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Nasionale mededingende voordeel : die Suid-Afrikaanse appelbedryfDu Toit, Carel van der Merwe 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The deregulation and the following restructuring of the South African fruit industry in 1996
had a significant influence on the decision-making environment that participants in the
industry were used to. As new exporters entered the industry many new market opportunities
arose. However at this same period in time export-earnings from the most important
traditional markets came under pressure. A drastic increase in the supply of fresh apples from
other Southern Hemisphere countries like Chile as well as a highly fragmented South African
marketing structure are believed to be the most important reasons for the decline in exportearnings.
The aim of this study is to focus on the international competitiveness of the South
African apple industry in comparison to the competitiveness of the Chilean industry, with
specific reference to the competition between the two countries on the European market for
fresh apples.
The study is introduced by a historical view as well as a glance at recent realities within the
South African as well as the Chilean apple industry. Aspects that have lead to the growth and
development regarding production as well as exports within both industries will be indicated.
Historical international trade performance of both industries is discussed as international trade
performance is a prerequisite for international competitiveness. Theoretical principles of
competitiveness and competitive advantage is given with specific focus on the most recent
theoretical viewpoints concerning competitive advantage and the reaching thereof The work
of Michael Porter (1990) is used as a starting point in order to construct a framework with
which the national competitive advantage of a specific industry, with a specific nation, can be
explained. According to Porter ( 1990) national competitive advantage can be defined as the
specific characteristics of a nation's national circumstances that enables a specific industry
within that nation to create and maintain competitive advantages.
National competitive advantage a measured according to four so-called broad determinants of
national competitive advantage, namely industry structure, strategy and competition (first
determinant), factor conditions, related and supporting industries and demand conditions as
the forth determinant. A number of more recent definitions and describing literature on
competitive advantage is used in order to expand Porter's so-called "diamond-analyses" for
specific use to analyze an industry that produces a perishable product. An important
prerequisite concerning the analyzing of competitiveness, is the presence of a relative or
comparative component. Industry specific technical literature is used in order to make
comparative descriptions within the above mentioned framework. This framework (expanded Porter-model) is used in order to compare the Chilean apple industry with the South African
industry on the basis ofthe four broad determinants of national competitive advantage. In this
way a complex description of the varied national and international industry environments
within which the two industries operate, is done.
It is very clear that international exposure on production as well as on marketing level
together with excellent natural resources is the most important contributors to the national
competitive advantage of the Chilean apple industry. The exceptional natural resources and
very good weather conditions for growing apples together with growers' exposure to
consumer demands are important contributors to the production of high quality fruit.
Marketers and exporters show valuable market-discipline and they have easy access to
relevant market information. These aspects strengthen the competitiveness of the Chilean
apple industry. If the South African apple industry want to be competitive in future, it is
absolutely essential that scarce resources such as soil and water is well-managed and
conserved. International exposure and technological innovation on production level is also
very important. Market information will have to be more easily accessible and exporters will
have to show significant market discipline. It is also important that there will not be any
uncertainties as far as property rights is concerned, as this will scare investors. It is of utmost
importance that the South African government will work towards creating a home base that
will have a positive effect on the obtaining and the maintaining of national competitive
advantage.
This study give participants within the South African apple industry a thorough description of
the varied decision-making environments to which the Chilean and the South African apple
producer is subjected to. Differences within this decision-making environments is
emphasized and there is an indication of what the direct influence of this differences have on
the South African industry. Possible future changes concerning the various macroenvironments
of the two industries is analyzed and an indication is given on how these
changes will influence the obtaining and maintaining of national competitive advantage in
future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die deregulering en die gevolglike herstrukturering van die Suid-Afrikaanse vrugtebedryf in
1996 het die besluitnemingsomgewing vir alle deelhouers binne die Suid-Afrikaanse
vrugtebedryf drasties verander. Die toetrede van verskeie nuwe uitvoerders het beteken dat
nuwe bemarkings-geleenthede benut kon word, maar ongelukkig het uitvoerverdienste op die
tradisioneel belangrike markte op dieselfde tydstip onder groot druk gekom. 'n Dramatiese
toename in die voorsiening van vars appels vanuit ander Suidelike-Halfrond-lande, soos Chili,
tesame met 'n gefragmenteerde Suid-Afrikaanse bemarkings-opset word as die belangrikste
redes vir die dating in uitvoerverdienste aangevoer. In hierdie ondersoek word daar gefokus
op die internasionale mededingendheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse appelbedryf relatief tot die
mededingendheid van die Chileense bedryf, met spesifieke verwysing na die mededinging
tussen die twee lande in die Europese mark vir vars appels.
Die studie word ingelei deur 'n geskiedkundige oorsig sowel as 'n blik op huidige realiteite
binne die Suid-Afrikaanse- sowel as die Chileense appelbedrywe. Die verloop van gebeure
wat tot die groei en ontwikkeling ten opsigte van produksie sowel as uitvoere binne beide
bedrywe gelei het, word aangedui. Die bereiking van intemasionale handelsukses word as
voorvereiste vir intemasionale mededingendheid aangevoer. Geskiedkundige intemasionale
handelsprestasie van beide bedrywe word dus ook uiteengesit. 'n Uiteensetting van teoretiese
grondbeginsels van mededingendheid en mededingende voordele word aangebied met die
fokus op die jongste teoretiese sienings betreffende mededingende voordeel en die bereiking
daarvan. Die werk van Micheal Porter (1990) word as vertrekpunt gebruik ten einde 'n
raamwerk te konstrueer waarmee die nasionale mededingende voordeel van 'n bepaalde
bedryf, gesetel binne 'n bepaalde nasie, omskryf kan word. Volgens Porter (1990) word
nasionale mededingende voordeel omskryf as die bepaalde karaktertrekke van 'n nasie se
nasionale omstandighede wat spesifieke bedrywe binne daardie nasie in staat stel om
mededingende voordele te skep en te behou. Nasionale mededingende voordeel word gemeet
aan die hand van vier sogenaamde bree determinante van nasionale mededingende voordeel,
naamlik bedryfstruktuur, bedryfstrategie en bedryfskompetisie (wat gesamentlik die eerste
determinant vorm), faktorkondisies, verwante en ondersteunende industriee asook
vraagtoestande. Hierdie vier determinante omskryf die totale omgewing (home base)
waarbinne 'n bepaalde bedryf opereer. Verskeie meer onlangse definisies en beskrywende
literatuur betreffende mededingende voordeel is aangewend om Porter (1990) se sogenaamde
"diamant-analise" uit te brei en meer toepaslik te maak op 'n bedryf wat 'n bederfbare
kommoditeit produseer. 'n Belangrike voorvereiste betreffende die analisering van mededingendheid, is die teenwoordigheid van 'n relatiewe of vergelykende komponent.
Bedryfspesifieke tegniese literatuur is dus verder aangewend ten einde vergelykende
beskrywings binne die genoemde raamwerk te doen. Die raamwerk (uitgebreide Portermodel)
is gebruik ten einde die Chileense appelbedryf met die Suid-Mrikaanse appelbedryf te
vergelyk aan die hand van elk van die genoemde determinante van nasionale mededingende
voordeel. Op hierdie wyse is 'n komplekse beskrywing van die onderskeie nasionale en
internasionale bedryfsomgewings (home bases) waarbinne die twee bedrywe opereer, verkry.
Omvattende internasionale blootstelling op produksie- maar veral op bemarkingsvlak tesame
met uiters gunstige klimatologiese toestande en baie goeie natuurlike hulpbronne, blyk die
belangrikste aspekte te wees wat hydra tot nasionale mededingende voordeel van die
Chileense appelbedryf. Die gunstige klimatologiese toestande en die kwaliteit van die
natuurlike hulpbronne tesame met die feit dat produsente die verbruikersbehoeftes van die
verskillende wereldmarkte ken, dra by tot die produksie van goeie kwaliteit vrugte. Die
vaardigheid en hoe vlak van intemasionale blootstelling waaroor bemarkers/uitvoerders
beskik, tesame met die toepassing van markdissipline, is verdere aspekte wat die
mededingendheid van die Chileense bedryf versterk. Indien die Suid-Afrikaanse appelbedryf
in die toekoms steeds mededingend wil wees en nuwe nasionale mededingende voordeel wil
skep en handhaaf, is dit van kardinale belang dat beskikbare, skaars hulpbronne soos water en
grond oordeelkundig bestuur en aangewend moet word. Intemasionale blootstelling en
tegnologiese innovasie met betrekking tot produksie is van kardinale belang. Dit is verder
belangrik dat mark-inligting meer toeganklik sal word en dat uitvoerders die nodige
markdissipline sal toepas en handhaaf. Dit is belangrik dat onsekerheid betreffende
eiendomsreg vermy sal word omdat dit kan lei tot beleggerswantroue. Dit is van kardinale
belang dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering sal streef daarna om 'n home base te skep wat
positiefbydra tot die bereiking en handhawing van nasionale mededingende voordeel.
Die studie bied dus aan deelhouers binne die Suid-Amerikaanse appelbedryf 'n omvattende
beskrywing van die onderskeie besluitnemingsomgewings waaraan die Chileense sowel as die
Suid-Mrikaanse appelprodusent blootgestel ts. Verskille binne hierdie
besluitnemingsomgewings word uitgelig en daar word aangetoon wat die direkte invloed van
hierdie verskille op die mededingendheid van die Suid-Mrikaanse bedryf mag wees.
Moontlike toekomstige veranderinge betreffende die onderskeie makro-omgewings van die
twee bedrywe word ondersoek en daar word aangedui hoe hierdie veranderinge die bereiking
en handhawing van nasionale mededingende voordeel in die toekoms sal belnvloed.
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Analysing the competitiveness performance of the South African apple industryJafta, Asanda 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African apple industry is influenced by a number of factors, including increased globalisation of markets, trade liberalisation, advances in information technology and consumer preferences. These factors have a continuous effect on the competitiveness of the industry and force producers and processors to position themselves as capable competitors in the global free-market environment. This study measures and analyse the competitiveness of the South African apple industry, including some aspects in the value chain, in an attempt to address the following research question: What is the global competitive advantage of the South African apple industry relative to its competitors.
To adequately address this research question, a five-step methodology was used to direct the study: The first step was to define competitiveness in the apple industry. Due to the diversity of definitions of competitiveness as a concept, this study adopted the following working definition based on how Esterhuizen, 2006; Freebairn, 1986 define competitiveness. In their view competitiveness is defined as the ability of an industry (apple industry) to trade its products successfully in order to achieve sustainable business growth within the global environment, while earning at least the opportunity cost of returns on resources employed” This definition is accepted in this study because it is noted that competitiveness is most often associated with trade performance. With the above in mind, and in view of the importance of open global apple trade, competitive performance in the South African apple industry is strongly linked to trade performance. The second step was to measure competitive performance based on the accepted definition. Data from the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations and Trade Map was used to examine the competitiveness of the industry. Three internationally recognised indexes were used to calculate the comparative and competitive advantages of the apple industry in South Africa, namely the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA#) index, the Net Export index (NXi), and the Relative Revealed Comparative Trade Advantage (RTA) index.
The results show that South Africa’s apple industry has sustained a competitive advantage, with most of the recent RCA# and RTA index values moving towards 10. When compared with its competitors, Chile and New Zealand show a strong competitive performance, with RTA index values above 10. However, South Africa has a relatively better global competitive advantage over Italy, Argentina, France, Poland, China and the United States of America and are sustaining a third position on the “international apple podium”. Netherlands and Brazil are internationally uncompetitive in the production of apples
In step 3 the Apple Executive Survey (AES) was used to identify the factors that constrain and enhance the competitiveness of the South Africa apple industry so that the industry can improve on those factors that constrain competitiveness in order to improve its competitive performance status. The most important factors that were found to have a negative impact on the competitiveness of the South African apple industry were quality of low-skilled labour, cost of crime, availability of skilled labour, SA labour policy, the cost of infrastructure, trust in the political system, administrative regulations, health-related issues (HIV/Aids), the cost of capital and land reform policy. The findings indicate that much needs to be done in these focus areas to boost the competitiveness of the industry in the international market.
Factors that enhance the competitiveness of the industry were growth in the international market, the availability of unskilled labour, the availability of transport, competition in the domestic market, industry expenditure on research and development (R&D), the quality of infrastructure, the availability of storage facilities and South African (SA) competition policy. The industry needs to capitalise on these factors in order to improve its competitiveness.
In step 4 the Porter Model was then used to group these factors in to the main determinants for competitiveness to prepare the date for an strategic analyses in step 5 where recommendation were made on actions to enhance and rectify or mitigate some of the challenges that are faced by the apple industry in South Africa – these includes: skills training, development of alternative markets, improved cooperation between the apple industry and the government is necessary in supporting the apple industry through infrastructure development, R&D, globally aligned regulations and support to trade promotion. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse appelbedryf word deur ’n verskeidenheid van faktore beïnvloed, waaronder verhoogde globalisering van markte, liberalisering van handel, vooruitgang in inligtingstegnologie en verbruikersvoorkeure. Hierdie faktore het ’n deurlopende effek op die mededingendheid van die bedryf en dwing produsente en prosesseerders om hulleself as bekwame mededingers in die globale vryemarkomgewing te posisioneer. Hierdie studie meet en analiseer die mededingendheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse appelbedryf, insluitende aspekte van die waardeketting, in ’n poging om die volgende navorsingsvraag aan te spreek: Wat is die globale mededingende voordeel van die Suid-Afrikaanse appelbedryf teenoor dié van sy mededingers?
Om hierdie navorsingsvraag behoorlik aan te spreek, is ’n vyfstap-metodologie gebruik om hierdie studie te rig: Die eerste stap was om mededingendheid van die appelbedryf te definieer. As gevolg van die verskeidenheid van definisies van mededingendheid as ’n konsep, het hierdie studie die volgende bruikbare definisie aangeneem, wat gebaseer is op hoe Esterhuizen (2006) en Freebairn (1986) mededingendheid definieer. Hulle siening is dat mededingendheid die vermoë van ’n bedryf (die appelbedryf) is om suksesvol met sy produkte handel te dryf om sodoende onderhoubare besigheidsgroei binne die globale omgewing te behaal, terwyl dit ook ten minste die geleentheidskoste verdien van die opbrengs op hulpbronne gebruik. Hierdie definisie word in die studie aanvaar om beslag te gee aan die uitvoergeneigdheid van die appelbedryf en dat dit opgelet is dat mededingendheid in die bedryf sterk verband hou met handelsprestasie.
Die tweede stap was om die mededingende prestasie op grond van die aanvaarde definisie te meet. Data vanaf die Verenigde Nasies se Food and Agricultural Organization( vanaf 1961) en Trade Map ( vanaf 2001) is gebruik om die mededingendheid van die bedryf te ondersoek. Drie internasionaal erkende indekse is gebruik om die vergelykende en mededingende voordele van die appelbedryf in Suid-Afrika te meet, naamlik die Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA#) indeks, die Netto Uitvoer-indeks (Net Export index (NXi)), en die Relative Revealed Comparative Trade Advantage (RTA) indeks.
Die resultate toon dat Suid-Afrika se appelbedryf deurlopend ’n posetiewe mededingende voordeel het, met die meeste van die RCA#- en RTA-indekswaardes oor die afgelope dekade stygend na net onder die waarde van 10. In vergelyking met die land se mededingers toon Chili en Nieu-Seeland sterker mededingende prestasie, met RTA-indekswaardes bokant 10. Suid-Afrika het egter ’n relatief beter globale mededingende voordeel oor sy belangrikste mededingers, naamlik Italië, Argentinië, Frankryk, Pole, China en die Verenigde State van Amerika en beklee n konstante derde plek op die “internasionale appel poduim”. Nederland en Brasilië is internasionaal onmededingend in appelproduksie.
In stap drie is die Apple Executive Survey (AES) gebruik om die faktore te identifiseer wat die mededingendheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse appelbedryf strem of verhoog. Die belangrikste faktore wat gevind is om ’n negatiewe impak op die mededingendheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse appelbedryf te hê, was die kwaliteit van laag geskoolde arbeid, die koste van misdaad, die beskikbaarheid van geskoolde arbeid, SA arbeidswetgewing, infrastruktuurkoste, lae vertroue in die politieke stelsel, komplekse en tydrowende administratiewe regulasies, gesondheidsverwante kwessies (MIV/Vigs), die koste van kapitaal en sake wat verband hou met die grondhervormingsbeleid. Die bevindinge toon dat veel nog in hierdie fokusgebiede gedoen moet word om die mededingendheid van die bedryf in die internasionale mark te verhoog.
Faktore wat die mededingendheid van die bedryf verhoog, was groei in die internasionale mark, die beskikbaarheid van ongeskoolde arbeid, die beskikbaarheid van vervoer, mededingendheid in die binnelandse mark, besteding op navorsing en ontwikkeling, die kwaliteit van infrastruktuur, die beskikbaarheid van opbergfasiliteite en Suid-Afrikaanse (SA) mededingingsbeleid. Die bedryf moet op hierdie faktore kapitaliseer om sy mededingendheid te verbeter. In stap vier is die Porter-model gebruik om hierdie faktore in die vernaamste determinante vir mededingendheid te groepeer om die raamwerk te stel vir ’n strategiese analise in stap 5, waar aanbevelings gemaak is oor optredes om sommige van die uitdagings wat die appelbedryf in Suid-Afrika in die gesig staar aan te pas, te verbeter en reg te stel. Hierdie sluit in verbeterde vaardigheidsopleiding veral in die laag geskoolde groepe, ontwikkeling van alternatiewe markte, en verbeterde samewerking tussen die appelbedryf en die regering, wat nodig is om vertroue te skep en die appelbedryf d.m.v. infrastruktuurontwikkeling, navorsing en ontwikkeling, globaal belynde regulasies en handelsbevording te ondersteun.
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Crafting a positioning strategy for the South African apple and pear industry to successfully compete against Chile in European supermarket businessConradie, Stefan 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The goal of the study was to identify the ideal positioning strategy for the South African Apple and Pear industry to successfully compete as a supplier against Chile in the European retail environment. The hypothesis of the study states that the ideal positioning strategy for South Africa is a combination between a Corporate and a Generic strategy. The Corporate strategy would focus on what wants to be achieved while the Generic strategy would focus on how it needs to be achieved. A strategy framework combining available corporate strategies with available Generic strategies identified 12 potential corporate/generic strategy combinations. The outcome of the study would be the selection of the combination most suited to take the South African Apple and Pear industry into the future. The research in this study included a full description of both the South African and Chilean industries discussing the physical, economic and political environment as well as the available human resources and industry structures. A thorough description of the European retail environment was followed by an external analysis identifying the key success factors required to successfully supply this market. The key success factors were used as the framework to do an internal situational analysis of the South African and Chilean industries. The internal situational analysis identified the key areas that South Africa needs to focus on to improve its competitive position against Chile in the European retail market. These key areas were pivotal in the selection of the optimal corporate / generic strategy combination. The outcome of the study identified a Market penetration strategy (Corporate strategy) through the use of a Differentiation (Generic strategy) as most suited to improve the competitiveness of the South African Apple and Pear industry. This strategy will grow demand and market share for South African apples and pears in the existing EU retail market for its existing product range by focusing on: 1. Improving the retail value and sales volume of SA apples and pears in the European retail market through: In-store promotional and media campaigns that will create awareness of South African apples and pears and SA Tourism as well as educate and communicate consumers about the attributes and different uses of SA apples and pears as well as SA Tourism opportunities. The identification of all South African apples and pears through on-pack branding by using the “South Africa, Alive with Possibility brand”. In-pack information booklets providing nutritional information and recipes for South African apples and pears. 2. Communication of real time supply information to European retailers and importers through: E-mailing retail buyers direct website links giving them access to the weekly South African Pome Fruit newsletters indicating crop estimates, weekly inspection volumes and shipment volumes per variety. 3. Active engagements with the SA government to gain their involvement and financial support for promotional activities in retail stores through: Active lobbying by industry representatives for the involvement of SA Tourism, the Department of Trade and Industry and the International Marketing Council in promotional campaigns where SA Apples and Pears are used as a vehicle to enhance the image of the South Africa amongst consumers, retailers and importers. 4. The active communication at an industry level to European retailers and importers about the South African Apple and Pear industry’s progress regarding the management of the carbon footprint of its products as well as the production of residue free fruit through. Yearly visits by industry representatives to European retailers and importers where South African progress reports in these areas are presented. The assessment highlighted that South Africa is relatively strong throughout the value chain activities but that the lack of a unified industry whereby its strengths are communicated to consumers, retailers and importers, has led to South Africa loosing market share to Chile.
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The combination of UASB and ozone technology in the treatment of a pectin containing wastewater from the apple juice processing industryVan Schalkwyk, Nico 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc Food Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African apple juice processing industry is growing rapidly and during the
harvesting season the wastewater volumes and organic loads increase significantly with a
considerable environmental impact. These larger apple juice processing wastewater
(AJPWW) volumes and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loads subsequently lead to faster
increases in the organic loading rate (OLR) of an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB)
wastewater treatment system and it is necessary to know if the treatment system can
handle such drastic increases over short periods. The objective of the study were to
evaluate the efficiency of the UASB process in the treatment of an AJPWW; to determine
what effect a substrate viscosity increase, based on a pectin calcium gel has on the
performance of an UASB system, and to determine what impact ozonation has on the
pectin content, gelformation ability and biodegradability of the AJPWW.
The ability of the UASB to maintain stability during the apple-processing season
was investigated by increasing the OLR from 2.9 to over 14.0 kg COD.m-3.d-1 in 131 days.
During this time the COD removal remained constant at 85%, while the pH and alkalinity
remained at levels indicative of good reactor stability. It was thus concluded that the
UASB reactor could operate successfully during the apple-harvesting season when
wastewater volumes and organic loads increase significantly.
In the study it was found that the viscosity of the AJPWW, containing 750 mq.L-1
pectin, increased from 8.5 to 47.0 cps after a 312 rnq.L-1 Ca2
+ addition. This increased
viscosity substrate was then fed to an UASB reactor at an OLR of 15.0 kg COD.m-3.d-1.
During a 12 day increased viscosity (47 cps) feeding stage the COD removal decreased
from 94 to 11%, while the reactor pH decreased from 7.5 to 4.9. During this period, pectin
accumulated in the UASB and led to biomass washout and rapid UASB failure. The
possible elimination of pectin by ozonation was thus investigated, and a 77% decrease in
pectin content and 76% decrease in gel formation ability occurred after ozonation.
The effect of pre- and post-ozonation on the efficiency of the UASB system was
subsequently investigated. It was found that a 10 min pre-ozonation decreased the
AJPWW COD by 19% and the total suspended content by 36%, while the soluble portion
of the total COD was increased from 81.7 to 92.4%. This increase in soluble COD content
should lead to increased wastewater biodegradability. The ozonated AJPWW was then
used to replaced the raw non-ozonated AJPWW as reactor feed. Results showed that the
COD removal increased from 78 to 90% within 24 h of starting with the ozonated feed. It
was also found that the reactor stability improved after AJPWW pre-ozonation as an OLR
increase from 10.0 to 16.6 kg COD.m-3.d-1 in 23 days did not detrimentally influence the stability of the reactor. This reactor effluent (COD = 465 rnq.L-1) was then post-ozonated
which resulted in 64.8% COD and 79.0% colour reductions. The final effluent had a COD
of 180 rnq.L-1 (98% reduction).
The ability of the ozonation/digestion system as described in this study to degrade
AJPWW at a higher OLR is of value to the apple industry, as it may lead to larger organic
pollutant removals and thus a more effiecient treatment system. Increased reactor
performance will directly improve the quality of the final wastewater produced, which in
turn will have a significant impact on the treatment ability of the South African apple
processing industry currently limited by the production of large wastewater volumes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die oesseisoen word groot volumes afvalwater met 'n hoe organiese lading in
die vinnig groeiende Suid-Afrikaanse appelsapprosesseringsbedryf geproduseer. Dit het 'n
groot impak op die omgewing. Die groter volumes appelsapprosesseringsafvalwater
(ASPAW) met 'n hoë organiese lading het 'n vinniger verhoging in organiese
ladingstempo's (OLT) van 'n UASB-waterbehandelingstelsel tot gevolg. Daarom is dit
belangrik om te weet of die stelsel die drastiese verhoging oor kort tydperke kan hanteer.
Die doel van hierdie studie was die evaluering van die effektiwiteit van die UASB-proses in
die behandeling van ASPAW; om te bepaal watter effek 'n substraatviskositeitsverhoging,
gebaseer op 'n pektien-kalsium-jel, op die doeltreffendheid van 'n UASB-stelsel het; en om
te bepaal watter impak osonering op die pektieninhoud, jelvormingsvermoe en
bioafbreekbaarheid van ASPAW het.
Die vermoe van die UASB om stabiliteit te handhaaf gedurende die
appelsapprosesseringseisoen is ondersoek deur die OLT van 2,9 tot bo
14,0 kg CSB.m-3.d-1 te verhoog oor 131 dae. Gedurende hierdie tyd het die chemiese
suurstofbehoefte- (CSB-) verwydering konstant gebly by 85%, terwyl die pH en alkaliniteit
ook op vlakke aanduidend van goeie reaktorstabiliteit gebly het. Daar is sodoende bewys
dat die UASB-reaktor suksesvol kan presteer tydens die appelsapprosesseringseisoen,
wanneer daar 'n beduidende verhoging in OLT plaasvind.
In die studie is daar gevind dat die viskositeit van die ASPAW, wat 750 mq.L-1
pektien bevat, van 8,5 tot 47,0 cps toeneem na die byvoeging van 312 rnq.L-1 Ca2+.
Hierdie verhoogde vikositeitsubstraat is tot die UASB-reaktor toegevoeg teen 'n OLT van
15,0 kg CSB.m-1.d-1. Gedurende 'n 12-dae toevoer van verhoogde viskositeit (47 cps), het
die CSB-verwydering van die reaktor afgeneem van 94% na 11%, terwyl die pH gedaal het
van 7,5 na 4,9. Gedurende hierdie tydperk het pektien in die UASB geakkumuleer, wat
gelei het tot die uitspoel van biomassa en vinnige UASB-reaktormislukking. Die moontlike
eliminasie van pektien, deur osonering, is daarom ondersoek. 'n Verlaging van 77% in
pektieninhoud en 76% in jelvormingsvermoe het na osonering plaasgevind.
Die effek van pre- en post-osonering op die effektiwiteit van 'n UASB-stelsel is
gevolglik ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat 'n 10 minute pre-osonering die CSB van die
ASPAW met 19% verlaag en die totale inhoud van gesuspendeerde vaste stowwe met
36% verlaag, terwyl die oplosbare gedeelte van die totale CSB van 81,7% tot 92,4%
gestyg het. Die verhoging in oplosbare CSB-inhoud behoort tot verhoogde
bioafbreekbaarheid van ASPAW te lei. Die geosoneerde ASPAW is gebruik om die rou,
ongeosoneerde ASPAW as reaktorsubstraat te vervang. Die resultate het getoon dat die CSB-verwydering verhoog het van 78% na 90% na 'n 24-uur toevoer van geosoneerde
substraat. Daar is ook gevind dat die reaktorstabiliteit toegeneem het na ASPAW
osoneering, aangesien 'n OLT-verhoging van 10,0 na 16,6 kg.CSB.m-3.d-1 in 23 dae nie die
stabiliteit van die reaktor nadelig beinvloed het nie. Hierdie reaktoruitvloeisel (CSB = 465
rnq.L-1) is hierna gepost-osoneer, wat 'n 64,8% CSB- en 79,0% kleurverlaging tot gevolg
gehad. Die finale uitvloeisel het 'n CBS-inhoud van 180 rnq.L-1 gehad (98,1%
verwydering).
Die vermoe van die osonering-/verteringstelsel om ASPAW te degradeer teen 'n hoër OLT,
soos beskryf in hierdie studie, is van waarde tot die appelsapprosesseringsbedryf,
aangesien dit tot groter organiese afvalstofverwydering kan lei en dus 'n meer effektiewe
behandelingstelsel tot gevolg kan hê. Verhoogde reaktordoeltreffendheid sal 'n direkte
verbetering tot gevolg hê in die gehalte van die finale afvalwater wat geproduseer word,
wat op sy beurt 'n beduidende impak sal hê op die behandelingsvermoe van die
appelsapprosesseringsbedryf, wat tans beperk word deur die produksie van groot volumes
afvalwater.
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