Definition of enterprise risk management (ERM), key point of implementation, application techniques in key areas. Use some concrete application techniques in real organization - Huhtamaki Česká republika, a.s.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Figueroa.pdf: 5025387 bytes, checksum: 9330cb3bf6d0af8254b86f433f7a5433 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / This in vitro study aimed to assess the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from different bleaching agents in the pulp chamber when subjected to different bleaching systems. Seventy-two human premolars were used and randomly divided into 12 groupsaccording to the combination of factors: bleaching agents (Opalescence Boost 38% [B] Whiteness HP Maxx 35% [WM] Total Blanc Office 35% [TBO] Whitenesse HP Blue 35% [WB] Lase Peroxide Sensy 35% [LPS] application modes (3 times 15 minutes and 1 time 45 minutes). An additional group of teeth not bleached (control) was added to the study.To assess the amount of hydrogen peroxide in the pulp chamber, all teeth were cut 3mm from the cement enamel junction, the pulp tissue removed and acetate buffer was placed in the pulp chamber. After the application of bleaching agents in accordance with the mode of application to be tested, H2O2 diffusion was measured for UV-visible spectroscopy of H2O2 by reaction with 4-amino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3 pirazolin- 5 -one with a wavelength of 510 nm. The optical density of solution was determined and converted to micrograms of H2O2. Average data and standard deviation of the amount of H2O2 detected within the pulp chamber of the factors was significant (p < 0,0001).Overall, there was no difference between the groups when the bleaching gels tested were applied in technique 3 x 15 min (p > 0,05). However, there was significant difference when the gels were applied in technique 1 x 45 min (p < 0,05), and bleaching treatments Opalescence Boost PF 38% Whiteness HP Blue and 35% those who had the lowest values of hydrogen peroxide into the pulp. Based on the study results it is possible to conclude that the application technique for three times 15 minutes there was no difference between the tested bleaching agents, however, when applied the technique once 45 minutes, bleaching agents containing desensitizing agents are alkaline and had the lowest percentages of hydrogen peroxide within the pulp chamber. / Este estudo in vitro teve o objetivo de avaliar a quantidade de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) de diferentes agentes clareadores na câmara pulpar de dentes humanos extraídos quando submetidos a diferentes sistemas clareadores. Setenta e dois prémolares humanos hígidos foram selecionados e divididos em 12 grupos de acordo com a combinação dos fatores: agentes clareadores (Opalescence Boost 38% [OB], Whitenesse HP Maxx 35% [WM], Total Blanc Office 35% [TBO], Whiteness HP Blue 35% [WB], Lase Peroxide Sensy 35% [LPS]) e modos de aplicação (3 vezes de 15 minutos e 1 vez de 45 minutos, em uma sessão). Dois grupos de dentes não clareados (controle) foram adicionados ao estudo. Para avaliar a quantidade de peróxido de hidrogênio na câmara pulpar, todos os dentes foram seccionados 3 mm da junção cemento-esmalte, o tecido pulpar foi removido e um tampão de acetato foi colocado na câmara pulpar. Após a aplicação dos agentes clareadores de acordo com o modo de aplicação a ser testado, a difusão de H2O2 foi mensurada em espectroscopia UV-visível pela reação do H2O2 com 4 –amino-2,3-dimetil-1 fenil–3 pirazolin– 5 – ona com comprimento de onda de 510 nm. A densidade óptica da solução foi determinada e convertida em microgramas de H2O2. Os dados de média e desvio-padrão da quantidade de H2O2 detectadas dentro da câmara pulpar entre os fatores foi significante (p < 0,0001). Em geral, não houve diferença entre os grupos quando os géis clareadores testados foram aplicados na técnica 3 x 15 min (p > 0,05). Contudo, houve significativa diferença quando os géis foram aplicados na técnica 1 x 45 min (p < 0,05), sendo os géis clareadores Opalescecence Boost PF 38% e Whiteness HP Blue 35% os que apresentaram os menores valores de peróxido de hidrogênio dentro da câmara pulpar.Baseado nos resultados do presente estudo é possível concluir que: na técnica de aplicação durante três vezes de 15 minutos não houve nenhuma diferença entre os agentes clareadores testados, entretanto, quando aplicados pela técnica de uma vez 45 minutos, os agentes clareadores que contem agentes dessensibilizantes e são alcalinos tiveram os menores percentuais de peróxido de hidrogênio dentro da câmara pulpar.

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Ziel der Studie: Das Ziel der Studie war es, verschiedene Applikationsmethoden und Medikamente auf die erzielbare Homogenität der Füllung bei der Einbringung einer Kalziumhydroxid-Paste in den Wurzelkanal zu untersuchen. Weiterhin sollte die Untersuchung für zwei verschiedene Präparationsgrößen des Wurzelkanals erfolgen. Material und Methode: Für die Versuche wurden 160 konfektionierte Wurzelkanalmodelle verwendet, die vor ihrer Verwendung auf die apikale Gängigkeit überprüft wurden. Anschließend erfolgte die randomisierte Aufteilung der Proben gemäß den Präparationsgrößen 35 und 45 in zwei Hauptgruppen (n = 80), die wiederum in jeweils vier Untergruppen (n = 20) aufgeteilt wurden. Die jeweils 80 künstlichen Wurzelkanäle der beiden Hauptgruppen wurden standardisiert bis zur Größe 35 und bis zur Größe 45 präpariert. Die so präparierten Wurzelkanalmodelle wurden mit verschiedenen Medikamenten und Methoden jeweils für die Größe 35 und 45 gefüllt. Die erste Untergruppe wurde mit Hypocal gefüllt und anschließend mit einem Wattepellet verdichtet. Die zweite Untergruppe wurde mit Hypocal gefüllt, das anschließend mit einer Papierspitze im Kanal verteilt wurde, mit Hypocal nachappliziert und abschließend mit einem Wattepellet verdichtet. Die Applikationsmethode der dritten Untergruppe entspricht der Methode der ersten Gruppe, jedoch wurde Ultracal als Medikament genutzt. Die vierte Untergruppe wurde äquivalent zur zweiten Untergruppe mit Ultracal gefüllt. Die Wurzelkanalmodelle wurden geröntgt und mit Hilfe eines Score-Systems von zwei kalibrierten Untersuchern ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse wurden nach einem nichtparametrischen Rangverfahren für longitudinale Daten für die Kriterien „Vollständigkeit der Füllung“, „Qualität im apikalen Bereich“, „Überpressung“, „Blasengröße“ und „Füllung des Apex“ ausgewertet. Weiterhin wurden Paarvergleiche der Applikationsmethoden „Hypocal/Wattepellet“, „Ultracal/Wattepellet“, „Hypocal mit Verdichtung durch eine Papierspitze“ und „Ultracal mit Verdichtung durch eine Papierspitze“ für multiples Testen adjustiert nach Tukey angestellt. Die Untersuchungen wurden getrennt für die Größen 35 und 45 durchgeführt. Ergebnis: Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass keine Medikament-Applikations-Kombination in allen Kriterien generell eine vollständige, nicht-überpresste und blasenfreie Füllung gewährleistet. Weiterhin wurde aufgezeigt, dass die signifikant beste Füllqualität durch eine 3-malige Applikation der Kalziumhydroxid-Paste mit anschließender Verdichtung mit einem Wattepellet erreicht wurde. Es lag kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den beiden Kalziumhydroxid-Medikamenten hinsichtlich der Füllqualität vor. Schlussfolgerung: Die beste Füllqualität wurde unabhängig vom Medikament nach 3-maliger Applikation des Kalziumhydroxids und anschließender Verdichtung mit einem Wattepellet erzielt.

Hydrogen production via the electrolysis of water has gained a lot of attention in the last couple of years. Research related to electrolysers is mostly aimed towards decreasing the noble–metal catalyst content. In this study the presently used catalyst application techniques were reviewed and critically examined to find commercially applicable and effective methods. Selected methods were then practically applied to determine their feasibility and to gain “know–how” related to the practical application of these techniques. The selected techniques were the hand paint, inkjet print, screen print and spray paint techniques. Meaningful comparisons were made between the methods in terms of parameters such as practicality, waste of catalyst and microstructure. The results point out that the hand paint and spray paint methods are feasible methods although there are improvements to be made. The hand paint method was improved by applying a carbon micro porous layer to the gas diffusion layer before the painting is carried out. The addition of the carbon layer reduced the soaking of the catalyst–containing ink through the gas diffusion layer. A method not initially investigated was identified an evaluated and showed promising results in lowering the mass of catalyst applied. This method comprised of sputtering a layer of catalyst material onto a prepared gas diffusion layer. It also came to light from the results that electrodes, and therefore membrane electrode assemblies, can be produced at a much lower cost than the commercial available membrane electrode assemblies. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Hydrogen production via the electrolysis of water has gained a lot of attention in the last couple of years. Research related to electrolysers is mostly aimed towards decreasing the noble–metal catalyst content. In this study the presently used catalyst application techniques were reviewed and critically examined to find commercially applicable and effective methods. Selected methods were then practically applied to determine their feasibility and to gain “know–how” related to the practical application of these techniques. The selected techniques were the hand paint, inkjet print, screen print and spray paint techniques. Meaningful comparisons were made between the methods in terms of parameters such as practicality, waste of catalyst and microstructure. The results point out that the hand paint and spray paint methods are feasible methods although there are improvements to be made. The hand paint method was improved by applying a carbon micro porous layer to the gas diffusion layer before the painting is carried out. The addition of the carbon layer reduced the soaking of the catalyst–containing ink through the gas diffusion layer. A method not initially investigated was identified an evaluated and showed promising results in lowering the mass of catalyst applied. This method comprised of sputtering a layer of catalyst material onto a prepared gas diffusion layer. It also came to light from the results that electrodes, and therefore membrane electrode assemblies, can be produced at a much lower cost than the commercial available membrane electrode assemblies. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.