-nanosecond and one in the nanosecond range with a value quite similar to the free probe in buffer of 3.9 ns. Increase of urea concentration leads to increase of the longer lifetime contribution, implying the removal of the quenching of the probe emission observed for the native HbGp-FITC system. On the other hand, anisotropy decays are characterized by two rotational correlation times associated to the bound probe, and are due to some residual motion of the probe relative to the protein. In the second part of this work the apo-HbGp (oxy-HbGp without heme groups) was studied through a set of techniques: Sodium dodecyl sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), UV-VIS optical absorption, Circular Dichroism (CD), static and time-resolved fluorescence, in the absence and in the presence of 8-anilino-1-naphtalene-sulfonic acid (ANS) probe. Moreover, the apo-HbGp concentration was determined by Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) method. Based on these protein concentration results, it was possible to determine spectrophotometrically the apo-HbGp molar extinction coefficient employing the Lambert-Beer law. AUC results showed two species in solution, corresponding to the monomeric and trimeric species, with sedimentation coefficients around 2.0 and 3.5 S, respectively. The DLS data showed that the apo-HbGp form is very unstable when monitored for long times as compared to the HbGp oxy-form. In the time-resolved fluorescence study of apo-HbGp the predominance of long lifetimes was observed. This occurs because the heme groups that promote the tryptophan quenching of fluorescence in the native HbGp were removed. Three lifetimes are observed, two long in the nanosecond and one in the sub-nanosecond time ranges.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) concentrations are a significant risk factor for the development of a number of vascular diseases including coronary heart disease and stroke. Lp(a) consists of a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like moiety and an unique glycoprotein, apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)), that is covalently attached to the apolipoproteinB-100 (apoB-100) component of LDL by a single disulfide bond. Many studies have suggested a role for Lp(a) in the process of endothelial dysfunction. Indeed, Lp(a) has been shown to increase both the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells (EC), as well as monocyte and leukocyte chemotactic activity in these cells. We have previously demonstrated that Lp(a), through its apo(a) moiety, increases actomyosin-driven EC contraction which, as a consequence, increases EC permeability. In this thesis, we have demonstrated a role for the strong lysine-binding site in the kringle IV type 10 domain of apo(a) in increasing EC permeability, which occurs through a Rho/Rho kinase-dependent pathway. We have further validated these findings using mouse mesenteric arteries in a pressure myograph system. We also have dissected another major signaling pathway initiated by apo(a) that involves in a disruption of adherens junctions in EC. In this pathway, apo(a)/Lp(a) activates the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β-dependent pathway to facilitate nuclear translocation of beta-catenin. In the nucleus beta-catenin induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from the EC. Finally, we have presented data to suggest a novel inflammatory role for apo(a) in which it induces the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB through promotion of the dissociation of IkappaB from the inactive cytoplasmic complex; this allows the nuclear translocation of NFkappaB with attendant effects on the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Taken together, our findings may facilitate the development of new drug targets for mitigating the harmful effects of Lp(a) on vascular EC which corresponds to an early step in the process of atherogenesis. / Thesis (Ph.D, Biochemistry) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-22 19:24:04.594

No description available.

Les études épidémiologiques ont montré qu'une consommation régulière en tomate et ses produits dérivés de tomate permet de lutter contre diverses pathologies dégénératives associées notamment au stress oxydant (maladies cardiovasculaires, cancers etc..). Les effets bénéfiques pourraient être dus au lycopène pigment rouge de la tomate et/ou à ses métabolites qui interviendraient dans ce processus soit de part leurs capacités antioxydantes, soit au travers de la régulation de l’expression de gènes. Dans ce contexte, quatre familles de molécules dérivées du lycopène, pouvant être des métabolites potentiels, ont été ciblées pour la synthèse organique : les apo-11-lycopénoïdes, les apo- 14’-lycopénoïdes, les apo-12’-lycopénoïdes et les apo-10’-lycopénoïdes. Chacune des familles a été synthétisée, via des réactions de couplages tels que Wittig et Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons, avec quatre fonctions chimiques terminales : ester, acide carboxylique, alcool et aldéhyde. Par la suite deux types de propriétés physico-chimiques des composés synthétisés ont été étudiés : mesure du pouvoir antioxydant dans des conditions expérimentales mimant un stress oxydant dans le compartiment gastro-intestinal (inhibition de la peroxydation lipidique initiée par la metmyoglobine en milieu micellaire) et une étude d’interaction avec l'albumine de sérum humain, protéine impliquée dans le transport des acides gras dans le plasma. / Epidemiological studies have shown that regular consumption of tomatoes and its derived products participate to the prevention of degenerative pathologies associated with oxidative stress (cardiovascular disease, cancers). The beneficial effects could come from lycopene and/or its metabolites. In this context four families of lycopene derived compounds, mimicking possible metabolites, were targeted to be synthesized: the apo-11- lycopenoids, the apo-14’- lycopenoids, the apo-12’- lycopenoids and the apo-10’-lycopenoids. For each family, Wittig and Horner- Wadsworth-Emmons coupling reaction were used and four different ending functions were obtained: ester, carboxylic acid, alcohol and aldehyde. Then two physico-chemical properties were studied: antioxidant effect mimicking oxidative stress in the gastro-intestinal tract (inhibition of lipidic peroxidation initiated by metmyoglobin protein in micellar medium) and study of the interaction with human serum albumin, a protein involved in the transport of fatty acid in the plasma.

Alterações cardiovasculares e hiperlipidemias são comuns em cães obesos. As apolipoproteínas (Apos) constituem um componente importante do perfil lipídico e, pelo menos em humanos, auxiliam na determinação do risco de aterosclerose, doenças vasculares e cardíacas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar a ocorrência de alterações cardiovasculares com fatores associados à aterosclerose, verificando também a influência da perda de peso sobre tais fatores e os parâmetros cardíacos e pressóricos. Vinte cadelas castradas, sendo 9 com ECC 4-5 (grupo controle) e 11 com ECC 8-9 (grupo obesidade) participaram desta pesquisa. Em relação ao grupo controle, o grupo obesidade apresentou o aumento da: massa gorda (em Kg e %), contagem de leucócitos, pressão arterial (PA) sistólica, concentração de triglicérides e VLDL, além da maior observação de cistites e de sinais de hipertrofia ventricular. Estes parâmetros se aproximaram da situação controle, após o emagrecimento, exceto pela ocorrência de cistites. Comparando-se os valores médios, os grupos controle e obesidade não diferiram nas avaliações eletrocardiográfica e ecocardiográfica e, tão pouco, nas concentrações de Apo A-I e B. Os resultados indicam que a redução da gordura corporal traz benefícios, devido à diminuição da concentração de colesterol (total, LDL e VLDL) e triglicérides, além da melhora nos parâmetros da avaliação cardiovascular. Além disso, a determinação das Apo A-I e Apo B podem auxiliar na avaliação do perfil lipídico, mas não apresentaram relação com as alterações cardiovasculares observadas nas cadelas obesas. / Cardiovascular alterations and hyperlipidemia are common in obese dogs. In humans, apolipoproteins (Apos) are part of lipid profile and are used to determine the atherosclerosis, vascular and cardiac diseases risks. Therefore, the objective of this study was to relate the cardiovascular changes with atherosclerotic factors, also verifying the weight loss influence on such factors and cardiac and pressure parameters. Twenty neutered dogs female, 9 with ECC 4-5 (control group) and 11 with ECC 8-9 (obesity group) participated of this study. In relation to control group, the obesity group presented the increase of: fat mass (in kg and %), leukocyte counts, systolic blood pressure (BP), triglyceride and VLDL concentrations, as well as the higher number of females with cystitis and ventricular hypertrophy signs. These parameters returned the control situation after weight loss, except the cases of cystitis. Comparing the mean values, the control and obesity groups did not differ in the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluations and in Apo A-I and B concentrations. The results indicate that the reduction of body fat has benefits, due to cholesterol (total, LDL and VLDL) and triglycerides decrease and improvement of cardiovascular evaluation. In addition, Apo A-I and Apo B determination may assist in lipid profile assessing, but were not related to cardiovascular changes observed in obese female dogs.