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Showing 1 to 6 of 6 (0.067 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"apoptosisinducing factor"" "subject:"apoptosis.during factor""
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SUBSTRATE AND REGULATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL μ-CALPAINJoshi, Aashish 01 January 2009 (has links)
μ -Calpain is localized to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Apoptosisinducing factor (AIF), which executes caspase-independent cell death, is also localized to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following processing at the N-terminus, AIF becomes truncated (tAIF) and is released from mitochondria. The protease responsible for AIF processing has not been established. The same submitochondrial localization of mitochondrial μ-calpain and AIF gives support to the hypothesis that mitochondrial μ-calpain may be responsible for processing AIF. Atractyloside-induced tAIF release in rat liver mitochondria was inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitor MDL28170, but not by calpain inhibitors PD150606 or calpastatin. Moreover, μ-calpain immunoreactivity was difficult to detect in rat liver mitochondria. In a mitochondrial fraction from SH-SY5Y cells, incubation with 5 mM Ca2+ resulted in the activation of mitochondrial μ-calpain but not in AIF truncation. Finally, in hippocampal neurons calpain activation did not induce AIF processing or nuclear translocation and AIF translocation to nucleus was calpain independent. The localization of μ-calpain to the mitochondrial intermembrane space is suggestive of its possible involvement in AIF processing, but direct experimental evidence supporting such a role has been elusive.
We observed that mitochondrial μ-calpain required high Ca2+ for activation. We examined the hypothesis that the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, may be present in the neuronal mitochondria. Calpastatin was detected in the mitochondriaenriched fraction obtained from rat cerebral cortex and SH-SY5Y cells. The mitochondrial calpastatin was resistant to proteinase K digestion, indicating localization internal to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Submitochondrial fractionation revealed that the calpastatin was localized to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and mitoplasts (inner mitochondrial membrane and matrix) but not to the mitochondrial outer membrane fraction. Mitochondrial calpastatin was not detected when mitoplasts were incubated with proteinase K, suggesting that calpastatin is not present in the matrix. The N-terminus of XL domain of calpastatin, when fused to GFP and transfected to SH-SY5Y cells showed mitochondrial localization and thus confirmed the presence of a mitochondrial targeting sequence in calpastatin. Together, these results demonstrate the presence of calpastatin in the neuronal mitochondrial intermembrane space, the same
submitochondrial compartment as mitochondrial μ-calpain. This finding explains the high Ca2+ requirements for mitochondrial μ-calpain activation.
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Einfluss von (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallat auf den Lungenschaden im Rahmen des kardiopulmonalen Bypasses mittels Herz-Lungen-Maschine in einem SchweinemodellKasper, Bernhard 17 November 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Background: Lung dysfunction constitutes a severe complication after major cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), substantially contributing to postoperative morbidity and mortality. The current possibilities of preventive and therapeutic interventions, however, remain insufficient. We, therefore, investigated the effects of intraoperative application of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on CPB-associated lung injury.
Materials and methods: Thirty piglets (8 - 15 kg) were divided into four groups: sham-operated and saline-treated control group (n = 7); sham-operated and EGCG-treated control group (EGCG-control group; n = 7); CPB group (n = 10); and CPB + EGCG group (n = 6). The CPB groups underwent 120 min of CPB followed by 90 min of recovery time. In the CPB + EGCG group, EGCG (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intravenously before and after CPB. Hemodynamic monitoring, blood gas analysis, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry of lung tissue were performed.
Results: Histologic examination revealed thickening of the alveolar wall and enhanced alveolar neutrophil infiltration in the CPB group (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control group, which was prevented by EGCG (P < 0.05). In the CPB group, higher formation of poly(ADP-ribose) and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor were detected in comparison with those in the control group (P < 0.001), which were both reduced in the CPB + EGCG group (P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, the EGCG-control group
showed thickening of the alveolar wall and increased neutrophil infiltration (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: CPB leads to lung edema, pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, and presumably initiation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent cell death signaling in the lung. EGCG appears to attenuate CPB-associated lung injury, suggesting that this may provide a novel pharmacologic approach.
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Einfluss von (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallat auf den Lungenschaden im Rahmen des kardiopulmonalen Bypasses mittels Herz-Lungen-Maschine in einem Schweinemodell: Einfluss von (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallat auf den Lungenschaden im Rahmen des kardiopulmonalen Bypasses mittels Herz-Lungen-Maschinein einem SchweinemodellKasper, Bernhard 18 October 2016 (has links)
Background: Lung dysfunction constitutes a severe complication after major cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), substantially contributing to postoperative morbidity and mortality. The current possibilities of preventive and therapeutic interventions, however, remain insufficient. We, therefore, investigated the effects of intraoperative application of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on CPB-associated lung injury.
Materials and methods: Thirty piglets (8 - 15 kg) were divided into four groups: sham-operated and saline-treated control group (n = 7); sham-operated and EGCG-treated control group (EGCG-control group; n = 7); CPB group (n = 10); and CPB + EGCG group (n = 6). The CPB groups underwent 120 min of CPB followed by 90 min of recovery time. In the CPB + EGCG group, EGCG (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intravenously before and after CPB. Hemodynamic monitoring, blood gas analysis, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry of lung tissue were performed.
Results: Histologic examination revealed thickening of the alveolar wall and enhanced alveolar neutrophil infiltration in the CPB group (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control group, which was prevented by EGCG (P < 0.05). In the CPB group, higher formation of poly(ADP-ribose) and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor were detected in comparison with those in the control group (P < 0.001), which were both reduced in the CPB + EGCG group (P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, the EGCG-control group
showed thickening of the alveolar wall and increased neutrophil infiltration (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: CPB leads to lung edema, pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, and presumably initiation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent cell death signaling in the lung. EGCG appears to attenuate CPB-associated lung injury, suggesting that this may provide a novel pharmacologic approach.
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DNA Fragmentation and Histone Hyperacetylation in the Hypoxic-Acidotic CardiomyocyteThompson, John William 24 November 2008 (has links)
Bnip3 is a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family of apoptotic proteins. Our laboratory has previously shown that Bnip3 induces a unique pathway of cardiac myocyte cell death, characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release and DNA fragmentation. Bnip3 is induced by hypoxia and the death pathway is activated by concurrent acidosis. We have shown that hypoxia-acidosis creates an environment that is permissive to calpain but not caspase activation and is characterized by enhanced DNase(s) activity as evidenced by genomic DNA fragmentation. This dissertation describes the nuclear consequences of Bnip3 activation by hypoxia-acidosis. Chapter 3 presents my evidence that hypoxia with progressive acidosis in cardiac myocytes results in a biphasic activation of DNases. In phase 1, [pH]o 6.9-6.7, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is released from the mitochondria and translocates to the nucleus. AIF release coincided with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and with the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. In Phase II, [pH]o 6.3-6.0, DNase II translocates from the cytoplasm to the nuclear compartment. Nuclear localization of DNase II was associated with the collapse of endosomal pH gradients, indicated by diffuse Lysotracker Red staining and with single strand DNA nicks. Both phases of DNase release were independent of Bnip3, the mPTP and calpains. Neither phase involved activation of caspase-dependent DNases. Chapter 4 describes a unique role for Bnip3 in the modulation of histone acetylation. I found that hypoxia with acidosis in cardiac myocytes but not hypoxia alone stimulated a global increase in the acetylation of histones H3 and H4. Acetylation was initiated at [pH]o ~ 6.8 and increased as the pH declined. Histone hyperacetylation was associated with an increase in histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity but no change in deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Knockdown of Bnip3 protein expression with siRNA dramatically reduced both histone H3 and H4 acetylation levels and HAT activity indicating an essential role for Bnip3 in this process. Components of the hypoxia-acidosis death pathway including the mPTP and calpains are not required for Bnip3-mediated histone hyperacetylation. These results reveal a novel role for Bnip3 in regulating HAT activity and histone acetylation which may lead to altered cardiac gene expression.
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Necrostatin-1 Protects Against Glutamate-Induced Glutathione Depletion and Caspase-Independent Cell Death in HT-22 CellsXu, Xingshun, Chua, Chu C., Kong, Jiming, Kostrzewa, Richard M., Kumaraguru, Udayasankar, Hamdy, Ronald C., Chua, Balvin H.L. 01 December 2007 (has links)
Glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, plays a critical role in neurological disorders such as stroke and Parkinson's disease. Recent studies have suggested that glutamate excess can result in a form of cell death called glutamate-induced oxytosis. In this study, we explore the protective effects of necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), an inhibitor of necroptosis, on glutamate-induced oxytosis. We show that Nec-1 inhibits glutamate-induced oxytosis in HT-22 cells through a mechanism that involves an increase in cellular glutathione (GSH) levels as well as a reduction in reactive oxygen species production. However, Nec-1 had no protective effect on free radical-induced cell death caused by hydrogen peroxide or menadione, which suggests that Nec-1 has no antioxidant effects. Interestingly, the protective effect of Nec-1 was still observed when cellular GSH was depleted by buthionine sulfoximine, a specific and irreversible inhibitor of glutamylcysteine synthetase. Our study further demonstrates that Nec-1 significantly blocks the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (a marker of caspase-independent programmed cell death) and inhibits the integration of Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein 3 (a pro-death member of the Bcl-2 family) into the mitochondrial membrane. Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that Nec-1 prevents glutamate-induced oxytosis in HT-22 cells through GSH related as well as apoptosis-inducing factor and Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein 3-related pathways.
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SCF cdc4 regulates msn2 and msn4 dependent gene expression to counteract hog1 induced lethalityVendrell Arasa, Alexandre 16 January 2009 (has links)
L'activació sostinguda de Hog1 porta a una inhibició del creixement cel·lular. En aquest treball, hem observat que el fenotip de letalitat causat per l'activació sostinguda de Hog1 és parcialment inhibida per la mutació del complexe SCFCDC4. La inhibició de la mort causada per l'activació sostinguda de Hog1 depèn de la via d'extensió de la vida. Quan Hog1 s'activa de manera sostinguda, la mutació al complexe SCFCDC4 fa que augmenti l'expressió gènica depenent de Msn2 i Msn4 que condueix a una sobreexpressió del gen PNC1 i a una hiperactivació de la deacetilassa Sir2. La hiperactivació de Sir2 és capaç d'inhibir la mort causada per l'activació sostinguda de Hog1. També hem observat que la mort cel·lular causada per l'activació sostinguda de Hog1 és deguda a una inducció d'apoptosi. L'apoptosi induïda per Hog1 és inhibida per la mutació al complexe SCFCDC4. Per tant, la via d'extensió de la vida és capaç de prevenir l'apoptosi a través d'un mecanisme desconegut. / Sustained Hog1 activation leads to an inhibition of cell growth. In this work, we have observed that the lethal phenotype caused by sustained Hog1 activation is prevented by SCFCDC4 mutants. The prevention of Hog1-induced cell death by SCFCDC4 mutation depends on the lifespan extension pathway. Upon sustained Hog1 activation, SCFCDC4 mutation increases Msn2 and Msn4 dependent gene expression that leads to a PNC1 overexpression and a Sir2 deacetylase hyperactivation. Then, hyperactivation of Sir2 is able to prevent cell death caused by sustained Hog1 activation. We have also observed that cell death upon sustained Hog1 activation is due to an induction of apoptosis. The apoptosis induced by Hog1 is decreased by SCFCDC4 mutation. Therefore, lifespan extension pathway is able to prevent apoptosis by an unknown mechanism.
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